中国国家湿地公园的建设布局及其动态
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摘要
湿地公园已成为我国湿地保护体系的重要组成部分,并发挥着重要的生态功能。本研究采用GIS 10.0和聚集度指数等对我国国家湿地公园的建设现状、地理分布格局和发展动态进行了分析。截止2017年底,我国已建898处国家湿地公园,其中河流型和湖泊型约占80%。同时,单个国家湿地公园面积普遍不足50 km2,且大多位于农田和城镇周边。我国国家湿地公园和通过验收国家湿地公园的聚集度指数分别为0.31和0.48,地理空间上聚集程度高。东部沿海和西部地区国家湿地公园空间分布较为集中,而在中部地区其分布较为分散,高密度热点区域为鲁中南、长三角、湘北-鄂东南等地。自2005年以来,其建设经历了探索建设期(2005—2007年)、稳定建设期(2008—2010年)和快速建设期(2011—2017年)。未来我国国家湿地公园建设布局应注重其优化布局,更加关注沼泽湿地、近海与海岸湿地的保护,以及云贵高原、西北干旱和半干旱等区域,并保证单个湿地公园的建设面积足够大。
Wetland park has become an important part of wetland conservation system in China,providing various ecological functions. We analyzed the current status,geographical distribution pattern and development trend of national wetland parks in China using GIS 10.0 and contagion index. By the end of 2017,there were 898 national wetland parks in China,within which 80%were related with river and lake. The area of individual park was generally less than 50 km2. Most of those parks were located around farmlands and towns. The geographical distribution of all national wetland parks and the formally approved ones was highly concentrated,with a contagion index of 0.31 and 0.48,respectively. The national wetland parks were concentratedly distributed in eastern coastal and western regions,but were dispersed in central China. The high-density hotspots of national wetland parks were in central-southern Shandong,Yangtze River delta,and northern Hunan-southeastern Hubei. The development of national wetland parks in China could be divided into three periods since 2005,namely exploration stage( 2005-2007),stable stage( 2008-2010),and rapid construction stage( 2011-2017). In the future,we should pay more attention to optimizing the layout of national wetland parks and focus on the conservation of marshes and coastal wetlands,the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau,and arid and semi-arid northwest China.Meanwhile,the area of individual national wetland park should be large enough.
Wetland park has become an important part of wetland conservation system in China,providing various ecological functions. We analyzed the current status,geographical distribution pattern and development trend of national wetland parks in China using GIS 10.0 and contagion index. By the end of 2017,there were 898 national wetland parks in China,within which 80%were related with river and lake. The area of individual park was generally less than 50 km2. Most of those parks were located around farmlands and towns. The geographical distribution of all national wetland parks and the formally approved ones was highly concentrated,with a contagion index of 0.31 and 0.48,respectively. The national wetland parks were concentratedly distributed in eastern coastal and western regions,but were dispersed in central China. The high-density hotspots of national wetland parks were in central-southern Shandong,Yangtze River delta,and northern Hunan-southeastern Hubei. The development of national wetland parks in China could be divided into three periods since 2005,namely exploration stage( 2005-2007),stable stage( 2008-2010),and rapid construction stage( 2011-2017). In the future,we should pay more attention to optimizing the layout of national wetland parks and focus on the conservation of marshes and coastal wetlands,the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau,and arid and semi-arid northwest China.Meanwhile,the area of individual national wetland park should be large enough.
引文
鲍达明.2016.构建基于生态文明理念的湿地保护管理制度.湿地科学与管理,12(1):4-7.
崔丽娟.2012.湿地北京.北京:北京美术摄影出版社.
邓侃,但新球,王隆富,等.2011.我国湿地公园的主导功能与建设要求.湿地科学与管理,7(1):40-44.
方敬雯,张饮江,谷月,等.2017.国家湿地公园命名指标体系构建及其应用.湿地科学,15(1):66-72.
付励强,孔石,宗诚,等.2015.中国湿地保护区与湿地公园空间分布差异.湿地科学,13(3):356-363.
高士武,邵妍,张曼胤,等.2010.北京市湿地公园建设与管理研究.湿地科学,8(4):389-394.
国家林业局.2013.《湿地保护管理规定》(国家林业局令第32号).北京:国家林业局.
刘红玉,李兆富,李玉凤,等.2015.基于生态约束与支撑作用的国家湿地公园生态可持续评估指标研究.资源科学,37(4):805-814.
潘竟虎,张建辉.2014.中国国家湿地公园空间分布特征与可接近性.生态学杂志,33(5):1359-1367.
王立龙,陆林,唐勇,等.2010.中国国家级湿地公园运行现状、区域分布格局与类型划分.生态学报,30(9):2406-2415.
王立龙,陆林.2011.湿地公园研究体系构建.生态学报,31(17):5081-5095.
吴渊,刘亚东,孙万兵,等.2017.2016年张家口康巴诺尔国家湿地公园水鸟多样性.湿地科学,15(2):237-243.
吴后建,但新球,黄琰,等.2016a.2003-2014年中国湿地公园研究状况的文献计量学分析.湿地科学,14(3):382-390.
吴后建,但新球,舒勇,等.2015a.国家湿地公园有效管理评价指标体系及其应用.湿地科学,13(4):495-502.
吴后建,但新球,舒勇,等.2015b.中国国家湿地公园:现状、挑战和对策.湿地科学,13(3):306-314.
吴后建,但新球,王隆富,等.2015c.中国国家湿地公园的空间分布特征.中南林业科技大学学报,35(6):50-57.
吴后建,但新球,王隆富,等.2016b.我国湿地公园建设的回顾与展望.林业资源管理,(2):39-44.
杨觅.2015.我国湿地公园建设发展限制因素与对策.林业资源管理,(3):44-46.
杨永峰.2014.我国国家湿地公园建设与发展问题浅析.林业资源管理,(4):39-45.
张福志.2012.国家湿地公园总体规划研究---以哈尔滨白鱼泡国家湿地公园为例(硕士学位论文).哈尔滨:东北农业大学.
张建华.2007.一种简便易用的基尼系数计算方法.山西农业大学学报:社会科学版,6(3):275-283.
周晶,章锦河,陈静,等.2014.中国湿地自然保护区、湿地公园和国际重要湿地的空间结构分析.湿地科学,12(5):597-605.
Clintonn J,Lucas J.2009.Expansion of the global terrestrial protected area system.Biological Conservation,142:2166-2174.
Cui LL,Li GS,Liao HJ,et al.2015.Integrated approach based on a regional habitat succession model to assess wetland landscape ecological degradation.Wetlands,35:281-289.
Engelhardt KA,Ritchie ME.2001.Effects of macrophyte species richness on wetland ecosystem functioning and services.Nature,411:687-689.
Guo ZL,Cui GF.2015.Establishment of nature reserves in administrative regions of mainland China.PLo S ONE,10:e119650.
Hu SJ,Niu ZG,Chen YF,et al.2017.Global wetlands:Potential distribution,wetland loss,and status.Science of the Total Environment,586:319-327.
Kakwani NC.1977.Applications of Lorenz Curves in economic analysis.Econometrica,45:719-728.
Lougheed VL,Mcintosh MD,Parker CA,et al.2010.Wetland degradation leads to homogenization of the biota at local and landscape scales.Freshwater Biology,53:2402-2413.
Zheng YM,Zhang HY,Niu ZG,et al.2012.Protection efficacy of national wetland reserves in China.Chinese Science Bulletin,57:1116-1134.
崔丽娟.2012.湿地北京.北京:北京美术摄影出版社.
邓侃,但新球,王隆富,等.2011.我国湿地公园的主导功能与建设要求.湿地科学与管理,7(1):40-44.
方敬雯,张饮江,谷月,等.2017.国家湿地公园命名指标体系构建及其应用.湿地科学,15(1):66-72.
付励强,孔石,宗诚,等.2015.中国湿地保护区与湿地公园空间分布差异.湿地科学,13(3):356-363.
高士武,邵妍,张曼胤,等.2010.北京市湿地公园建设与管理研究.湿地科学,8(4):389-394.
国家林业局.2013.《湿地保护管理规定》(国家林业局令第32号).北京:国家林业局.
刘红玉,李兆富,李玉凤,等.2015.基于生态约束与支撑作用的国家湿地公园生态可持续评估指标研究.资源科学,37(4):805-814.
潘竟虎,张建辉.2014.中国国家湿地公园空间分布特征与可接近性.生态学杂志,33(5):1359-1367.
王立龙,陆林,唐勇,等.2010.中国国家级湿地公园运行现状、区域分布格局与类型划分.生态学报,30(9):2406-2415.
王立龙,陆林.2011.湿地公园研究体系构建.生态学报,31(17):5081-5095.
吴渊,刘亚东,孙万兵,等.2017.2016年张家口康巴诺尔国家湿地公园水鸟多样性.湿地科学,15(2):237-243.
吴后建,但新球,黄琰,等.2016a.2003-2014年中国湿地公园研究状况的文献计量学分析.湿地科学,14(3):382-390.
吴后建,但新球,舒勇,等.2015a.国家湿地公园有效管理评价指标体系及其应用.湿地科学,13(4):495-502.
吴后建,但新球,舒勇,等.2015b.中国国家湿地公园:现状、挑战和对策.湿地科学,13(3):306-314.
吴后建,但新球,王隆富,等.2015c.中国国家湿地公园的空间分布特征.中南林业科技大学学报,35(6):50-57.
吴后建,但新球,王隆富,等.2016b.我国湿地公园建设的回顾与展望.林业资源管理,(2):39-44.
杨觅.2015.我国湿地公园建设发展限制因素与对策.林业资源管理,(3):44-46.
杨永峰.2014.我国国家湿地公园建设与发展问题浅析.林业资源管理,(4):39-45.
张福志.2012.国家湿地公园总体规划研究---以哈尔滨白鱼泡国家湿地公园为例(硕士学位论文).哈尔滨:东北农业大学.
张建华.2007.一种简便易用的基尼系数计算方法.山西农业大学学报:社会科学版,6(3):275-283.
周晶,章锦河,陈静,等.2014.中国湿地自然保护区、湿地公园和国际重要湿地的空间结构分析.湿地科学,12(5):597-605.
Clintonn J,Lucas J.2009.Expansion of the global terrestrial protected area system.Biological Conservation,142:2166-2174.
Cui LL,Li GS,Liao HJ,et al.2015.Integrated approach based on a regional habitat succession model to assess wetland landscape ecological degradation.Wetlands,35:281-289.
Engelhardt KA,Ritchie ME.2001.Effects of macrophyte species richness on wetland ecosystem functioning and services.Nature,411:687-689.
Guo ZL,Cui GF.2015.Establishment of nature reserves in administrative regions of mainland China.PLo S ONE,10:e119650.
Hu SJ,Niu ZG,Chen YF,et al.2017.Global wetlands:Potential distribution,wetland loss,and status.Science of the Total Environment,586:319-327.
Kakwani NC.1977.Applications of Lorenz Curves in economic analysis.Econometrica,45:719-728.
Lougheed VL,Mcintosh MD,Parker CA,et al.2010.Wetland degradation leads to homogenization of the biota at local and landscape scales.Freshwater Biology,53:2402-2413.
Zheng YM,Zhang HY,Niu ZG,et al.2012.Protection efficacy of national wetland reserves in China.Chinese Science Bulletin,57:1116-1134.