华北板块奥陶系碳酸盐岩热储的水化学特征及其成因机制
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摘要
奥陶系碳酸盐岩是华北板块普遍且优质的中低温传导型热储层,以其独特的岩溶作用、高产量、低盐度、易回灌的特性而受到关注。对华北板块27眼奥陶系碳酸盐岩地热井进行水化学组分分析,将华北板块奥陶系碳酸盐岩地热水划分为3组:边山岩溶系统地热水,地热井深约600～2 100 m,地热水的水化学类型多为HCO_3-Na、SO_4·HCO_3-Ca·Na、SO_4-Ca型水,SO■离子含量较高,说明地热水中除石膏类矿物溶解生成SO■离子外,可能还存在黄铁矿、H_2S被氧化的现象;过渡岩溶系统地热水,地热井深约2 100～2 700 m,地热水的水化学类型主要为Cl·HCO_3-Na型水,随着井深的增加Cl~-离子含量也相对增高;深埋岩溶系统地热水,地热井深多大于2 700 m,地热水的水化学类型为Cl-Na型水,Cl~-离子含量较高,说明深埋岩溶系统地热水中除岩盐溶解生成Cl~-离子外,且随着温度和压力的改变,碳酸盐、硅酸盐、硫酸盐等矿物的溶解度下降而被析出,局部还可能存在封闭水。此外,结合华北板块奥陶系碳酸盐岩地热水的水化学特征、水化学类型与井深的关系以及特征系数的分析,提出了华北板块奥陶系碳酸盐岩热储形成机制的概念模型。
Ordovician carbonate rock,widely distributed in North China Plate,is a type of high-class medium to low temperature conductive reservoir.Its unique karst process,high yield,low salinity and easy recharge have drawn increasingly attention.Based on the hydrochemical composition analysis of thermal waters from twenty seven geothermal wells in North China Plate,this paper discovers that the geothermal waters from Oridovician carbonate reservoir can be divided into three groups(1) boundary mountain karst system;(2) transitional karst system;(3) deep buried karst system.The hydrochemical types of geothermal waters from boundary mountain karst system,whose well depths are about 600 to 2100 m,are mainly HCO_3-Na,SO_4·HCO_3-Ca·Na,and SO_4-Ca.The contents of SO■ in boundary mountain karst system waters are comparatively high,which may be due to the dissolution of gypsum and oxidation of pyrite or H_2S.The hydrochemical types of geothermal waters from transitional karst system,whose well depths are about 2 100 to 2 700 m,are mainly Cl·HCO_3-Na,and the Cl~- concentrations of geothermal waters improve with increasing depth.The hydrochemical types of geothermal waters from deep buried karst system,whose well depths exceed 2 700 m,are mainly Cl-Na.Similarly,the contents of Cl~- are extremely high as well, whichmay attribute to the dissolution of halite.Furthermore,the existence of pent-up water may also be related to the high content of Cl~- in buried karst system geothermal waters.At last,combining the hydrochemical features,relationships between hydrochemical type and depth,and analyses of characteristic coefficient,the formation conceptual model of Ordovician carbonate reservoir in North China Plate was put forward.
Ordovician carbonate rock,widely distributed in North China Plate,is a type of high-class medium to low temperature conductive reservoir.Its unique karst process,high yield,low salinity and easy recharge have drawn increasingly attention.Based on the hydrochemical composition analysis of thermal waters from twenty seven geothermal wells in North China Plate,this paper discovers that the geothermal waters from Oridovician carbonate reservoir can be divided into three groups(1) boundary mountain karst system;(2) transitional karst system;(3) deep buried karst system.The hydrochemical types of geothermal waters from boundary mountain karst system,whose well depths are about 600 to 2100 m,are mainly HCO_3-Na,SO_4·HCO_3-Ca·Na,and SO_4-Ca.The contents of SO■ in boundary mountain karst system waters are comparatively high,which may be due to the dissolution of gypsum and oxidation of pyrite or H_2S.The hydrochemical types of geothermal waters from transitional karst system,whose well depths are about 2 100 to 2 700 m,are mainly Cl·HCO_3-Na,and the Cl~- concentrations of geothermal waters improve with increasing depth.The hydrochemical types of geothermal waters from deep buried karst system,whose well depths exceed 2 700 m,are mainly Cl-Na.Similarly,the contents of Cl~- are extremely high as well, whichmay attribute to the dissolution of halite.Furthermore,the existence of pent-up water may also be related to the high content of Cl~- in buried karst system geothermal waters.At last,combining the hydrochemical features,relationships between hydrochemical type and depth,and analyses of characteristic coefficient,the formation conceptual model of Ordovician carbonate reservoir in North China Plate was put forward.
引文
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[37]祁惠惠,马传明,和泽康,等.水文地球化学和环境同位素方法在地下水咸化中的研究与应用进展[J].安全与环境工程,2018,25(4):97-105.
[2] 肖琼.重庆三叠系碳酸盐岩热储成因与水-岩作用过程研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2012.
[3] 吕金波,车用太,王继明,等.京北地区热水水文地球化学特征与地热系统的成因模式[J].地震地质,2006,28(3):419-429.
[4] 吴建国,张玉贞.北京市顺义区后沙峪镇金泰花园别墅地热地质条件分析[J].中国煤炭地质,2007,19(增刊2):69-71.
[5] 高宝珠,黎雪梅,聂瑞平,等.天津市奥陶系热储层地热流体水化学特征及其主要影响因素[J].地球学报,2009,30(3):369-374.
[6] 林建旺,陈瑞军,宗振海,等.天津中南部地区奥陶系地热流体层控性[J].世界地质,2012,31(2):433-440.
[7] 烟献军,刘庆宣.石家庄东部地区地热资源前景分析[J].地球学报,2000,21(2):163-166.
[8] 胡君春,郭纯青.石家庄地热地质条件及开发远景[J].地下水,2007,29(2):110-114.
[9] 胡君春,郭纯青.石家庄凹陷地热资源研究[J].地质与资源,2008,17(4):297-301.
[10]李常锁,杨磊,高卫新,等.济南北部地热田地热地质特征浅析[J].山东国土资源,2008,24(4):35-39.
[11]冯守涛,徐勇,杨询昌.山东省深部岩溶热储地热地质特征[J].山东国土资源,2013,29(水工环专刊):16-22.
[12]侯玉新.太原边山断裂带地热资源研究[J].中国煤田地质,2002,14(4):38-41.
[13]马瑞.碳酸盐岩热储隐伏型中低温热水的成因与水-岩相互作用研究:以山西太原为例[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2007.
[14]贺鹰.太原盆地西温庄隆起地热田地质特征[J].山西焦煤科技,2010(6):47-49.
[15]马腾,王焰新,马瑞,等.太原盆地区碳酸盐岩中-低温地热系统演化[J].地球科学——中国地质大学学报,2012,37(2):229-237.
[16]张海永.山西沉积盆地型地热资源分布及其特征[J].华北国土资源,2016(6):115-116.
[17]付在林.嵩山地区地热地质特征及成因分析[J].能源技术与管理,2010(2):107-108.
[18]穆智敏,岳明.韩城清水村地热水资源赋存特征[J].陕西煤炭,2008,27(2):50-51.
[19]樊小舟,水万宏,李宏川.铜川新区奥灰岩溶水赋存规律研究[J].中国煤炭地质,2007,19(4):39-41.
[20]吕恩普.铜川市地下水资源分布规律及其富水地段研究[J].地下水,2012,34(6):56-58.
[21]吴乾蕃,谢毅真,祖金华,等.华北地热场研究[J].中国地震,1988,4(1):43-50.
[22]牛树银,孙爱群,李红阳.华北地区地热特征及其成因机制[J].地学前缘,2001,8(1):112-112.
[23]曹百胜.浅析渭北澄合地区岩溶地热水成因[J].陕西煤炭,2012,31(3):12-13.
[24]毛凌云.水文地球化学在碳酸盐岩地热水勘察中的应用——以山西省郑庄地热田为例[D].武汉:中国地质大学(武汉),2007.
[25]张新军,刘鸿福,张和生,等.山西断陷盆地榆次经纬厂一带地热水勘查及同位素地球化学特征[J].工程地球物理学报,2011,8(1):105-109.
[26]张凤岐,韩行瑞.华北地区寒武奥陶系可溶岩与岩溶[J].勘察科学技术,1986(1):32-38.
[27]刘嗣楷,张月华.华北岩溶构造控水特征[J].新疆石油学院学报,1990,2(1):52-58.
[28]李定龙,周治安,王才会,等.华北地区奥陶系灰岩岩溶研究的几点思考[J].世界地质,1997,16(1):60-65.
[29]吴孔友,王雨洁,李竹强.冀中坳陷前第三系碳酸盐岩岩溶发育模式[J].中国岩溶,2010,29(4):402-409.
[30]孙爱群,牛树银.地幔热柱演化及其地热效应——华北地热异常的深部构造背景[J].地球学报,2000,21(2):182-189.
[31]冯增昭.华北地台东部晋冀鲁京津地区早奥陶世岩相古地理[J].沉积学报,1986,4(4):28-40.
[32]刘波,钱祥麟,王英华.华北板块早古生代构造-沉积演化[J].地质科学,1999,34(3):347-356.
[33]陈小炜,牟传龙,周恳恳,等.华北地区奥陶纪岩相古地理[J].沉积与特提斯地质,2015,35(4):1-11.
[34]张保健.鲁西北地区地下热水的水文地球化学特征及形成条件研究[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2011.
[35]柴蕊.天津市周良庄地热田地下热水的水化学及钙化研究[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2006.
[36]河北省地矿局第三水文工程地质大队.河北省地热资源现状调查评价与区划报告[R].2014.
[37]祁惠惠,马传明,和泽康,等.水文地球化学和环境同位素方法在地下水咸化中的研究与应用进展[J].安全与环境工程,2018,25(4):97-105.