基于村民记忆的乡村农耕景观变迁研究
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摘要
近70 a来中国工业化和市场化发展对乡村的影响越来越大,传统农耕受到前所未有的冲击,农耕景观发生了快速变迁。以贵州省对门山村为例,采用参与式农村评估方法(participatory rural appraisal,PRA)和乡邑人居-参与式村镇空间设计电子沙盘技术(三维电子沙盘),充分挖掘当地村民记忆中的农耕景观信息,还原1949年以来对门山村农耕景观,并对此加以分析。结果表明,60多年来,工业化的农业生产要素不断入侵该村的传统农耕,至今,传统农耕景观迅速被现代农业景观所取代。由种植水稻形成的水田景观逐渐被由种植经济价值较高的作物形成的旱地景观所取代;经济价值较高的作物,如烟草和薏米,不断挤占粮食作物种植空间,导致由全部种植粮食作物转变为主要种植经济价值较高的作物;粮食作物种子由传统农民自留种逐渐转变为杂交种,传统自留种几近消失。工业化的农业生产方式不断取代传统可持续的农耕方式,导致农耕景观发生变迁,也对环境、资源、生态和粮食安全等产生了负面影响。因此,我们应充分认识到传统农耕的价值,探索可持续的生态农业发展方式。
The transformation of rural China by the adoption of western agricultural farming practices has radically altered rural ecosystems. In little more than half a century,traditional rural landscapes were rapidly industrialized with unforeseen outcomes for essential life support systems. The principal witnesses to this rural revolution were farming communities throughout China. This research project employed the field case study method in Duimenshan Village in Guizhou Province to document and analyze rural transformations since 1949. Local experience,oral histories and geographic changes were documented using participatory rural appraisal( PRA) and digital imaging technology including 3D e-Sandbox. The results show that: over the past 60 years,modern agricultural production elements have continuously invaded into the traditional farming system of the village. So far,traditional farming landscape has been replaced by modern agricultural landscape rapidly. The landscape of paddy fields formed by rice planting in the village has been gradually replaced by non-irrigated landscape formed by economic crops with higher market value such as tobacco and Job's tears. Due to the continue replacement of the space with grain crops by economic crops,economic crops are now the major crops in the village instead of grain crops.Moreover,the varieties of grain crops have turned from traditional cultivars to hybrid varieties. The traditional cultivars have almost disappeared nowadays. The industrialized model of agricultural production has gradually replaced the traditional sustainable farming pattern driven by economic interests,causing the changes of the farming landscape in the village. The conse-quences for food safety and the integrity of water and soil ecosystems were not adequately considered. Our research raises important questions whether the ecological sustainability of rural resources,the health of farming communities,their long term economic viability,and traditional cultural heritage values are being sacrificed for short term economic gains.
The transformation of rural China by the adoption of western agricultural farming practices has radically altered rural ecosystems. In little more than half a century,traditional rural landscapes were rapidly industrialized with unforeseen outcomes for essential life support systems. The principal witnesses to this rural revolution were farming communities throughout China. This research project employed the field case study method in Duimenshan Village in Guizhou Province to document and analyze rural transformations since 1949. Local experience,oral histories and geographic changes were documented using participatory rural appraisal( PRA) and digital imaging technology including 3D e-Sandbox. The results show that: over the past 60 years,modern agricultural production elements have continuously invaded into the traditional farming system of the village. So far,traditional farming landscape has been replaced by modern agricultural landscape rapidly. The landscape of paddy fields formed by rice planting in the village has been gradually replaced by non-irrigated landscape formed by economic crops with higher market value such as tobacco and Job's tears. Due to the continue replacement of the space with grain crops by economic crops,economic crops are now the major crops in the village instead of grain crops.Moreover,the varieties of grain crops have turned from traditional cultivars to hybrid varieties. The traditional cultivars have almost disappeared nowadays. The industrialized model of agricultural production has gradually replaced the traditional sustainable farming pattern driven by economic interests,causing the changes of the farming landscape in the village. The conse-quences for food safety and the integrity of water and soil ecosystems were not adequately considered. Our research raises important questions whether the ecological sustainability of rural resources,the health of farming communities,their long term economic viability,and traditional cultural heritage values are being sacrificed for short term economic gains.
引文
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[13]张晓彤,段进明,宇林军,等.基于三维电子沙盘的参与式乡村历史景观评估:以贵州省对门山村为例[J].中国生态农业学报,2017,25(10):1403-1412.[ZHANG Xiao-tong,DUAN Jinming,YU Lin-jun,et al. Participatory Evaluation of Rural Historic Landscape Based on the 3D E-Sandbox:A Case Study in Duimenshan Village in Guizhou Province[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2017,25(10):1403-1412.]
[2]张永勋,闵庆文.稻作梯田农业文化遗产保护研究综述[J].中国生态农业学报,2016,24(4):460-469.[ZHANG Yong-xun,MIN Qing-wen.A Review of Conservation of Rice Terraces as Agricultural Heritage Systems[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2016,24(4):460-469.]
[3] LIU M C,YANG L,MIN Q W.Establishment of an Eco-Compensation Fund Based on Eco-Services Consumption[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2018,211:306-312.
[4]骆世明.传统农业精华与现代生态农业[J].地理研究,2007,26(3):609-615.[LUO Shi-ming. To Discover the Secret of Traditional Agriculture and Serve the Modern Ecoagriculture[J].Geographical Research,2007,26(3):609-615.]
[5] YANG L,LIU M C,LUN F,et al.An Analysis on Crops Choice and Its Driving Factors in Agricultural Heritage Systems:A Case of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces System[J]. Sustainability,2017,9(7):1-18.doi:10. 3390/su9071162.
[6]于飞,谷晓平,袁淑杰,等.贵州省农业生态安全性评价[J].自然灾害学报,2011,20(4):165-171.[YU Fei,GU Xiao-ping,YUAN Shu-jie,et al. Evaluation of Agroecological Safety in Guizhou Province[J]. Journal of Natural Disasters,2011,20(4):165-171.]
[7]李波.中国的农业生物多样性保护及持续利用[J].农业环境与发展,1999,16(4):9-15.[LI Bo.Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Biodiversity in Chinese Agricultural Regions[J].AgroEnvironment and Development,1999,16(4):9-15.]
[8]刘云慧,常虹,宇振荣.农业景观生物多样性保护一般原则探讨[J].生态与农村环境学报,2010,26(6):622-627.[LIU Yunhui,CHANG Hong,YU Zhen-rong.General Principles for Biodiversity Protection in Agro-Landscaping[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2010,26(6):622-627.]
[9]杜雯翠,张平淡,朱松.农业市场化、农业现代化与环境污染[J].北京理工大学学报(社会科学版),2016,18(1):1-9.[DU Wen-cui,ZHANG Ping-dan,ZHU Song. Agricultural Marketing,Agricultural Modernization and Environmental Pollution[J].Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology(Social Sciences Edition),2016,18(1):1-9.]
[10]骆世明.农业生态转型态势与中国生态农业建设路径[J].中国生态农业学报,2017,25(1):1-7.[LUO Shi-ming. Agroecology Transition and Suitable Pathway for Eco-Agricultural Development in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2017,25(1):1-7.]
[11] WANG X J,YU Z R,CINDERBY S,et al. Enhancing Participation:Experiences of Participatory Geographic Information Systems in Shanxi Province,China[J]. Applied Geography,2008,28(2):96-109.
[12]王晓军,周洋,鄢彦斌,等.政策与农耕:石咀头村40年景观变迁[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(1):199-206.[WANG Xiaojun,ZHOU Yang,YAN Yan-bin,et al. Agricultural Policies and Farming Systems:A Case Study of Landscape Changes in Shizuitou Village in the Recent Four Decades[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(1):199-206.]
[13]张晓彤,段进明,宇林军,等.基于三维电子沙盘的参与式乡村历史景观评估:以贵州省对门山村为例[J].中国生态农业学报,2017,25(10):1403-1412.[ZHANG Xiao-tong,DUAN Jinming,YU Lin-jun,et al. Participatory Evaluation of Rural Historic Landscape Based on the 3D E-Sandbox:A Case Study in Duimenshan Village in Guizhou Province[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2017,25(10):1403-1412.]