细胞穿膜肽在肿瘤靶向治疗及疾病诊断中的应用
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摘要
近年来细胞穿膜肽(cell-penetrating peptides,CPP)在生物医药领域被广泛应用,它为生物分子的胞内递送提供了有效的策略。关注CPP在肿瘤治疗及疾病诊断中的作用,并重点介绍其在肿瘤靶向治疗和医学影像诊断中的应用及优势。同时,根据CPP在药物传递系统中的特点,改进CPP存在的不足,扩大其联合用药的可能性,这也成为CPP研究的热点。对CPP及其在肿瘤等疾病的诊断及治疗中的应用作一综述,并简述其优化及改进策略,以期促进CPP在临床中的应用。
In recent years,cell-penetrating peptides( CPP) have provided an effective strategy for intracellular delivery of biomolecules in the biomedical field. The application of CPP in cancer treatment and disease diagnosis were focused,mainly focused on its roles and advantages in tumor targeted therapy and medical imaging diagnosis.Meanwhile,according to the characteristics of CPP in drug delivery system,the deficiency of CPP should be improved to expand the possibility of combined drug utility,which has become the research hotspot. CPP and its applications were reviewed,then describes some optimized and improved methods to expand the clinical application of CPP.
In recent years,cell-penetrating peptides( CPP) have provided an effective strategy for intracellular delivery of biomolecules in the biomedical field. The application of CPP in cancer treatment and disease diagnosis were focused,mainly focused on its roles and advantages in tumor targeted therapy and medical imaging diagnosis.Meanwhile,according to the characteristics of CPP in drug delivery system,the deficiency of CPP should be improved to expand the possibility of combined drug utility,which has become the research hotspot. CPP and its applications were reviewed,then describes some optimized and improved methods to expand the clinical application of CPP.
引文
[1]Heitz F,Morris M C,Divita G.Twenty years of cell-penetrating peptides:from molecular mechanisms to therapeutics.British Journal of Pharmacology,2009,157(2):195-206.
[2]Guidotti G,Brambilla L,Rossi D.Cell-penetrating peptides:from basic research to clinics.Trends in Pharmacological Sciences,2017,38(4):406-424.
[3]Frankel A D,Pabo C O.Cellular uptake of the tat protein from human immunodeficiency virus.Cell,1988,55(6):1189-1193.
[4]Green M,Loewenstein P M.Autonomous functional domains of chemically synthesized human immunodeficiency virus tat transactivator protein.Cell,1988,55(6):1179-1188.
[5]Ruben S,Perkins A,Purcell R,et al.Structural and functional characterization of human immunodeficiency virus tat protein.Journal of Virology,1989,63(1):1-8.
[6]Park J,Ryu J,Kim K A,et al.Mutational analysis of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein transduction domain which is required for delivery of an exogenous protein into mammalian cells.The Journal of general virology,2002,83(Pt5):1173-1181.
[7]Joliot A,Pernelle C,Deagostini-Bazin H,et al.Antennapedia homeobox peptide regulates neural morphogenesis.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,1991,88(5):1864-1868.
[8]Derossi D,Joliot A H,Chassaing G,et al.The third helix of the Antennapedia homeodomain translocates through biological membranes.The Journal of Biological Chemistry,1994,269(14):10444-10450.
[9]Vasconcelos L,Parn K,Langel U.Therapeutic potential of cellpenetrating peptides.Therapeutic Delivery,2013,4(5):573-591.
[10]Martin M E,Rice K G.Peptide-guided gene delivery.The AAPSJournal,2007,9(1):E18-29.
[11]El-Sayde A,Futaki S,Harashima H.Delivery of macromolecules using arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptides:ways to overcome endosomal entrapment.The AAPS Journal,2009,11(1):13-22.
[12]Regberg J,Srimanee A,Langel U.Applications of cellpenetrating peptides for tumor targeting and future cancer therapies.Pharmaceuticals,2012,5(9):991-1007.
[13]Dokka S,Toledo-Velasquez D,Shi X,et al.Cellular delivery of oligonucleotides by synthetic import peptide carrier.Pharmaceutical Research,1997,14(12):1759-1764.
[14]Nakayama F,Yasuda T,Umeda S,et al.Fibroblast growth factor-12(FGF12)translocation into intestinal epithelial cells is dependent on a novel cell-penetrating peptide domain:involvement of internalization in the in vivo role of exogenous FGF12.The Journal of Biological Chemistry,2011,286(29):25823-25834.
[15]Fernandez-Carneado J,Kogan M J,Pujals S,et al.Amphipathic peptides and drug delivery.Biopolymers,2004,76(2):196-203.
[16]Tian H,Lin L,Chen J,et al.RGD targeting hyaluronic acid coating system for PEI-PBLG polycation gene carriers.Journal of Controlled Release,2011,155(1):47-53.
[17]Elliott G,O’Hare P.Intercellular trafficking of VP22-GFP fusion proteins.Gene Therapy,1999,6(1):149-151.
[18]Dietrich U,Durr R,Koch J.Peptides as drugs:from screening to application.Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology,2013,14(5):501-512.
[19]Morris M C,Deshayes S,Heitz F,et al.Cell-penetrating peptides:from molecular mechanisms to therapeutics.Biology of the Cell,2008,100(4):201-217.
[20]Fonseca S B,Pereira M P,Kelley S O.Recent advances in the use of cell-penetrating peptides for medical and biological applications.Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews,2009,61(11):953-964.
[21]Richard J P,Melikov K,Vives E,et al.Cell-penetrating peptides.A reevaluation of the mechanism of cellular uptake.The Journal of Biological Chemistry,2003,278(1):585-590.
[22]Futaki S,Nakase I,Tadokoro A,et al.Arginine-rich peptides and their internalization mechanisms.Biochemical Society Transactions,2007,35(Pt 4):784-787.
[23]Mayor S,Pagano R E.Pathways of clathrin-independent endocytosis.Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology,2007,8(8):603-612.
[24]Maler L.Solution NMR studies of cell-penetrating peptides in model membrane systems.Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews,2013,65(8):1002-1011.
[25]Prochiantz A.Homeoprotein intercellular transfer,the hidden face of cell-penetrating peptides.Methods in Molecular Biology,2011,683(683):249.
[26]Mor A,Nguyen V H,Delfour A,et al.Isolation,amino acid sequence,and synthesis of dermaseptin,a novel antimicrobial peptide of amphibian skin.Biochemistry,1991,30(36):8824-8830.
[27]Shai Y.Mode of action of membrane active antimicrobial peptides.Biopolymers,2002,66(4):236-248.
[28]Farkhani S M,Valizadeh A,Karami H,et al.Cell penetrating peptides:efficient vectors for delivery of nanoparticles,nanocarriers,therapeutic and diagnostic molecules.Peptides,2014,57(7):78-94.
[29]Ruoslahti E.Tumor penetrating peptides for improved drug delivery.Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews,2017,110-111:3-12.
[30]Deshayes S,Morris M,Heitz F,et al.Delivery of proteins and nucleic acids using a non-covalent peptide-based strategy.Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews,2008,60(4-5):537-547.
[31]Rothbard J B,Garlington S,Lin Q,et al.Conjugation of arginine oligomers to cyclosporin A facilitates topical delivery and inhibition of inflammation.Nature Medicine,2000,6(11):1253-1257.
[32]Lindgren M,Rosenthal-Aizman K,Saar K,et al.Overcoming methotrexate resistance in breast cancer tumour cells by the use of a new cell-penetrating peptide.Biochemical Pharmacology,2006,71(4):416-425.
[33]Mccusker C T,Wang Y,Shan J,et al.Inhibition of experimental allergic airways disease by local application of a cell-penetrating dominant-negative STAT-6 peptide.Journal of Immunology,2007,179(4):2556-2564.
[34]Tamura K,Arakawa H,Suzuki M,et al.Novel dinucleotide repeat polymorphism in the first exon of the STAT-6 gene is associated with allergic diseases.Clinical and Experimental Allergy,2001,31(10):1509-1514.
[35]Hotchkiss R S,Swanson P E,Freeman B D,et al.Apoptotic cell death in patients with sepsis,shock,and multiple organ dysfunction.Critical Care Medicine,1999,27(7):1230-1251.
[36]Hotchkiss R S,Tinsley K W,Swanson P E,et al.Depletion of dendritic cells,but not macrophages,in patients with sepsis.Journal of Immunology,2002,168(5):2493-2500.
[37]Hotchkiss R S,Swanson P E,Knudson C M,et al.Overexpression of Bcl-2 in transgenic mice decreases apoptosis and improves survival in sepsis.Journal of Immunology,1999,162(7):4148-4156.
[38]Hotchkiss R S,Mcconnell K W,Bullok K,et al.TAT-BH4 and TAT-Bcl-xL peptides protect against sepsis-induced lymphocyte apoptosis in vivo.Journal of Immunology,2006,176(9):5471-5477.
[39]Patil S D,Rhodes D G,Burgess D J.DNA-based therapeutics and DNA delivery systems:a comprehensive review.The AAPSJournal,2005,7(1):E61-77.
[40]Akhtar S,Juliano R L.Cellular uptake and intracellular fate of antisense oligonucleotides.Trends in Cell Biology,1992,2(5):139-144.
[41]Lo S L,Wang S.An endosomolytic Tat peptide produced by incorporation of histidine and cysteine residues as a nonviral vector for DNA transfection.Biomaterials,2008,29(15):2408-2414.
[42]Ray A,Norden B.Peptide nucleic acid(PNA):its medical and biotechnical applications and promise for the future.FASEB J,2000,14(9):1041-1060.
[43]Mcmanus M T,Sharp P A.Gene silencing in mammals by small interfering RNAs.Nature Reviews Genetics,2002,3(10):737-747.
[44]Chiu Y L,Alia A,Chu C Y,et al.Visualizing a correlation between siRNA localization,cellular uptake,and RNAi in living cells.Chemistry&Biology,2004,11(8):1165-1175.
[45]Johnson L N,Cashman S M,Kumar-Singh R.Cell-penetrating peptide for enhanced delivery of nucleic acids and drugs to ocular tissues including retina and cornea.Molecular Therapy,2008,16(1):107-114.
[46]Rozenzhak S M,Kadakia M P,Caserta T M,et al.Cellular internalization and targeting of semiconductor quantum dots.Chemical Communications,2005,17(17):2217-2219.
[47]Santra S,Yang H,Dutta D,et al.TAT conjugated,FITC doped silica nanoparticles for bioimaging applications.Chemical Communications,2004,24(24):2810-2811.
[48]Webster A,Compton S J,Aylott J W.Optical calcium sensors:development of a generic method for their introduction to the cell using conjugated cell penetrating peptides.The Analyst,2005,130(2):163-170.
[49]Jiang T,Olson E S,Nguyen Q T,et al.Tumor imaging by means of proteolytic activation of cell-penetrating peptides.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2004,101(51):17867-17872.
[50]Alivisatos A P,Johnsson K P,Peng X,et al.Organization of‘nanocrystal molecules’using DNA.Nature,1996,382(6592):609-611.
[51]Ballou B,Lagerholm B C,Ernst L A,et al.Noninvasive imaging of quantum dots in mice.Bioconjugate Chemistry,2004,15(1):79-86.
[52]Silver J,Ou W.Photoactivation of quantum dot fluorescence following endocytosis.Nano Letters,2005,5(7):1445-1449.
[53]Lagerholm B C,Weinreb G E,Jacobson K,et al.Detecting microdomains in intact cell membranes.Annual Review of Physical Chemistry,2005,56(1):309-336.
[54]Delehanty J B,Medintz I L,Pons T,et al.Self-assembled quantum dot-peptide bioconjugates for selective intracellular delivery.Bioconjugate Chemistry,2006,17(4):920-927.
[55]Yu W,Zhan Y,Xue B,et al.Highly efficient cellular uptake of a cell-penetrating peptide(CPP)derived from the capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 2.Journal of Biological Chemistry,2018,293(3):15221-15232.
[56]Ruoslahti E,Bhatia S N,Sailor M J.Targeting of drugs and nanoparticles to tumors.Journal of Cell Biology,2010,188(6):759-768.
[57]Tan M,Lan K H,Yao J,et al.Selective inhibition of ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancer in vivo by a novel TAT-based ErbB2-targeting signal transducers and activators of transcription 3-blocking peptide.Cancer Research,2006,66(7):3764-3772.
[58]Salazar M D,Ratnam M.The folate receptor:what does it promise in tissue-targeted therapeutics.Cancer Metastasis Reviews,2007,26(1):141-152.
[59]Kunath K,Merdan T,Hegener O,et al.Integrin targeting using RGD-PEI conjugates for in vitro gene transfer.The Journal of Gene Medicine,2003,5(7):588-599.
[60]Wang L,Su W,Liu Z,et al.CD44 antibody-targeted liposomal nanoparticles for molecular imaging and therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma.Biomaterials,2012,33(20):5107-5114.
[61]Xu Y,Wang B,Kaur R,et al.A Supramolecular[10]CPPjunction enables efficient electron transfer in modular porphyrin-[10]CPP supersetFullerene complexes.Angewandte Chemie,2018,57(36):11549-11553.
[62]Bolton S J,Jones D N,Darker J G,et al.Cellular uptake and spread of the cell-permeable peptide penetratin in adult rat brain.The European Journal of Neuroscience,2000,12(8):2847-2855.
[63]Lim K J,Sung B H,Shin J R,et al.A cancer specific cellpenetrating peptide,BR2,for the efficient delivery of an sc Fv into cancer cells.PLo S One,2013,8(6):e66084.
[64]Leriche G,Chisholm L,Wanger A.Cleavable linkers in chemical biology.Bioorganic&Medicinal Chemistry,2012,20(2):571-582.
[65]Alves I D,Carre M,Montero M P,et al.A proapoptotic peptide conjugated to penetratin selectively inhibits tumor cell growth.Biochimica et Biophysica Acta,2014,1838(8):2087-2098.
[66]Choi K Y,Swierczewska M,Lee S,et al.Protease-activated drug development.Theranostics,2012,2(2):156-178.
[67]Orzechowska E J,Kozlowska E,Czubaty A,et al.Controlled delivery of BID protein fused with TAT peptide sensitizes cancer cells to apoptosis.BMC Cancer,2014,14(1):771.
[68]Wang H X,Yang X Z,Sun C Y,et al.Matrix metalloproteinase2-responsive micelle for siRNA delivery.Biomaterials,2014,35(26):7622-7634.
[69]Chang X,Hou Y.Expression of Rec A and cell-penetrating peptide(CPP)fusion protein in bacteria and in mammalian cells.International Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,2018,9(1):1-10.
[2]Guidotti G,Brambilla L,Rossi D.Cell-penetrating peptides:from basic research to clinics.Trends in Pharmacological Sciences,2017,38(4):406-424.
[3]Frankel A D,Pabo C O.Cellular uptake of the tat protein from human immunodeficiency virus.Cell,1988,55(6):1189-1193.
[4]Green M,Loewenstein P M.Autonomous functional domains of chemically synthesized human immunodeficiency virus tat transactivator protein.Cell,1988,55(6):1179-1188.
[5]Ruben S,Perkins A,Purcell R,et al.Structural and functional characterization of human immunodeficiency virus tat protein.Journal of Virology,1989,63(1):1-8.
[6]Park J,Ryu J,Kim K A,et al.Mutational analysis of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein transduction domain which is required for delivery of an exogenous protein into mammalian cells.The Journal of general virology,2002,83(Pt5):1173-1181.
[7]Joliot A,Pernelle C,Deagostini-Bazin H,et al.Antennapedia homeobox peptide regulates neural morphogenesis.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,1991,88(5):1864-1868.
[8]Derossi D,Joliot A H,Chassaing G,et al.The third helix of the Antennapedia homeodomain translocates through biological membranes.The Journal of Biological Chemistry,1994,269(14):10444-10450.
[9]Vasconcelos L,Parn K,Langel U.Therapeutic potential of cellpenetrating peptides.Therapeutic Delivery,2013,4(5):573-591.
[10]Martin M E,Rice K G.Peptide-guided gene delivery.The AAPSJournal,2007,9(1):E18-29.
[11]El-Sayde A,Futaki S,Harashima H.Delivery of macromolecules using arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptides:ways to overcome endosomal entrapment.The AAPS Journal,2009,11(1):13-22.
[12]Regberg J,Srimanee A,Langel U.Applications of cellpenetrating peptides for tumor targeting and future cancer therapies.Pharmaceuticals,2012,5(9):991-1007.
[13]Dokka S,Toledo-Velasquez D,Shi X,et al.Cellular delivery of oligonucleotides by synthetic import peptide carrier.Pharmaceutical Research,1997,14(12):1759-1764.
[14]Nakayama F,Yasuda T,Umeda S,et al.Fibroblast growth factor-12(FGF12)translocation into intestinal epithelial cells is dependent on a novel cell-penetrating peptide domain:involvement of internalization in the in vivo role of exogenous FGF12.The Journal of Biological Chemistry,2011,286(29):25823-25834.
[15]Fernandez-Carneado J,Kogan M J,Pujals S,et al.Amphipathic peptides and drug delivery.Biopolymers,2004,76(2):196-203.
[16]Tian H,Lin L,Chen J,et al.RGD targeting hyaluronic acid coating system for PEI-PBLG polycation gene carriers.Journal of Controlled Release,2011,155(1):47-53.
[17]Elliott G,O’Hare P.Intercellular trafficking of VP22-GFP fusion proteins.Gene Therapy,1999,6(1):149-151.
[18]Dietrich U,Durr R,Koch J.Peptides as drugs:from screening to application.Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology,2013,14(5):501-512.
[19]Morris M C,Deshayes S,Heitz F,et al.Cell-penetrating peptides:from molecular mechanisms to therapeutics.Biology of the Cell,2008,100(4):201-217.
[20]Fonseca S B,Pereira M P,Kelley S O.Recent advances in the use of cell-penetrating peptides for medical and biological applications.Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews,2009,61(11):953-964.
[21]Richard J P,Melikov K,Vives E,et al.Cell-penetrating peptides.A reevaluation of the mechanism of cellular uptake.The Journal of Biological Chemistry,2003,278(1):585-590.
[22]Futaki S,Nakase I,Tadokoro A,et al.Arginine-rich peptides and their internalization mechanisms.Biochemical Society Transactions,2007,35(Pt 4):784-787.
[23]Mayor S,Pagano R E.Pathways of clathrin-independent endocytosis.Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology,2007,8(8):603-612.
[24]Maler L.Solution NMR studies of cell-penetrating peptides in model membrane systems.Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews,2013,65(8):1002-1011.
[25]Prochiantz A.Homeoprotein intercellular transfer,the hidden face of cell-penetrating peptides.Methods in Molecular Biology,2011,683(683):249.
[26]Mor A,Nguyen V H,Delfour A,et al.Isolation,amino acid sequence,and synthesis of dermaseptin,a novel antimicrobial peptide of amphibian skin.Biochemistry,1991,30(36):8824-8830.
[27]Shai Y.Mode of action of membrane active antimicrobial peptides.Biopolymers,2002,66(4):236-248.
[28]Farkhani S M,Valizadeh A,Karami H,et al.Cell penetrating peptides:efficient vectors for delivery of nanoparticles,nanocarriers,therapeutic and diagnostic molecules.Peptides,2014,57(7):78-94.
[29]Ruoslahti E.Tumor penetrating peptides for improved drug delivery.Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews,2017,110-111:3-12.
[30]Deshayes S,Morris M,Heitz F,et al.Delivery of proteins and nucleic acids using a non-covalent peptide-based strategy.Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews,2008,60(4-5):537-547.
[31]Rothbard J B,Garlington S,Lin Q,et al.Conjugation of arginine oligomers to cyclosporin A facilitates topical delivery and inhibition of inflammation.Nature Medicine,2000,6(11):1253-1257.
[32]Lindgren M,Rosenthal-Aizman K,Saar K,et al.Overcoming methotrexate resistance in breast cancer tumour cells by the use of a new cell-penetrating peptide.Biochemical Pharmacology,2006,71(4):416-425.
[33]Mccusker C T,Wang Y,Shan J,et al.Inhibition of experimental allergic airways disease by local application of a cell-penetrating dominant-negative STAT-6 peptide.Journal of Immunology,2007,179(4):2556-2564.
[34]Tamura K,Arakawa H,Suzuki M,et al.Novel dinucleotide repeat polymorphism in the first exon of the STAT-6 gene is associated with allergic diseases.Clinical and Experimental Allergy,2001,31(10):1509-1514.
[35]Hotchkiss R S,Swanson P E,Freeman B D,et al.Apoptotic cell death in patients with sepsis,shock,and multiple organ dysfunction.Critical Care Medicine,1999,27(7):1230-1251.
[36]Hotchkiss R S,Tinsley K W,Swanson P E,et al.Depletion of dendritic cells,but not macrophages,in patients with sepsis.Journal of Immunology,2002,168(5):2493-2500.
[37]Hotchkiss R S,Swanson P E,Knudson C M,et al.Overexpression of Bcl-2 in transgenic mice decreases apoptosis and improves survival in sepsis.Journal of Immunology,1999,162(7):4148-4156.
[38]Hotchkiss R S,Mcconnell K W,Bullok K,et al.TAT-BH4 and TAT-Bcl-xL peptides protect against sepsis-induced lymphocyte apoptosis in vivo.Journal of Immunology,2006,176(9):5471-5477.
[39]Patil S D,Rhodes D G,Burgess D J.DNA-based therapeutics and DNA delivery systems:a comprehensive review.The AAPSJournal,2005,7(1):E61-77.
[40]Akhtar S,Juliano R L.Cellular uptake and intracellular fate of antisense oligonucleotides.Trends in Cell Biology,1992,2(5):139-144.
[41]Lo S L,Wang S.An endosomolytic Tat peptide produced by incorporation of histidine and cysteine residues as a nonviral vector for DNA transfection.Biomaterials,2008,29(15):2408-2414.
[42]Ray A,Norden B.Peptide nucleic acid(PNA):its medical and biotechnical applications and promise for the future.FASEB J,2000,14(9):1041-1060.
[43]Mcmanus M T,Sharp P A.Gene silencing in mammals by small interfering RNAs.Nature Reviews Genetics,2002,3(10):737-747.
[44]Chiu Y L,Alia A,Chu C Y,et al.Visualizing a correlation between siRNA localization,cellular uptake,and RNAi in living cells.Chemistry&Biology,2004,11(8):1165-1175.
[45]Johnson L N,Cashman S M,Kumar-Singh R.Cell-penetrating peptide for enhanced delivery of nucleic acids and drugs to ocular tissues including retina and cornea.Molecular Therapy,2008,16(1):107-114.
[46]Rozenzhak S M,Kadakia M P,Caserta T M,et al.Cellular internalization and targeting of semiconductor quantum dots.Chemical Communications,2005,17(17):2217-2219.
[47]Santra S,Yang H,Dutta D,et al.TAT conjugated,FITC doped silica nanoparticles for bioimaging applications.Chemical Communications,2004,24(24):2810-2811.
[48]Webster A,Compton S J,Aylott J W.Optical calcium sensors:development of a generic method for their introduction to the cell using conjugated cell penetrating peptides.The Analyst,2005,130(2):163-170.
[49]Jiang T,Olson E S,Nguyen Q T,et al.Tumor imaging by means of proteolytic activation of cell-penetrating peptides.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2004,101(51):17867-17872.
[50]Alivisatos A P,Johnsson K P,Peng X,et al.Organization of‘nanocrystal molecules’using DNA.Nature,1996,382(6592):609-611.
[51]Ballou B,Lagerholm B C,Ernst L A,et al.Noninvasive imaging of quantum dots in mice.Bioconjugate Chemistry,2004,15(1):79-86.
[52]Silver J,Ou W.Photoactivation of quantum dot fluorescence following endocytosis.Nano Letters,2005,5(7):1445-1449.
[53]Lagerholm B C,Weinreb G E,Jacobson K,et al.Detecting microdomains in intact cell membranes.Annual Review of Physical Chemistry,2005,56(1):309-336.
[54]Delehanty J B,Medintz I L,Pons T,et al.Self-assembled quantum dot-peptide bioconjugates for selective intracellular delivery.Bioconjugate Chemistry,2006,17(4):920-927.
[55]Yu W,Zhan Y,Xue B,et al.Highly efficient cellular uptake of a cell-penetrating peptide(CPP)derived from the capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 2.Journal of Biological Chemistry,2018,293(3):15221-15232.
[56]Ruoslahti E,Bhatia S N,Sailor M J.Targeting of drugs and nanoparticles to tumors.Journal of Cell Biology,2010,188(6):759-768.
[57]Tan M,Lan K H,Yao J,et al.Selective inhibition of ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancer in vivo by a novel TAT-based ErbB2-targeting signal transducers and activators of transcription 3-blocking peptide.Cancer Research,2006,66(7):3764-3772.
[58]Salazar M D,Ratnam M.The folate receptor:what does it promise in tissue-targeted therapeutics.Cancer Metastasis Reviews,2007,26(1):141-152.
[59]Kunath K,Merdan T,Hegener O,et al.Integrin targeting using RGD-PEI conjugates for in vitro gene transfer.The Journal of Gene Medicine,2003,5(7):588-599.
[60]Wang L,Su W,Liu Z,et al.CD44 antibody-targeted liposomal nanoparticles for molecular imaging and therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma.Biomaterials,2012,33(20):5107-5114.
[61]Xu Y,Wang B,Kaur R,et al.A Supramolecular[10]CPPjunction enables efficient electron transfer in modular porphyrin-[10]CPP supersetFullerene complexes.Angewandte Chemie,2018,57(36):11549-11553.
[62]Bolton S J,Jones D N,Darker J G,et al.Cellular uptake and spread of the cell-permeable peptide penetratin in adult rat brain.The European Journal of Neuroscience,2000,12(8):2847-2855.
[63]Lim K J,Sung B H,Shin J R,et al.A cancer specific cellpenetrating peptide,BR2,for the efficient delivery of an sc Fv into cancer cells.PLo S One,2013,8(6):e66084.
[64]Leriche G,Chisholm L,Wanger A.Cleavable linkers in chemical biology.Bioorganic&Medicinal Chemistry,2012,20(2):571-582.
[65]Alves I D,Carre M,Montero M P,et al.A proapoptotic peptide conjugated to penetratin selectively inhibits tumor cell growth.Biochimica et Biophysica Acta,2014,1838(8):2087-2098.
[66]Choi K Y,Swierczewska M,Lee S,et al.Protease-activated drug development.Theranostics,2012,2(2):156-178.
[67]Orzechowska E J,Kozlowska E,Czubaty A,et al.Controlled delivery of BID protein fused with TAT peptide sensitizes cancer cells to apoptosis.BMC Cancer,2014,14(1):771.
[68]Wang H X,Yang X Z,Sun C Y,et al.Matrix metalloproteinase2-responsive micelle for siRNA delivery.Biomaterials,2014,35(26):7622-7634.
[69]Chang X,Hou Y.Expression of Rec A and cell-penetrating peptide(CPP)fusion protein in bacteria and in mammalian cells.International Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,2018,9(1):1-10.