浙江省规模养猪场沼渣液养分特征和农田利用适宜性分析
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摘要
为明确浙江省规模养猪场沼渣液养分含量特征,为沼渣液农田合理利用提供指导,分别在2016年5月和8月采集全省62个规模养猪场的沼渣液样品,测定沼渣液养分含量指标。结果表明,5月和8月采集的沼渣液样品平均pH分别为7.39和7.47,总有机碳平均含量分别为5.01 g·L~(-1)和4.79 g·L~(-1),全磷平均含量分别为0.34 g·L~(-1)和0.47 g·L~(-1),全钾平均含量分别为0.57 g·L~(-1)和0.81 g·L~(-1),全盐平均含量分别为3.06 g·L~(-1)和1.76 g·L~(-1)。铵态氮是沼渣液中主要的氮素形态,5月和8月沼渣液样品的铵态氮平均含量分别为689.2 mg·L~(-1)和1 235.5 mg·L~(-1),占沼渣液全氮含量的69.6%和81.2%。2次取样的沼渣液样品总有机碳变异幅度分别为126.2%和182.1%,全磷的变异幅度分别为86.7%和222.6%,全氮、全钾、铵态氮和全盐的变异幅度在44.5%～87.8%。不同区域沼渣液养分含量间没有明显差异,但5月和8月2次取样时间沼渣液样品含量差异极显著。沼渣液中铵态氮含量与全氮、总有机碳、全磷、全钾、含盐量等指标间都表现为显著线性相关。5月和8月全省沼渣液总养分含量(N+P_2O_5+K_2O)分别为1.91 g·L~(-1)和2.81 g·L~(-1),N∶P_2O_5∶K_2O分别为1∶0.31∶0.6和1∶0.35∶0.59。沼渣液养分指标间存在明显的相关性,氮、磷、钾的比例和作物需肥比例相似,农田利用时可以根据沼渣液铵态氮含量测定结果确定沼渣液施用量。
The aim of this study is to clarify the nutrient characteristics of biogas slurry(BS)from large-scale pig farms and to promote the rational use of BS in farming systems. BS samples were collected from 62 large-scale pig farms in Zhejiang Province in May and August 2016, and their pH, total organic carbon(TOC), total phosphorus(TP), total potassium(TK), total salt(TS), and ammonium-N levels were measured. The results showed that the average pH, TOC, TP, TK, and TS of the pig BS were 7.39 and 7.47, 5.01 and 4.79 g·L~(-1), 0.34 and 0.47 g·L~(-1), 0.57 and 0.81 g·L~(-1), and 3.06 and 1.76 g·L~(-1) in May and August, respectively. Ammonium-N was the main form of N in the BS.The mean ammonium-N was 689.2 and 1 235.5 mg·L~(-1) in May and August, respectively, which accounted for 69.6% and 81.2% of total nitrogen in the BS. The variable coefficient of TOC was 126.2% and 182.1% in May and August, respectively, and those of TP were 86.7% and 222.6%. The variable extents of TN, TK, ammonium, and TS ranged from 44.5%～87.8%. No significant differences in the nutrients were observed among the regions. However, there were significant differences between sampling times. Ammonium of BS was significantly correlated with TN,TOC, TP, TK, and TS. The main nutrient concentrations(N + P_2O_5 + K_2O)were 1.91 and 2.81 g·L~(-1) in May and August,respectively. The N∶P_2O_5∶K_2O was 1∶0.31∶0.60 and 1∶0.35∶0.59 in May and August, respectively. Significant relationships were observed among the nutrients in the slurry. The N∶P∶K ratio in the BS was similar to the crop demand in the field. The application rate of BS could be confirmed according to the ammonium-N concentration in the BS when it was applied in farming systems.
The aim of this study is to clarify the nutrient characteristics of biogas slurry(BS)from large-scale pig farms and to promote the rational use of BS in farming systems. BS samples were collected from 62 large-scale pig farms in Zhejiang Province in May and August 2016, and their pH, total organic carbon(TOC), total phosphorus(TP), total potassium(TK), total salt(TS), and ammonium-N levels were measured. The results showed that the average pH, TOC, TP, TK, and TS of the pig BS were 7.39 and 7.47, 5.01 and 4.79 g·L~(-1), 0.34 and 0.47 g·L~(-1), 0.57 and 0.81 g·L~(-1), and 3.06 and 1.76 g·L~(-1) in May and August, respectively. Ammonium-N was the main form of N in the BS.The mean ammonium-N was 689.2 and 1 235.5 mg·L~(-1) in May and August, respectively, which accounted for 69.6% and 81.2% of total nitrogen in the BS. The variable coefficient of TOC was 126.2% and 182.1% in May and August, respectively, and those of TP were 86.7% and 222.6%. The variable extents of TN, TK, ammonium, and TS ranged from 44.5%～87.8%. No significant differences in the nutrients were observed among the regions. However, there were significant differences between sampling times. Ammonium of BS was significantly correlated with TN,TOC, TP, TK, and TS. The main nutrient concentrations(N + P_2O_5 + K_2O)were 1.91 and 2.81 g·L~(-1) in May and August,respectively. The N∶P_2O_5∶K_2O was 1∶0.31∶0.60 and 1∶0.35∶0.59 in May and August, respectively. Significant relationships were observed among the nutrients in the slurry. The N∶P∶K ratio in the BS was similar to the crop demand in the field. The application rate of BS could be confirmed according to the ammonium-N concentration in the BS when it was applied in farming systems.
引文
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[15]柯蓝婷,王海涛,王远鹏,等.不同来源家庭户用沼气池沼液成分分析及风险评价[J].化工学报,2014,65(5):1840-1847.KE Lan-ting,WANG Hai-tao,WANG Yuan-peng,et al.Component analysis and risk assessment of anaerobically digested slurry from households in China[J].CIESC Journal,2014,65(5):1840-1847.
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[19]黄红卫,吴彦虎,李晓梅,等.宁夏规模养猪场畜禽粪便养分含量和重金属、抗生素残留量测定及安全性评估[J].农业科学研究,2018,39(2):1-8.HUANG Hong-wei,WU Yan-hu,LI Xiao-mei,et al.Measurement of nutrient content,heavy metal and antibiotic residue in livestock and poultry manure of Ningxia farm and safety evaluation analysis[J].Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2018,39(2):1-8.
[20]周杨,章明奎.长三角城郊区沼液化学组分特点及其农用重金属污染风险评价[J].中国农学通报,2016,32(20):101-106.ZHOU Yang,ZHANG Ming-kui.Characteristics of chemical component and agricultural potential risk assessment of heavy metals of biogas slurry in suburban areas of Yangtze Delta[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2016,32(20):101-106.
[21]刘思辰,王莉伟,李希希,等.沼液灌溉中的重金属潜在风险评估[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(6):1517-1524.LIU Si-chen,WANG Li-wei,LI Xi-xi,et al.Potential risk assessment of heavy metal in biogas slurry irrigation[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2014,20(6):1517-1524.
[22]周灵君,吕琳.沼液-土壤-蔬菜系统中重金属变化特征[J].南京工业大学学报(自然科学版),2017,39(3):63-69.ZHOU Ling-jun,LüLin.Characteristics of heavy metal in biogas slurry,soil and vegetable system[J].Journal of Nanjing Tech University(Natural Science Edition),2017,39(3):63-69.
[23]李轶,巩俊璐,张辉,等.不同施肥处理对污灌区土壤中Pb、Cu和Zn的影响[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2017,48(6):731-736.LI Yi,GONG Jun-lu,ZHANG Hui,et al.Effects of different fertilization treatments on Pb,Cu and Zn forms in soil from sewage irrigation area[J].Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University,2017,48(6):731-736.
[24]姜丽娜,王强,陈丁江,等.沼液稻田消解对水稻生产、土壤与环境安全影响研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2011,30(7):1328-1336.JIANG Li-na,WANG Qiang,CHEN Ding-jiang,et al.Effects of paddy field disposal of biogas slurry on the rice production,soil quality and environmental safety[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2011,30(7):1328-1336.
[2]倪中应,章明奎.沼液中氮磷钾化学形态组成及其生物有效性评价[J].土壤通报,2017,48(5):1114-1118.NI Zhong-ying,ZHANG Ming-kui.Chemical composition of nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium in biogas slurry and their bio-availability[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2017,48(5):1114-1118.
[3]杨润,孙钦平,赵海燕,等.沼液在稻田的精确施用及其环境效应研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2017,36(8):1566-1572.YANG Run,SUN Qin-ping,ZHAO Hai-yan,et al.Precision application of biogas slurry and its environmental effects in paddy fields[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2017,36(8):1566-1572.
[4]Zhang J,Wang M Y,Cao Y C,et al.Replacement of mineral fertilizers with anaerobically digested pig slurry in paddy fields:Assessment of plant growth and grain quality[J].Environmental Sciences&Pollution Research,2017,24(10):8916-8923.
[5]Chen G,Zhao G H,Zhang H M,et al.Biogas slurry use as N fertilizer for two-season Zizania aquatic Turcz.in China[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2017,107:303-320.
[6]姜丽娜,王强,李艾芬,等.休闲稻田消解沼液生态效应及其对水稻安全生产影响研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2011,30(12):2483-2490.JIANG Li-na,WANG Qiang,LI Ai-fen,et al.The ecological effects of fallow paddy field disposal biogas slurry and its impact on the following rice safety production[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2011,30(12):2483-2490.
[7]张丽萍,刘红江,盛婧,等.发酵周期、储存时间和过滤对沼液养分和理化性状变化的影响[J].农业资源与环境学报,2018,35(1):32-39.ZHANG Li-ping,LIU Hong-jiang,SHENG Jing,et al.Influence of anaerobic fermentation periods,storage time and filtration on the changes of nutrients and physical and chemical properties of biogas slurry[J].Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment,2018,35(1):32-39.
[8]Marcato C E,Pinelli E,Pouech E,et al.Particle size and metal distributions in anaerobically digested pig slurry[J].Bioresource Technology,2008,99:2340-2348.
[9]丁京涛,沈玉君,孟海波,等.沼渣沼液养分含量及稳定性分析[J].中国农业科技导报,2016,18(4):136-146.DING Jing-tao,SHEN Yu-jun,MENG Hai-bo,et al.Nutrition contents and its stability analysis of biogas residue and slurry[J].Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology,2016,18(4):136-146.
[10]Jin H M,Chang Z Z.Distribution of heavy metal contents and chemical fractions in anaerobically digested manure slurry[J].Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology,2011,164:268-282.
[11]靳红梅,常志州,叶小梅,等.江苏省大型沼气工程沼液理化特性分析[J].农业工程学报,2010,27(1):291-296.JIN Hong-mei,CHANG Zhi-zhou,YE Xiao-mei,et al.Physical and chemical characteristics of anaerobically digested slurry from largescale biogas project in Jiangsu Province[J].Transaction of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2010,27(1):291-296.
[12]范旻,朱洪光,马洁琼.养殖业沼渣液肥效与养分分布及影响因素初步研究[J].现代农业科技,2014,1:231-236.FAN Min,ZHU Hong-guang,MA Jie-qiong.Preliminary study of the fertilizer efficiency,distribution of nutrients and the impact factors of livestock industry[J].Modern Agricultural Sciences,2014,1:231-236.
[13]国家环境保护总局《水和废水监测分析方法》编委会.水和废水监测分析方法[M].第四版.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002:223-281.State Environmental Protection Administration Editorial Committee.Water and wastewater monitoring method[M].4th Edition.Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2002:223-281.
[14]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000:12-194.LU Ru-kun.The soil agro-chemical analyses procedures[M].Beijing:China Agricultural science and Technology Press,2000:12-194.
[15]柯蓝婷,王海涛,王远鹏,等.不同来源家庭户用沼气池沼液成分分析及风险评价[J].化工学报,2014,65(5):1840-1847.KE Lan-ting,WANG Hai-tao,WANG Yuan-peng,et al.Component analysis and risk assessment of anaerobically digested slurry from households in China[J].CIESC Journal,2014,65(5):1840-1847.
[16]曲明山,郭宁,刘自飞,等.京郊大中型沼气工程沼液养分及重金属含量分析[J].中国沼气,2013,31(4):37-40.QU Ming-shan,GUO Ning,LIU Zi-fei,et al.Nutrient and heavy met-1164385al contents in biogas slurry of large scaled biogas project in suburb of Beijing[J].China Biogas,2013,31(4):37-40.
[17]Chen D J,Jiang L N,Huang H,et al.Nitrogen dynamics of anaerobically digested slurry used to fertilizer paddy fields[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,2013,49:647-659.
[18]卫丹,万梅,刘锐,等.嘉兴市规模化养猪场沼液水质调查研究[J].环境科学,2014,35(7):2650-2657.WEI Dan,WAN Mei,LIU Rui,et al.Study on the quality of digested piggery wastewater in large-scale farms in Jiaxing[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(7):2650-2657.
[19]黄红卫,吴彦虎,李晓梅,等.宁夏规模养猪场畜禽粪便养分含量和重金属、抗生素残留量测定及安全性评估[J].农业科学研究,2018,39(2):1-8.HUANG Hong-wei,WU Yan-hu,LI Xiao-mei,et al.Measurement of nutrient content,heavy metal and antibiotic residue in livestock and poultry manure of Ningxia farm and safety evaluation analysis[J].Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2018,39(2):1-8.
[20]周杨,章明奎.长三角城郊区沼液化学组分特点及其农用重金属污染风险评价[J].中国农学通报,2016,32(20):101-106.ZHOU Yang,ZHANG Ming-kui.Characteristics of chemical component and agricultural potential risk assessment of heavy metals of biogas slurry in suburban areas of Yangtze Delta[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2016,32(20):101-106.
[21]刘思辰,王莉伟,李希希,等.沼液灌溉中的重金属潜在风险评估[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(6):1517-1524.LIU Si-chen,WANG Li-wei,LI Xi-xi,et al.Potential risk assessment of heavy metal in biogas slurry irrigation[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2014,20(6):1517-1524.
[22]周灵君,吕琳.沼液-土壤-蔬菜系统中重金属变化特征[J].南京工业大学学报(自然科学版),2017,39(3):63-69.ZHOU Ling-jun,LüLin.Characteristics of heavy metal in biogas slurry,soil and vegetable system[J].Journal of Nanjing Tech University(Natural Science Edition),2017,39(3):63-69.
[23]李轶,巩俊璐,张辉,等.不同施肥处理对污灌区土壤中Pb、Cu和Zn的影响[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2017,48(6):731-736.LI Yi,GONG Jun-lu,ZHANG Hui,et al.Effects of different fertilization treatments on Pb,Cu and Zn forms in soil from sewage irrigation area[J].Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University,2017,48(6):731-736.
[24]姜丽娜,王强,陈丁江,等.沼液稻田消解对水稻生产、土壤与环境安全影响研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2011,30(7):1328-1336.JIANG Li-na,WANG Qiang,CHEN Ding-jiang,et al.Effects of paddy field disposal of biogas slurry on the rice production,soil quality and environmental safety[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2011,30(7):1328-1336.