云南玉龙鼠疫疫源地宿主动物群落结构特征及其流行病学意义
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摘要
目的探讨玉龙鼠疫自然疫源地宿主动物的群落结构和分布格局与动物鼠疫流行的关系。方法在丽江玉龙鼠疫自然疫源地核心区4个海拔带内选择林地和耕地2种生境,于2015年每季度对小型兽类开展群落生态学调查,测算小兽群落生态学指标,分析小兽群落空间分布和季节变化,并运用描述流行病学方法分析动物鼠疫流行特征。结果共捕获小兽1 575只隶属于4目6科12属22种,平均捕获率为19.84%,齐氏姬鼠、大绒鼠和中华姬鼠为群落的优势种,构成比分别为44.19%、19.37%和14.35%;不同生境、不同垂直梯度、不同季节之间,捕获率差别均有统计学意义,耕地中小兽密度高于林地,IV垂直带(3 100m～)耕地和春季耕地的捕获率为最高,分别为40.12%和27.85%;林地小兽物种多样性和均匀度较耕地高,生态优势度较耕地低,小兽物种多样性和均匀度随垂直梯度的升高呈下降趋势,随春-夏-秋-冬季节变化呈上升趋势,而生态优势度则相反;不同垂直带两种生境之间丰富度、多样性和优势度差别均无统计学意义,不同季节两种生境之间多样性、均匀度和优势度差别均具有统计学意义。疫源地既往动物鼠疫流行高发季节为春末夏初的4-5月,疫点分布以IV垂直带(3 100m～)农耕区为主。结论玉龙鼠疫自然疫源地小兽具有相对复杂的群落结构,在不同季节、生境和垂直梯度条件下的生态分布格局存在一定异质性,并与当地鼠疫流行特征具有重要关系。
We explored the relationship between the community structure and distribution pattern of host animals and the epidemic of animal plague in Yulong plague natural foci.The forest and agricultural area are two habitats in four altitude gradients were selected for sample plots in core area of Yulong natural plague foci.Small mammals were investigated by using community ecology techniques every quarter in 2015.The spatial distribution and seasonal variation of small mammals host were analyzed with the community ecological indexes.The animal plague characteristics were analyzed by using descriptive epidemiology.A total number of 1 575 small mammals which belong to 22 species,12 genera,6 families and 4 orders were investigated.The average capture rate of small mammals was 19.84%.The dominant species of small mammals were Apodemus chevrieri,Eothenomys miletus and Apodemus draco,the composition ratio were 44.19%,19.37% and 14.35% respectively.The difference of capture rate of small mammals were statistically significant between different habitats,different altitudinal gradients and different seasons.The density of small mammals in cultivated land was higher than that in forestland.The capture rate of small mammals in cultivated land were 40.12% and 27.85% respectively in the IV altitudinal gradients(3 100 m-)and in spring,which were the highest that the altitudinal gradients distribution and the seasonal distribution of small mammals in different habitats.The diversity index and evenness index of small mammals communities in forestland was higher than cultivated land,while the dominance index was lower.The diversity index and evenness index decreased with the increase of altitude,and increased with the seasonal variation as Spring-Summer-August-Winter order.On the contrary,the dominance index increased with the increase of altitude,and decreased with the seasonal variation.The difference of the species richness,the diversity index and the dominance index in different altitudinal gradients were not statistically significant between two habitats.The difference of the diversity index,the evenness index and the dominance index in different seasons were statistically significant between two habitats.The peak seasons for animal plague were April to May.The distribution of epidemic points were mainly in cultivated land of the IV altitudinal gradients(3 100 m-).The community structure of small mammals had its complexity in Yulong natural plague foci.There was a greater heterogeneity of the distribution of small mammals community in different habitats,different altitudinal gradients and different seasons.The community structure features of small mammals were closely related with the epidemiological characteristics of animal plague.
We explored the relationship between the community structure and distribution pattern of host animals and the epidemic of animal plague in Yulong plague natural foci.The forest and agricultural area are two habitats in four altitude gradients were selected for sample plots in core area of Yulong natural plague foci.Small mammals were investigated by using community ecology techniques every quarter in 2015.The spatial distribution and seasonal variation of small mammals host were analyzed with the community ecological indexes.The animal plague characteristics were analyzed by using descriptive epidemiology.A total number of 1 575 small mammals which belong to 22 species,12 genera,6 families and 4 orders were investigated.The average capture rate of small mammals was 19.84%.The dominant species of small mammals were Apodemus chevrieri,Eothenomys miletus and Apodemus draco,the composition ratio were 44.19%,19.37% and 14.35% respectively.The difference of capture rate of small mammals were statistically significant between different habitats,different altitudinal gradients and different seasons.The density of small mammals in cultivated land was higher than that in forestland.The capture rate of small mammals in cultivated land were 40.12% and 27.85% respectively in the IV altitudinal gradients(3 100 m-)and in spring,which were the highest that the altitudinal gradients distribution and the seasonal distribution of small mammals in different habitats.The diversity index and evenness index of small mammals communities in forestland was higher than cultivated land,while the dominance index was lower.The diversity index and evenness index decreased with the increase of altitude,and increased with the seasonal variation as Spring-Summer-August-Winter order.On the contrary,the dominance index increased with the increase of altitude,and decreased with the seasonal variation.The difference of the species richness,the diversity index and the dominance index in different altitudinal gradients were not statistically significant between two habitats.The difference of the diversity index,the evenness index and the dominance index in different seasons were statistically significant between two habitats.The peak seasons for animal plague were April to May.The distribution of epidemic points were mainly in cultivated land of the IV altitudinal gradients(3 100 m-).The community structure of small mammals had its complexity in Yulong natural plague foci.There was a greater heterogeneity of the distribution of small mammals community in different habitats,different altitudinal gradients and different seasons.The community structure features of small mammals were closely related with the epidemiological characteristics of animal plague.
引文
[1]宋志忠,夏连续,梁云,等.云南玉龙及古城区鼠疫自然疫源地判定及初步研究[J].中国地方病防治杂志,2008,(1):3-7.
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[3]张正飞,张福新,杨焕,等.丽江野鼠鼠疫自然疫源地分布范围的研究[J].国外医学(医学地理分册),2014,35(1):23-26,29.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-8883.2014.01.005
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[5]朱俊洁,王鹏,张蓉,等.云南省鼠疫耶尔森菌多位点可变数目串重复序列分析[J].疾病监测,2013,28(10):848-852.
[6]秦长育,许磊,张祖荣,等.中国鼠疫自然疫源地分型研究Ⅴ.鼠疫宿主生物学特征[J]中华流行病学杂志,2012,33(7):692-697.DOI:10 3760/cma.J.issn.0254-6450,2012.11.011
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[8]GB/T 23789—2009.病媒生物密度监测方法鼠类[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2009:2
[9]中国科学院生物多样性委员会.生物多样性研究的原理与方法[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1994:141-165.
[10]张正飞,张福新,杨焕,等.丽江野鼠鼠疫自然疫源地指示动物血清学调查研究[J].中国地方病防治杂志,2014,29(1):19-20.
[11]张正飞,张福新,和映天,等.丽江野鼠鼠疫源地6年疫情发生监测及防治措施研究[J].国外医学(医学地理分册),2012,33(3):154-158.
[12]谭红丽,郭英,杨文艳,等.丽江市古城区首次证实一起鼠间鼠疫疫情[J].中国人兽共患病学报,2015,31(11):1086-1088.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2694.2015.11.021
[13]王鹏,张福新,郭英,等.云南省玉龙县一起鼠间鼠疫的实验室判定[J].中国卫生检验杂志,2015,25(8):1105-1107.
[14]俞东征.鼠疫动物流行病学[M].北京:科学出版社,2009:420-424.
[15]方喜业,杨瑞馥,刘起勇,等.中国鼠疫自然疫源地分型研究Ⅱ.鼠疫自然疫源地分型方法研究[J].中华流行病学杂志,2012,33(2):234-238.DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450,2012.11.011
[16]梁健,李金钢.延安人工林区小兽群落的季节动态[J].兽类学报,2004,24(4):322-328.
[2]李贵昌,蔡文凤,张福新,等.云南省玉龙鼠疫疫源地宿主及媒介监测结果分析[J].疾病监测,2009,24(2):114-117.
[3]张正飞,张福新,杨焕,等.丽江野鼠鼠疫自然疫源地分布范围的研究[J].国外医学(医学地理分册),2014,35(1):23-26,29.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-8883.2014.01.005
[4]郭英,韦蝶心,梁云,等.云南省不同型鼠疫自然疫源地鼠疫菌生化特性比较[J].中华地方病学杂志,2009,28(4):373-375.DOI:10.3760/cma.J.issn.1000-4955.2009.04.007.
[5]朱俊洁,王鹏,张蓉,等.云南省鼠疫耶尔森菌多位点可变数目串重复序列分析[J].疾病监测,2013,28(10):848-852.
[6]秦长育,许磊,张祖荣,等.中国鼠疫自然疫源地分型研究Ⅴ.鼠疫宿主生物学特征[J]中华流行病学杂志,2012,33(7):692-697.DOI:10 3760/cma.J.issn.0254-6450,2012.11.011
[7]谷勇,李军,寸守权,等.丽江文笔山植物群落结构的研究[J].中国生物多样性保护与研究进展VI,2005(6):281-286.
[8]GB/T 23789—2009.病媒生物密度监测方法鼠类[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2009:2
[9]中国科学院生物多样性委员会.生物多样性研究的原理与方法[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1994:141-165.
[10]张正飞,张福新,杨焕,等.丽江野鼠鼠疫自然疫源地指示动物血清学调查研究[J].中国地方病防治杂志,2014,29(1):19-20.
[11]张正飞,张福新,和映天,等.丽江野鼠鼠疫源地6年疫情发生监测及防治措施研究[J].国外医学(医学地理分册),2012,33(3):154-158.
[12]谭红丽,郭英,杨文艳,等.丽江市古城区首次证实一起鼠间鼠疫疫情[J].中国人兽共患病学报,2015,31(11):1086-1088.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2694.2015.11.021
[13]王鹏,张福新,郭英,等.云南省玉龙县一起鼠间鼠疫的实验室判定[J].中国卫生检验杂志,2015,25(8):1105-1107.
[14]俞东征.鼠疫动物流行病学[M].北京:科学出版社,2009:420-424.
[15]方喜业,杨瑞馥,刘起勇,等.中国鼠疫自然疫源地分型研究Ⅱ.鼠疫自然疫源地分型方法研究[J].中华流行病学杂志,2012,33(2):234-238.DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450,2012.11.011
[16]梁健,李金钢.延安人工林区小兽群落的季节动态[J].兽类学报,2004,24(4):322-328.