图片中学术不端的类型与防范措施
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摘要
学术不端行为屡见不鲜。近10年来文本查重工具的出现对学术出版中文字剽窃或重复相似度的检测比对已见成效,但图表中剽窃、篡改及伪造等不端行为却不易察觉和检测。本文主要针对学术出版中各种与图片相关的学术不端案例,进行了系统分析、归类与定义;梳理收集了目前国际上对图片造假、重复和剽窃的鉴别方法、检测工具及效果评估;提出了正确分析图片原创性的一些建议与方法,力求与国内同行共同探讨防止图片中的学术不端行为的标准与规范,确保学术出版回归原创,保护版权。
With the deterioration of academic misconduct,many automatic detection tools have been developed against plagiarism.However, these tools have difficulty in identifying the image manipulation, falsification/fabrication, and duplication. In this study,we collected various cases of academic misconduct related to images,and carried out a systematical analysis and classification.We also studied the development and application of new tools for detecting manipulation and duplication of images. In order to guard against image fraud and protect academic achievement and copyright,we suggested that the editors should set and enforce guidelines for authors on the proper handling of images.
With the deterioration of academic misconduct,many automatic detection tools have been developed against plagiarism.However, these tools have difficulty in identifying the image manipulation, falsification/fabrication, and duplication. In this study,we collected various cases of academic misconduct related to images,and carried out a systematical analysis and classification.We also studied the development and application of new tools for detecting manipulation and duplication of images. In order to guard against image fraud and protect academic achievement and copyright,we suggested that the editors should set and enforce guidelines for authors on the proper handling of images.
引文
[1]叶青,杨树启,张月红.科研诚信是全球永远的课题:中国科研管理与学术出版的诚信环境[J].中国科技期刊研究,2015,26(10):1040
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[4]杨晨晨.运用学术不端文献检测系统检测医学论文存在的问题及对策[J].编辑学报,2014,26(1):42
[5]林汉枫,张欣欣,翟自洋,等.遏止学术不端行为保护科研原创成果:《浙江大学学报》(英文版)作为CrossCheck中国第一家会员的实践与体会[J].中国科技期刊研究,2009,20(4):580
[6]林汉枫,贾晓燕,张月红,等.重视学术伦理是期刊编辑义不容辞的责任:《浙江大学学报》(英文版)初探Cross Check的工作模式和规范标准[J].中国科技期刊研究,2011,22(3):328
[7]刘清海.国际期刊我国学者论文被撤销情况与分析:基于Retraction Watch网站结果[J].中国科技期刊研究,2016,27(4):343
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[10]MIKE W.学术不端行为之“伪造数据”:两次投稿同一图片标记不同物质[J].医学研究与发表,2017,3(3):137
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[12]潘华.科技期刊论文图片的鉴定[J].编辑学报,2016,28(4):338
[13]徐晶,王昱苏,吴凤鸣,等.医学期刊图表重复的防范策略[J].中国科技期刊研究,2015,26(2):153
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[15]OVHAL P M,PHULPAGAR B D.A survey on various feature extraction techniques followed by image retrieval system[J].Int J Emerg Trends Technol Comput Sci,2014,3(5):246
[16]OVHAL P M,PHULPAGAR B D.Plagiarized image detection system based on CBIR[J].Int J Emerg Trends Technol Comput Sci,2015,4(3):216
[17]SRIVASTAVA S,MUKHERJEE P,LALL B.im Plag:detecting image plagiarism using hierarchical near duplicate retrieval[R].IEEE INDICON.Delhi,India:Department of Electrical Engineering,Indian Institute of Technology,2015:1570186597
[18]KOPPERS L,WORMER H,ICKSTADT K.Towards a systematic screening tool for quality assurance and semiautomatic fraud detection for images in the life sciences[J].Sci Eng Ethics,2017,23:1113
[19]HURTIK P,HODAKOVA P.FTIP:A tool for an image plagiarism detection[C]//2015 7th International Conference of Soft Computing and Pattern Recognition(So CPaR).Fukuoka,Japan:IEEE,2015:47
[20]BUTLER D.Researchers have finally created a tool to spot duplicated images across thousands of papers[J].Nature,2018,555:18
[21]BROOKES P.What if we could scan for image duplication the way we check for plagiarism?[EB/OL].[2018-10-03].https://retractionwatch.com/2018/04/04/what-if-wecould-scan-for-image-duplication-the-way-we-check-for-plagiarism
[22]WALSH M.New tool looks for signs of image doctoring[EB/OL].[2018-10-03].https://retractionwatch.com/2018/03/01/new-tool-looks-for-signs-of-image-doctoring
[23]ZHANG Y H,LIN H F,YE Q.Anti-plagiarism policy of JZUS-A/B&FITEE[J].J Zhejiang Univ-Sci A(App Phys Eng),2015,16(6):507
[24]叶青,缪弈洲,张欣欣,等.技术创新与诚信并行:《浙江大学学报》(英文版)的国际品牌塑造[J].传媒,2016(9):19
[25]Data integrity and plagiarism[EB/OL].[2018-10-03].http://jcb.rupress.org/editorial-policies#data-integrity
[26]Image integrity and standards[EB/OL].[2018-10-03].https://www.nature.com/authors/policies/image.html
[27]KALIYADAN F.Image manipulation and image plagiarism:what’s fine and what’s not?[J].Ind J Dermatol Venereol Leprol,2017,83:519
[28]What to do if you suspect image manipulation in a published article[EB/OL].[2018-11-11].https://publicationethics.org/files/Image_Manipulation_in_a_Published_Article.pdf
[29]Guidelines for retracting articles[EB/OL].[2018-11-11].https://publicationethics.org/files/retraction%20guidelines_0.pdf
[2]5th world conference on research integrity.May 28-31,2017[EB/OL].[2018-08-01].https://wcrif.org/wcri2017
[3]科研诚信新加坡声明[J].科学通报,2010,55(增刊2):2784
[4]杨晨晨.运用学术不端文献检测系统检测医学论文存在的问题及对策[J].编辑学报,2014,26(1):42
[5]林汉枫,张欣欣,翟自洋,等.遏止学术不端行为保护科研原创成果:《浙江大学学报》(英文版)作为CrossCheck中国第一家会员的实践与体会[J].中国科技期刊研究,2009,20(4):580
[6]林汉枫,贾晓燕,张月红,等.重视学术伦理是期刊编辑义不容辞的责任:《浙江大学学报》(英文版)初探Cross Check的工作模式和规范标准[J].中国科技期刊研究,2011,22(3):328
[7]刘清海.国际期刊我国学者论文被撤销情况与分析:基于Retraction Watch网站结果[J].中国科技期刊研究,2016,27(4):343
[8]中国科学技术信息研究所.中国科技论文统计结果(2):2017中国国际科技论文产出状况[R].2017
[9]ZHANG Y H.Against plagiarism:a guide for editors and authors[M].[s.l.]:Springer International Publishing,2016
[10]MIKE W.学术不端行为之“伪造数据”:两次投稿同一图片标记不同物质[J].医学研究与发表,2017,3(3):137
[11]ROSSNER M,YAMADA K M.What’s in a picture?The temptation of image manipulation[J].J Cell Biol,2004,166:11
[12]潘华.科技期刊论文图片的鉴定[J].编辑学报,2016,28(4):338
[13]徐晶,王昱苏,吴凤鸣,等.医学期刊图表重复的防范策略[J].中国科技期刊研究,2015,26(2):153
[14]AGHAV S,KUMAR A,GADAKAR G.Mitigation of rotational constraints in image based plagiarism detection using perceptual hash[J].Int J Comput Sci Trends Technol,2014(2):28
[15]OVHAL P M,PHULPAGAR B D.A survey on various feature extraction techniques followed by image retrieval system[J].Int J Emerg Trends Technol Comput Sci,2014,3(5):246
[16]OVHAL P M,PHULPAGAR B D.Plagiarized image detection system based on CBIR[J].Int J Emerg Trends Technol Comput Sci,2015,4(3):216
[17]SRIVASTAVA S,MUKHERJEE P,LALL B.im Plag:detecting image plagiarism using hierarchical near duplicate retrieval[R].IEEE INDICON.Delhi,India:Department of Electrical Engineering,Indian Institute of Technology,2015:1570186597
[18]KOPPERS L,WORMER H,ICKSTADT K.Towards a systematic screening tool for quality assurance and semiautomatic fraud detection for images in the life sciences[J].Sci Eng Ethics,2017,23:1113
[19]HURTIK P,HODAKOVA P.FTIP:A tool for an image plagiarism detection[C]//2015 7th International Conference of Soft Computing and Pattern Recognition(So CPaR).Fukuoka,Japan:IEEE,2015:47
[20]BUTLER D.Researchers have finally created a tool to spot duplicated images across thousands of papers[J].Nature,2018,555:18
[21]BROOKES P.What if we could scan for image duplication the way we check for plagiarism?[EB/OL].[2018-10-03].https://retractionwatch.com/2018/04/04/what-if-wecould-scan-for-image-duplication-the-way-we-check-for-plagiarism
[22]WALSH M.New tool looks for signs of image doctoring[EB/OL].[2018-10-03].https://retractionwatch.com/2018/03/01/new-tool-looks-for-signs-of-image-doctoring
[23]ZHANG Y H,LIN H F,YE Q.Anti-plagiarism policy of JZUS-A/B&FITEE[J].J Zhejiang Univ-Sci A(App Phys Eng),2015,16(6):507
[24]叶青,缪弈洲,张欣欣,等.技术创新与诚信并行:《浙江大学学报》(英文版)的国际品牌塑造[J].传媒,2016(9):19
[25]Data integrity and plagiarism[EB/OL].[2018-10-03].http://jcb.rupress.org/editorial-policies#data-integrity
[26]Image integrity and standards[EB/OL].[2018-10-03].https://www.nature.com/authors/policies/image.html
[27]KALIYADAN F.Image manipulation and image plagiarism:what’s fine and what’s not?[J].Ind J Dermatol Venereol Leprol,2017,83:519
[28]What to do if you suspect image manipulation in a published article[EB/OL].[2018-11-11].https://publicationethics.org/files/Image_Manipulation_in_a_Published_Article.pdf
[29]Guidelines for retracting articles[EB/OL].[2018-11-11].https://publicationethics.org/files/retraction%20guidelines_0.pdf