分期追施氮肥对玉米营养器官中非结构性碳水化合物积累转运及产量的影响
|
摘要
在位于陇东旱塬区的陇东学院试验农场进行田间试验,研究追肥时期对玉米营养器官中非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)积累转运变化及产量的影响。结果表明,从小喇叭口期至成熟期,玉米叶片中NSC含量呈倒"V"的变化动态趋势,追肥时期仅改变其NSC峰值大小,不影响其变化趋势。小喇叭口期追施氮肥显著提高茎秆中NSC含量。玉米茎秆、根和叶片中NSC的转运量和转运率的变化规律相同,转运量表现为茎>叶>根,其转运率分别为7.72%、5.69%、2.70%。试验条件下,小喇叭口期:大喇叭口期:灌浆期为1∶2∶1的追肥方式下,玉米的产量最高,为10 177.59 kg/hm~2,较常规施肥(小喇叭口期一次追肥)增产11.86%。
To optimize maize cultivated method in arid area, topdressing nitrogen fertilizer was applied at maize different growth stages, then the accumulation and transportation of non-structural carbohydrate(NSC) in vegetative organs of maize plant and maize grain yield were studied. Field trials were carried out on the experimental farm of Longdong University, a dryland area in eastern Gansu province, China. The results showed that leaf NSC content in control shows a dynamic trend of inverted "V" from maize small bell stage to mature stage. The peak value of NSC is changed by topdressing, but the dynamic trends of NSC is not affected. NSC content in stems is significantly in-creased by topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at small bell stage. Nitrogen application at tetrad stage of pollen significant-ly increases the content of NSC in leaves. The trends of NSC transportation amount and efficiency are similar for dif-ferent vegetative organs of maize. However, NSC transportation amount of different organs is different and in the fol-lowing order: stem(13.93 g/plant) > leaves(2.78 g/plant) > root(0.04 g/plant). And transportation efficiency is 7.72%,5.70% and 2.35% for stem, leaf and root, respectively. When topdressing nitrogen is applied as the ratio of 1∶2∶1 for small bell stage: pollen tetrad stage: filling stage, the highest yield of maize(10 177.59 kg/ha) was obtained,which is increased by 11.86% compared with conventional topdressing mode.
To optimize maize cultivated method in arid area, topdressing nitrogen fertilizer was applied at maize different growth stages, then the accumulation and transportation of non-structural carbohydrate(NSC) in vegetative organs of maize plant and maize grain yield were studied. Field trials were carried out on the experimental farm of Longdong University, a dryland area in eastern Gansu province, China. The results showed that leaf NSC content in control shows a dynamic trend of inverted "V" from maize small bell stage to mature stage. The peak value of NSC is changed by topdressing, but the dynamic trends of NSC is not affected. NSC content in stems is significantly in-creased by topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at small bell stage. Nitrogen application at tetrad stage of pollen significant-ly increases the content of NSC in leaves. The trends of NSC transportation amount and efficiency are similar for dif-ferent vegetative organs of maize. However, NSC transportation amount of different organs is different and in the fol-lowing order: stem(13.93 g/plant) > leaves(2.78 g/plant) > root(0.04 g/plant). And transportation efficiency is 7.72%,5.70% and 2.35% for stem, leaf and root, respectively. When topdressing nitrogen is applied as the ratio of 1∶2∶1 for small bell stage: pollen tetrad stage: filling stage, the highest yield of maize(10 177.59 kg/ha) was obtained,which is increased by 11.86% compared with conventional topdressing mode.
引文
[1]袁雪娇,杨恒山,张玉芹,等.不同肥料对春玉米干物质积累及转运的影响[J].玉米科学,2018,26(4):132-136.Yuan X J,Yang H S,Zhang Y Q,et al.Effects of different fertilization on accumulation and transportation of dry matter of spring maize[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2018,26(4):132-136.(in Chinese)
[2]Ainsworth E A,Bush D R.Carbohydrate export from the leaf:a highly regulated process and target to enhance photosynthesis and productivity[J].Plant Physiol.,2011,155(1):64-69.
[3]潘俊峰,李国辉,崔克辉.水稻茎鞘非结构性碳水化合物再分配及其在稳产和抗逆中的作用[J].中国水稻科学,2014,28(4):335-342.Pan J F,Li G H,Cui K H.Re-partitioning of non-structural carbohydrates in rice stems and their roles in yield stability and stress tolerance[J].Chin.J.Rice Sci.,2014,28(4):335-342.(in Chinese)
[4]潘庆民,韩兴国,白永飞,等.植物非结构性贮藏碳水化合物的生理生态学研究进展[J].植物学通报,2002,19(1):30-38.Pan Q M,Han X G,Bai Y F,et al.Advances in physiology and ecology studies on stored non-structure carbohydrates in plants[J].Chinese Bulletin of Botany,2002,19(1):30-38.(in Chinese)
[5]杨恒山,张玉芹,徐寿军,等.超高产春玉米干物质及养分积累与转运特征[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2012,18(2):315-323.Yang H S,Zhang Y Q,Xu S J,et al.Characteristics of dry matter and nutrient accumulation and translocation of super-high-yield spring maize[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2012,18(2):315-323.(in Chinese)
[6]Mackown C T,van Sanford D A,Zhang N Y.Wheat vegetative nitrogen compositional changes in response to reduced reproductive sink strength[J].Plant Physiol.,1992,99:1469-1474.
[7]Zhang Y J,Zhao C J,Liu L Y.Chlorophyll fluorescence detected passively by difference reflectance spectra of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)leaf[J].J.Integrate.Plant Biol.,2005,47:1228-1235.
[8]马赟花,薛吉全,张仁和,等.不同高产玉米品种干物质积累转运与产量形成的研究[J].广东农业科学,2010(3):36-40.Ma Y H,Xue J Q,Zhang R H,et al.Relationship between dry matter accumulation and distribution to yield of different maize cultivars[J].Guangdong Agricultural Sciences,2010(3):36-40.(in Chinese)
[9]黄智鸿,王思远,包岩,等.超高产玉米品种干物质积累与分配特点的研究[J].玉米科学,2007,15(3):95-98.Huang Z H,Wang S Y,Bao Y,et al.Studies on dry matter accumulation and distributive characteristic in super high-yield maize[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2007,15(3):95-98.(in Chinese)
[10]李飒,彭云峰,于鹏,等.不同年代玉米品种干物质积累与钾素吸收及其分配[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17(2):325-332.Li S,Peng Y F,Yu P,et al.Accumulation and distribution of dry matter and potassium in maize varieties released in different years[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2011,17(2):325-332.(in Chinese)
[11]戴明宏,陶洪斌,王利纳,等.不同氮肥管理对春玉米干物质生产、分配及转运的影响[J].华北农学报,2008,23(1):154-157.Dai M H,Tao H B,Wang L N,et al.Effects of different nitrogen managements on dry matter accumulation,partition and transportation of spring maize(Zea mays L.)[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,2008,23(1):154-157.(in Chinese)
[12]郭占全,孙杨,张玉秋,等.施氮量对膜下滴灌玉米干物质积累及产量的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2015,34(9):76-79.Guo Z Q,Sun Y,Zhang Y Q,et al.Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application rates on dry matter and yield of maize under mulched drip irrigation[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2015,34(9):76-79.(in Chinese)
[13]徐祥玉,张敏敏,翟丙年,等.施氮对不同基因型夏玉米干物质积累转移的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(4):786-792.Xu X Y,Zhang M M,Zhai B N,et al.Effects of nitrogen application on dry matter accumulation and translocation of different genotypes of summer maize[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2009,15(4):786-792.(in Chinese)
[14]刘伟,张吉旺,吕鹏,等.种植密度对高产夏玉米登海661产量及干物质积累与分配的影响[J].作物学报,2011,37(7):1301-1307.Liu W,Zhang J W,LüP,et al.Effect of plant density on grain yield dry matter accumulation and partitioning in summer maize cultivar Denghai661[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2011,37(7):1301-1307.(in Chinese)
[15]Dordas C A,Lithourgidis A S,Matsi T,et al.Application of liquid cattle manure and inorganic fertilizers affect dry matter,nitrogen accumulation,and partitioning in maize[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2008,80(3):283-296.
[16]RAJA V.Effect of nitrogen and plant population on yield and quality of super sweet maize(Zea mays)[J].Indian Journal of Agronomy,2001,46(2):246-249.
[17]李玉英,宋玉伟,程序,等.施氮对灌漠土春玉米干物质积累和氮素吸收利用动态的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2009,14(1):61-65.Li Y Y,Song Y W,Cheng X,et al.Impact of nitrogen application on the dynamics of dry matter accumulation and nitrogen absorption and utilization of spring maize[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2009,14(1):61-65.(in Chinese)
[18]张吉旺,王空军,胡昌浩,等.施氮时期对夏玉米饲用营养价值的影响[J].中国农业科学,2002,35(11):1337-1342.Zhang J W,Wang K J,Hu C H,et al.Effects of different nitrogen application stages on forage nutritive value of summer maize[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2002,35(11):1337-1342.(in Chinese)
[19]邹琦,赵世杰,等.植物生理学实验指导[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[20]平晓燕,周广胜,孙敬松.植物光合产物分配及其影响因子研究进展[J].植物生态学报,2010,34(1):100-111.Ping X Y,Zhou G S,Sun J S.Advances in the study of photosynthate allocation and its controls[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2010,34(1):100-111.(in Chinese)
[21]Saidou A,Janssen B H,Temminghoff E J M.Effects of soil properties,mulch and NPK fertilizer on maize yield sand nutrient budgets on ferralitic soils in southern Benin[J].Agric Ecosyst.Environ.,2003,100:265-273.
[22]魏廷邦,胡发龙,赵财,等.氮肥后移对绿洲灌区玉米干物质积累和产量构成的调控效应[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(15):2916-2927.Wei T B,Hu F L,Zhao C,et al.Response of dry matter accumulation and yield components of maize under N-fertilizer postponing application in oasis irrigation areas[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,50(15):2916-2927.(in Chinese)
[23]阎翠萍,张虎,王建军,等.沟谷地春玉米干物质积累、分配与转移规律的研究[J].玉米科学,2002,10(1):67-71.Yan C P,Zhang H,Wang J J,et al.Study on law of biomass accumulation,distribution and transference of spring corn in the gully region[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2002,10(1):67-71.(in Chinese)
[24]张瑞富,杨恒山,毕文波,等.超高产栽培下氮肥运筹对春玉米干物质积累及转运的影响[J].作物杂志,2011,15(1):2-3.Zhang R F,Yang H S,Bi W B,et al.Effects of nitrogen application on dry matter accumulation and transport of spring maize under super-high yield cultivation[J].Crops,2011,15(1):2-3.(in Chinese)
[25]文熙宸,王小春,邓小燕,等.玉米-大豆套作模式下氮肥运筹对玉米产量及干物质积累与转运的影响[J].作物学报,2015,41(3):448-457.Wen X C,Wang X C,Deng X Y,et al.Effects of nitrogen management on yield and dry matter accumulation and translocation of maize in maize-soybean relay-cropping system[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2015,41(3):448-457.(in Chinese)
[26]Ye Y L,Wang G,Huang Y F,et al.Understanding physiological processes associated with yield-trait relationships in modern wheat varieties[J].Field Crops Research,2011,124(3):316-322.
[2]Ainsworth E A,Bush D R.Carbohydrate export from the leaf:a highly regulated process and target to enhance photosynthesis and productivity[J].Plant Physiol.,2011,155(1):64-69.
[3]潘俊峰,李国辉,崔克辉.水稻茎鞘非结构性碳水化合物再分配及其在稳产和抗逆中的作用[J].中国水稻科学,2014,28(4):335-342.Pan J F,Li G H,Cui K H.Re-partitioning of non-structural carbohydrates in rice stems and their roles in yield stability and stress tolerance[J].Chin.J.Rice Sci.,2014,28(4):335-342.(in Chinese)
[4]潘庆民,韩兴国,白永飞,等.植物非结构性贮藏碳水化合物的生理生态学研究进展[J].植物学通报,2002,19(1):30-38.Pan Q M,Han X G,Bai Y F,et al.Advances in physiology and ecology studies on stored non-structure carbohydrates in plants[J].Chinese Bulletin of Botany,2002,19(1):30-38.(in Chinese)
[5]杨恒山,张玉芹,徐寿军,等.超高产春玉米干物质及养分积累与转运特征[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2012,18(2):315-323.Yang H S,Zhang Y Q,Xu S J,et al.Characteristics of dry matter and nutrient accumulation and translocation of super-high-yield spring maize[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2012,18(2):315-323.(in Chinese)
[6]Mackown C T,van Sanford D A,Zhang N Y.Wheat vegetative nitrogen compositional changes in response to reduced reproductive sink strength[J].Plant Physiol.,1992,99:1469-1474.
[7]Zhang Y J,Zhao C J,Liu L Y.Chlorophyll fluorescence detected passively by difference reflectance spectra of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)leaf[J].J.Integrate.Plant Biol.,2005,47:1228-1235.
[8]马赟花,薛吉全,张仁和,等.不同高产玉米品种干物质积累转运与产量形成的研究[J].广东农业科学,2010(3):36-40.Ma Y H,Xue J Q,Zhang R H,et al.Relationship between dry matter accumulation and distribution to yield of different maize cultivars[J].Guangdong Agricultural Sciences,2010(3):36-40.(in Chinese)
[9]黄智鸿,王思远,包岩,等.超高产玉米品种干物质积累与分配特点的研究[J].玉米科学,2007,15(3):95-98.Huang Z H,Wang S Y,Bao Y,et al.Studies on dry matter accumulation and distributive characteristic in super high-yield maize[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2007,15(3):95-98.(in Chinese)
[10]李飒,彭云峰,于鹏,等.不同年代玉米品种干物质积累与钾素吸收及其分配[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17(2):325-332.Li S,Peng Y F,Yu P,et al.Accumulation and distribution of dry matter and potassium in maize varieties released in different years[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2011,17(2):325-332.(in Chinese)
[11]戴明宏,陶洪斌,王利纳,等.不同氮肥管理对春玉米干物质生产、分配及转运的影响[J].华北农学报,2008,23(1):154-157.Dai M H,Tao H B,Wang L N,et al.Effects of different nitrogen managements on dry matter accumulation,partition and transportation of spring maize(Zea mays L.)[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,2008,23(1):154-157.(in Chinese)
[12]郭占全,孙杨,张玉秋,等.施氮量对膜下滴灌玉米干物质积累及产量的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2015,34(9):76-79.Guo Z Q,Sun Y,Zhang Y Q,et al.Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application rates on dry matter and yield of maize under mulched drip irrigation[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2015,34(9):76-79.(in Chinese)
[13]徐祥玉,张敏敏,翟丙年,等.施氮对不同基因型夏玉米干物质积累转移的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(4):786-792.Xu X Y,Zhang M M,Zhai B N,et al.Effects of nitrogen application on dry matter accumulation and translocation of different genotypes of summer maize[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2009,15(4):786-792.(in Chinese)
[14]刘伟,张吉旺,吕鹏,等.种植密度对高产夏玉米登海661产量及干物质积累与分配的影响[J].作物学报,2011,37(7):1301-1307.Liu W,Zhang J W,LüP,et al.Effect of plant density on grain yield dry matter accumulation and partitioning in summer maize cultivar Denghai661[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2011,37(7):1301-1307.(in Chinese)
[15]Dordas C A,Lithourgidis A S,Matsi T,et al.Application of liquid cattle manure and inorganic fertilizers affect dry matter,nitrogen accumulation,and partitioning in maize[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2008,80(3):283-296.
[16]RAJA V.Effect of nitrogen and plant population on yield and quality of super sweet maize(Zea mays)[J].Indian Journal of Agronomy,2001,46(2):246-249.
[17]李玉英,宋玉伟,程序,等.施氮对灌漠土春玉米干物质积累和氮素吸收利用动态的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2009,14(1):61-65.Li Y Y,Song Y W,Cheng X,et al.Impact of nitrogen application on the dynamics of dry matter accumulation and nitrogen absorption and utilization of spring maize[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2009,14(1):61-65.(in Chinese)
[18]张吉旺,王空军,胡昌浩,等.施氮时期对夏玉米饲用营养价值的影响[J].中国农业科学,2002,35(11):1337-1342.Zhang J W,Wang K J,Hu C H,et al.Effects of different nitrogen application stages on forage nutritive value of summer maize[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2002,35(11):1337-1342.(in Chinese)
[19]邹琦,赵世杰,等.植物生理学实验指导[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[20]平晓燕,周广胜,孙敬松.植物光合产物分配及其影响因子研究进展[J].植物生态学报,2010,34(1):100-111.Ping X Y,Zhou G S,Sun J S.Advances in the study of photosynthate allocation and its controls[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2010,34(1):100-111.(in Chinese)
[21]Saidou A,Janssen B H,Temminghoff E J M.Effects of soil properties,mulch and NPK fertilizer on maize yield sand nutrient budgets on ferralitic soils in southern Benin[J].Agric Ecosyst.Environ.,2003,100:265-273.
[22]魏廷邦,胡发龙,赵财,等.氮肥后移对绿洲灌区玉米干物质积累和产量构成的调控效应[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(15):2916-2927.Wei T B,Hu F L,Zhao C,et al.Response of dry matter accumulation and yield components of maize under N-fertilizer postponing application in oasis irrigation areas[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,50(15):2916-2927.(in Chinese)
[23]阎翠萍,张虎,王建军,等.沟谷地春玉米干物质积累、分配与转移规律的研究[J].玉米科学,2002,10(1):67-71.Yan C P,Zhang H,Wang J J,et al.Study on law of biomass accumulation,distribution and transference of spring corn in the gully region[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2002,10(1):67-71.(in Chinese)
[24]张瑞富,杨恒山,毕文波,等.超高产栽培下氮肥运筹对春玉米干物质积累及转运的影响[J].作物杂志,2011,15(1):2-3.Zhang R F,Yang H S,Bi W B,et al.Effects of nitrogen application on dry matter accumulation and transport of spring maize under super-high yield cultivation[J].Crops,2011,15(1):2-3.(in Chinese)
[25]文熙宸,王小春,邓小燕,等.玉米-大豆套作模式下氮肥运筹对玉米产量及干物质积累与转运的影响[J].作物学报,2015,41(3):448-457.Wen X C,Wang X C,Deng X Y,et al.Effects of nitrogen management on yield and dry matter accumulation and translocation of maize in maize-soybean relay-cropping system[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2015,41(3):448-457.(in Chinese)
[26]Ye Y L,Wang G,Huang Y F,et al.Understanding physiological processes associated with yield-trait relationships in modern wheat varieties[J].Field Crops Research,2011,124(3):316-322.