学前儿童迷走神经活动与情绪反应、情绪调节及冲动性的关系
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摘要
Porges的多迷走神经理论提出迷走神经活动(vagal activity)与儿童的情绪及社会行为密切联系,已有研究探讨了儿童迷走神经活动与儿童的情绪反应及调节的关系,但研究结论不够清晰,需要进一步研究澄清。本研究选取93名4-6岁学前儿童被试,运用生理测量手段与呼吸性窦性心律不齐(respiratory sinus arrhythmia,RSA)分析的方法,采用父母报告的学前儿童情绪反应强度、情绪调节能力、冲动性为结果变量,进一步探讨儿童迷走神经活动(以基线RSA、RSA撤出、RSA恢复为指标)与情绪反应、情绪调节及冲动性的关系。研究发现:(1)基线RSA与儿童情绪反应强度显著负相关,与儿童情绪调节能力显著正相关,基线RSA是儿童情绪反应强度显著负向预测因子,是儿童情绪调节能力的显著正向预测因子;(2)RSA撤出、RSA恢复性与儿童冲动性显著负相关,是儿童冲动性显著负向预测因子。研究结果支持了Porges的多迷走神经理论,表明迷走神经活动与儿童情绪反应、情绪调节及冲动性密切联系。
Polyvagal theory and previous researches both provided clues to the close relationship between vagal tone,vagal regulation and emotional reactivity and regulation of children. But as yet,there is no direct evidence that the vagal tone,vagal regulation related to children's emotional activity and regulation. By neurophysiological measurement and children's parent reporting questionnaire method,this study investigated the baseline cardiac vagal tone,indexed by baseline respiratory sinus arrhythmia( RSA),vagal suppression during stress task,indexed by RSA withdrawal,and vagal recovery after stress task,indexed by RSA recovery in relation to emotional reactivity,emotion regulation and trait impulsivity in 93 children aged 4-6. Results indicated that( 1) baseline RSA was significantly negatively correlated with children's emotional reactivity but positively correlated with children's ability of emotion regulation. Baseline RSA was a significant negative predictor to emotional reactivity and a positive expectation for emotion regulation.( 2) RSA withdrawal and RSA recovery both significantly negatively correlated with level of children's impulsivity and also a significant negative predictive factor to impulsiveness. This study provided some evidences to the hypothesis proposed by polyvagal theory that both cardiac vagal tone and its regulation are physiological basis of children's emotion activity and regulation.
Polyvagal theory and previous researches both provided clues to the close relationship between vagal tone,vagal regulation and emotional reactivity and regulation of children. But as yet,there is no direct evidence that the vagal tone,vagal regulation related to children's emotional activity and regulation. By neurophysiological measurement and children's parent reporting questionnaire method,this study investigated the baseline cardiac vagal tone,indexed by baseline respiratory sinus arrhythmia( RSA),vagal suppression during stress task,indexed by RSA withdrawal,and vagal recovery after stress task,indexed by RSA recovery in relation to emotional reactivity,emotion regulation and trait impulsivity in 93 children aged 4-6. Results indicated that( 1) baseline RSA was significantly negatively correlated with children's emotional reactivity but positively correlated with children's ability of emotion regulation. Baseline RSA was a significant negative predictor to emotional reactivity and a positive expectation for emotion regulation.( 2) RSA withdrawal and RSA recovery both significantly negatively correlated with level of children's impulsivity and also a significant negative predictive factor to impulsiveness. This study provided some evidences to the hypothesis proposed by polyvagal theory that both cardiac vagal tone and its regulation are physiological basis of children's emotion activity and regulation.
引文
Beauchaine,T.P.(2001).Vagal tone,development,and Gray’s Motivational Theory:Toward an integrated model of autonomic nervous system functioning in psychopathology.Development and Psychopathology,13(2),183-214.
Beauchaine,T.P.(2009).Some difficulties in interpreting psychophysiological research with children.Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development,74(1),80-88.
Beauchaine,T.P.(2015).Respiratory sinus arrhythmia:A transdiagnostic biomarker of emotion dysregulation and psychopathology.Current Opinion in Psychology,3,43-47.
Beauchaine,T.P.,Gatzke-Kopp,L.,&Mead,H.K.(2007).Polyvagal theory and developmental psychopathology:Emotion dysregulation and conduct problems from preschool to adolescence.Biological Psychology,74(2),174-184.
Blandon,A.Y.,Calkins,S.D.,Keane,S.P.,&O’Brien,M.(2010).Contributions of child’s physiology and maternal behavior to children’s trajectories of temperamental reactivity.Developmental Psychology,46(5),1089-1102.
Bornstein,M.H.,&Suess,P.E.(2000).Physiological self-regulation and information processing in infancy:Cardiac vagal tone and habituation.Child Development,71(2),273-287.
Boyce,W.T.,Quas,J.,&Alkon,A.(2001).Autonomic reactivity and psychopathology in middle childhood.British Journal of Psychiatry,179(4),144-150.
Bunford,N.,Evans,S.W.,&Zoccola,P.M.(2017).Correspondence between heart rate variability and emotion dysregulation in children,including children with ADHD.Journal of abnormal child psychology,45(7),1325-1337.
Calkins,S.D.(1997).Cardiac vagal tone indices of temperamental reactivity and behavioral regulation in young children.Developmental Psychobiology,31(2),125-135.
Calkins,S.D.,Graziano,P.A.,&Keane,S.P.(2007).Cardiac vagal regulation differentiates among children at risk for behavior problems.Biological Psychology,74(2),144-153.
Conners,C.K.(1997).Conners’Rating Scales-revised.New York:Multi Health Systems.
Crowell,S.E.,Beauchaine,T.P.,Gatzke-Kopp,L.,Sylvers,P.,Mead,H.,&Chipman-Chacon,J.(2006).Autonomic correlates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder in preschool children.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,115(1),174-178.
Cui,L.X.,Morris,A.S.,Harrist,A.W.,Larzelere,R.E.,&Criss,M.M.(2015).Adolescent RSA responses during an anger discussion task:Relations to emotion regulation and adjustment.Emotion,15(3),360-372.
Eisenberg,N.,Fabes,R.A.,Murphy,B.,Maszk,P.,Smith,M.,&Karbon,M.(1995).The role of emotionality and regulation in children’s social functioning:A longitudinal study.Child Development,66(5),1360-1384.
Eisenberg,N.,Sulik,M.J.,Hart,D.,Spinrad,T.L.,Edwards,A.,Eggum,N.D.,et al.(2012).Differential susceptibility and the early development of aggression:Interactive effects of respiratory sinus arrhythmia and environmental quality.Developmental Psychology,48(3),755-768.
Eisenberg,N.,Valiente,C.,Spinrad,T.L.,Cumberland,A.,Liew,J.,Reiser,M.,et al.(2009).Longitudinal relations of children’s effortful control,impulsivity,and negative emotionality to their externalizing,internalizing,and co-occurring behavior problems.Developmental Psychology,45(4),988-1008.
Ellis,A.J.,Shumake,J.,&Beevers,C.G.(2016).The effects of respiratory sinus arrhythmia on anger reactivity and persistence in major depression.Psychophysiology,46(10),2109-2119.
El-Sheikh,M.,Arsiwalla,J.,Hinnant,B.,&S.A.Erath.(2011).Children's internalizing symptoms:The role of interactions between cortisol and respiratory sinus arrhythmia.Physiology&Behavior,103(2),225-232.
El-Sheikh,M.,Keiley,M.,Erath,S.,&Dyer,W.J.(2013).Marital conflict and growth in children’s internalizing symptoms:The role of autonomic nervous system activity.Developmental Psychology,49(1),92-108.
El-Sheikh,M.,Keller,P.S.,&Erath,S.A.(2007).Marital conflict and risk for child maladjustment over time:Skin conductance level reactivity as a vulnerability factor.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,35(5),715-727.
El-Sheikh,M.,&Whitson,S.A.(2006).Longitudinal relations between marital conflict and child adjustment:Vagal regulation as a protective factor.Journal of Family Psychology,20(20),30-39.
Geisler,F.C.M.,Kubiak,T.,Siewert,K.,&Weber,H.(2013).Cardiac vagal tone is associated with social engagement and self-regulation.Biological Psychology,93(2),279-286.
Gentzler,A.L.,Santucci,A.K.,Kovacs,M.,&Fox,N.A.(2009).Respiratory sinus arrhythmia reactivity predicts emotion regulation and depressive symptoms in at-risk and control children.Biological Psychology,82(2),156-163.
Graziano,P.,&Derefinko,K.(2013).Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning:A meta-analysis.Biological Psychology,94(1),22-37.
Hessler,D.M.,&Katz,L.F.(2007).Brief report:Associations between emotional competence and adolescent risky behavior.Journal of Adolescence,33(1),241-246.
Hinnant,J.B.,&El-Sheikh,M.(2009).Children’s externalizing and internalizing symptoms over time:The role of individual differences in patterns of RSA responding.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,37(8),1049-1061.
Jane,A.D,Shawn F,R.,Stephen,W.,&Porges.(1996).Fetal and neonatal bradycardia:Relation to respiratory sinus arrhythmia.Infant Behavior and Development,19(1),433.
Kahle,S.,Miller,J.G.,Lopes,M.,&Hastings,P.D.(2016).Sympathetic recovery from anger is associated with emotion regulation.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,142,359-371.
Katona,P.G.,&Jin,F.(1975).Respiratory sinus arrhythmia:Noninvasive measures of parasympathetic cardiac control.Applied Psychology,39(5),801-805.
Marcovitch,S.,Leigh,J.,Calkins,S.D.,Leerks,E.M.,O’Brien,M.,&Blankson,A.N.(2010).Moderate vagal withdrawal in 3.5-year-old children is associated with optimal performance on executive function tasks.Developmental Psychobiology,52(6),603-608.
Ming,X.,Julu,P.O.,Brimacombe,M.,Connor,S.,&Daniels,M.L.(2005).Reduced cardiac parasympathetic activity in children with autism.Brain&Development,27(7),509-516.
Movahed,A.,Mahsa.,Kerns.,&Kathryn,A.(2017).Attachment and emotion regulation in middle childhood:Changes in affect and vagal tone during a social stress task.Attachment&human development,19(3),221-242.
Patriquin,M.A.,Scarpa,A.,Friedman,B.H.,&Porges,S.W.(2011).Respiratory sinus arrhythmia:A marker for positive social functioning and receptive language skills in children with autism spectrum disorders.Developmental Psychobiology,55(2),101-112.
Pittig,A.,Arch,J.J.,Lam,C.W.R.,&Craske,M.G.(2013).Heart rate and heart rate variability in panic,social anxiety,obsessive-compulsive,and generalized anxiety disorders at baseline and in response to relaxation and hyperventilation.International Journal of Psychophysiology,87(1),19-27.
Porges,S.W.(1991).Vagal tone:An autonomic mediator of affect.In J.Garber&K.A.Dodge(Eds.),The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation(pp.111-128).New York:Cambridge U-niversity Press.
Porges,S.W.(1996).Physiological regulation in high-risk infants:A model for assessment and potential intervention.Development and Psychopathology,8(1),43-58.
Porges,S.W.(2003).The polyvagal theory:Phylogenetic contributions to social behavior.Physiology&Behavior,79(3),503-513.
Porges,S.W.(2001).The polyvagal theory:Phylogenetic substrates of a social nervous system.International Journal of Psychophysiology,42(2),123-146.
Porges,S.W.(2007).The polyvagal perspective.Biological Psychology,74(2),116-143.
Rauch,W.A.,Gold,A.,&Schmitt,K.(2012).Combining cognitive and personality measures of impulse control in the assessment of childhood ADHD.European Journal of Psychological Assessment,28(3),208-215.
Dobrofsky,S.(2014).Becoming who we are.Temperament and personality in development.Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,23(5),269-271.
Rydell,A.,Berlin.L.,&Bohlin,G.(2003).Emotionality,emotion regulation,and adaptation among 5-to 8-year-old children.Emotion,3(1),30-47.
Santucci,A.K.,Silk,J.S.,Shaw,D.S.,Gentzler,A.L.,Fox,N.A.,&Kovacs,M.(2008).Vagal tone and temperament as predictors of emotion regulation strategies in young children.Developmental Psychobiology,50(3),205-216.
Schmitz,J.,Kramer,M.,Tuschen-Caffier,B.,Heinrichs,N.,&Blechert,J.(2011).Restricted autonomic flexibility in children with social phobia.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,52(11),1203-1211.
Sijtsema,J.J.,Van Roon,A.M.,Groot,P.F.C.,&Riese,H.(2015).Early life adversities and adolescent antisocial behavior:The role of cardiac autonomic nervous system reactivity in the TRAILS study.Biological Psychology,110,24-33.
Staton,L.,El-Sheikh,M.,&Buckhalt,J.A.(2009).Respiratory sinus arrhythmia and cognitive functioning in children.Developmental Psychobiology,51(3),249-258.
Sulik,M.J.,Eisenberg,N.,Silva,K.M.,Spinrad,T.L.,&Kupfer,A.(2013).Respiratory sinus arrhythmia,shyness,and effortful control in preschool-age children.Biological Psychology,92(2),241-248.
Taylor,Z.E.,Eisenberg,N.,&Spinrad,T.L.(2015).Respiratory sinus arrhythmia,effortful control,and parenting as predictors of children’s sympathy across early childhood.Developmental Psychology,51(1),17-25.
Van Hecke,A.V.,Lebow,J.,Bal,E.,Lamb,D.,Harden,E.,Kramer,A.,et al.(2009).Electroencephalogram and heart rate regulation to familiar and unfamiliar people in children with autism spectrum disorders.Child Development,80(4),1118-1133.
Wang,Z.,Lü,W.,&Qin,R.C.(2013).Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia is associated with trait positive affect and positive emotional expressivity.Biological Psychology,93(1),190-196.
(1)RSA恢复性等于基线RSA减去恢复期RSA,差值越小代表RSA恢复越大(恢复的越好),因此,RSA恢复值与冲动性显著正相关,说明RSA恢复的越好,冲动性越小。在论文讨论与结论中,用了RSA恢复性与冲动性负相关的表述,也即将恢复值与恢复性做了一个区分。
(2)RSA恢复性等于基线RSA减去恢复期RSA,差值越小代表RSA恢复越大(恢复的越好),因此,RSA恢复值与冲动性显著正相关,说明RSA恢复的越好,冲动性越小。在论文讨论与结论中,用了RSA恢复性与冲动性负相关的表述,也即将恢复值与恢复性做了一个区分。
Beauchaine,T.P.(2009).Some difficulties in interpreting psychophysiological research with children.Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development,74(1),80-88.
Beauchaine,T.P.(2015).Respiratory sinus arrhythmia:A transdiagnostic biomarker of emotion dysregulation and psychopathology.Current Opinion in Psychology,3,43-47.
Beauchaine,T.P.,Gatzke-Kopp,L.,&Mead,H.K.(2007).Polyvagal theory and developmental psychopathology:Emotion dysregulation and conduct problems from preschool to adolescence.Biological Psychology,74(2),174-184.
Blandon,A.Y.,Calkins,S.D.,Keane,S.P.,&O’Brien,M.(2010).Contributions of child’s physiology and maternal behavior to children’s trajectories of temperamental reactivity.Developmental Psychology,46(5),1089-1102.
Bornstein,M.H.,&Suess,P.E.(2000).Physiological self-regulation and information processing in infancy:Cardiac vagal tone and habituation.Child Development,71(2),273-287.
Boyce,W.T.,Quas,J.,&Alkon,A.(2001).Autonomic reactivity and psychopathology in middle childhood.British Journal of Psychiatry,179(4),144-150.
Bunford,N.,Evans,S.W.,&Zoccola,P.M.(2017).Correspondence between heart rate variability and emotion dysregulation in children,including children with ADHD.Journal of abnormal child psychology,45(7),1325-1337.
Calkins,S.D.(1997).Cardiac vagal tone indices of temperamental reactivity and behavioral regulation in young children.Developmental Psychobiology,31(2),125-135.
Calkins,S.D.,Graziano,P.A.,&Keane,S.P.(2007).Cardiac vagal regulation differentiates among children at risk for behavior problems.Biological Psychology,74(2),144-153.
Conners,C.K.(1997).Conners’Rating Scales-revised.New York:Multi Health Systems.
Crowell,S.E.,Beauchaine,T.P.,Gatzke-Kopp,L.,Sylvers,P.,Mead,H.,&Chipman-Chacon,J.(2006).Autonomic correlates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder in preschool children.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,115(1),174-178.
Cui,L.X.,Morris,A.S.,Harrist,A.W.,Larzelere,R.E.,&Criss,M.M.(2015).Adolescent RSA responses during an anger discussion task:Relations to emotion regulation and adjustment.Emotion,15(3),360-372.
Eisenberg,N.,Fabes,R.A.,Murphy,B.,Maszk,P.,Smith,M.,&Karbon,M.(1995).The role of emotionality and regulation in children’s social functioning:A longitudinal study.Child Development,66(5),1360-1384.
Eisenberg,N.,Sulik,M.J.,Hart,D.,Spinrad,T.L.,Edwards,A.,Eggum,N.D.,et al.(2012).Differential susceptibility and the early development of aggression:Interactive effects of respiratory sinus arrhythmia and environmental quality.Developmental Psychology,48(3),755-768.
Eisenberg,N.,Valiente,C.,Spinrad,T.L.,Cumberland,A.,Liew,J.,Reiser,M.,et al.(2009).Longitudinal relations of children’s effortful control,impulsivity,and negative emotionality to their externalizing,internalizing,and co-occurring behavior problems.Developmental Psychology,45(4),988-1008.
Ellis,A.J.,Shumake,J.,&Beevers,C.G.(2016).The effects of respiratory sinus arrhythmia on anger reactivity and persistence in major depression.Psychophysiology,46(10),2109-2119.
El-Sheikh,M.,Arsiwalla,J.,Hinnant,B.,&S.A.Erath.(2011).Children's internalizing symptoms:The role of interactions between cortisol and respiratory sinus arrhythmia.Physiology&Behavior,103(2),225-232.
El-Sheikh,M.,Keiley,M.,Erath,S.,&Dyer,W.J.(2013).Marital conflict and growth in children’s internalizing symptoms:The role of autonomic nervous system activity.Developmental Psychology,49(1),92-108.
El-Sheikh,M.,Keller,P.S.,&Erath,S.A.(2007).Marital conflict and risk for child maladjustment over time:Skin conductance level reactivity as a vulnerability factor.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,35(5),715-727.
El-Sheikh,M.,&Whitson,S.A.(2006).Longitudinal relations between marital conflict and child adjustment:Vagal regulation as a protective factor.Journal of Family Psychology,20(20),30-39.
Geisler,F.C.M.,Kubiak,T.,Siewert,K.,&Weber,H.(2013).Cardiac vagal tone is associated with social engagement and self-regulation.Biological Psychology,93(2),279-286.
Gentzler,A.L.,Santucci,A.K.,Kovacs,M.,&Fox,N.A.(2009).Respiratory sinus arrhythmia reactivity predicts emotion regulation and depressive symptoms in at-risk and control children.Biological Psychology,82(2),156-163.
Graziano,P.,&Derefinko,K.(2013).Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning:A meta-analysis.Biological Psychology,94(1),22-37.
Hessler,D.M.,&Katz,L.F.(2007).Brief report:Associations between emotional competence and adolescent risky behavior.Journal of Adolescence,33(1),241-246.
Hinnant,J.B.,&El-Sheikh,M.(2009).Children’s externalizing and internalizing symptoms over time:The role of individual differences in patterns of RSA responding.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,37(8),1049-1061.
Jane,A.D,Shawn F,R.,Stephen,W.,&Porges.(1996).Fetal and neonatal bradycardia:Relation to respiratory sinus arrhythmia.Infant Behavior and Development,19(1),433.
Kahle,S.,Miller,J.G.,Lopes,M.,&Hastings,P.D.(2016).Sympathetic recovery from anger is associated with emotion regulation.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,142,359-371.
Katona,P.G.,&Jin,F.(1975).Respiratory sinus arrhythmia:Noninvasive measures of parasympathetic cardiac control.Applied Psychology,39(5),801-805.
Marcovitch,S.,Leigh,J.,Calkins,S.D.,Leerks,E.M.,O’Brien,M.,&Blankson,A.N.(2010).Moderate vagal withdrawal in 3.5-year-old children is associated with optimal performance on executive function tasks.Developmental Psychobiology,52(6),603-608.
Ming,X.,Julu,P.O.,Brimacombe,M.,Connor,S.,&Daniels,M.L.(2005).Reduced cardiac parasympathetic activity in children with autism.Brain&Development,27(7),509-516.
Movahed,A.,Mahsa.,Kerns.,&Kathryn,A.(2017).Attachment and emotion regulation in middle childhood:Changes in affect and vagal tone during a social stress task.Attachment&human development,19(3),221-242.
Patriquin,M.A.,Scarpa,A.,Friedman,B.H.,&Porges,S.W.(2011).Respiratory sinus arrhythmia:A marker for positive social functioning and receptive language skills in children with autism spectrum disorders.Developmental Psychobiology,55(2),101-112.
Pittig,A.,Arch,J.J.,Lam,C.W.R.,&Craske,M.G.(2013).Heart rate and heart rate variability in panic,social anxiety,obsessive-compulsive,and generalized anxiety disorders at baseline and in response to relaxation and hyperventilation.International Journal of Psychophysiology,87(1),19-27.
Porges,S.W.(1991).Vagal tone:An autonomic mediator of affect.In J.Garber&K.A.Dodge(Eds.),The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation(pp.111-128).New York:Cambridge U-niversity Press.
Porges,S.W.(1996).Physiological regulation in high-risk infants:A model for assessment and potential intervention.Development and Psychopathology,8(1),43-58.
Porges,S.W.(2003).The polyvagal theory:Phylogenetic contributions to social behavior.Physiology&Behavior,79(3),503-513.
Porges,S.W.(2001).The polyvagal theory:Phylogenetic substrates of a social nervous system.International Journal of Psychophysiology,42(2),123-146.
Porges,S.W.(2007).The polyvagal perspective.Biological Psychology,74(2),116-143.
Rauch,W.A.,Gold,A.,&Schmitt,K.(2012).Combining cognitive and personality measures of impulse control in the assessment of childhood ADHD.European Journal of Psychological Assessment,28(3),208-215.
Dobrofsky,S.(2014).Becoming who we are.Temperament and personality in development.Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,23(5),269-271.
Rydell,A.,Berlin.L.,&Bohlin,G.(2003).Emotionality,emotion regulation,and adaptation among 5-to 8-year-old children.Emotion,3(1),30-47.
Santucci,A.K.,Silk,J.S.,Shaw,D.S.,Gentzler,A.L.,Fox,N.A.,&Kovacs,M.(2008).Vagal tone and temperament as predictors of emotion regulation strategies in young children.Developmental Psychobiology,50(3),205-216.
Schmitz,J.,Kramer,M.,Tuschen-Caffier,B.,Heinrichs,N.,&Blechert,J.(2011).Restricted autonomic flexibility in children with social phobia.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,52(11),1203-1211.
Sijtsema,J.J.,Van Roon,A.M.,Groot,P.F.C.,&Riese,H.(2015).Early life adversities and adolescent antisocial behavior:The role of cardiac autonomic nervous system reactivity in the TRAILS study.Biological Psychology,110,24-33.
Staton,L.,El-Sheikh,M.,&Buckhalt,J.A.(2009).Respiratory sinus arrhythmia and cognitive functioning in children.Developmental Psychobiology,51(3),249-258.
Sulik,M.J.,Eisenberg,N.,Silva,K.M.,Spinrad,T.L.,&Kupfer,A.(2013).Respiratory sinus arrhythmia,shyness,and effortful control in preschool-age children.Biological Psychology,92(2),241-248.
Taylor,Z.E.,Eisenberg,N.,&Spinrad,T.L.(2015).Respiratory sinus arrhythmia,effortful control,and parenting as predictors of children’s sympathy across early childhood.Developmental Psychology,51(1),17-25.
Van Hecke,A.V.,Lebow,J.,Bal,E.,Lamb,D.,Harden,E.,Kramer,A.,et al.(2009).Electroencephalogram and heart rate regulation to familiar and unfamiliar people in children with autism spectrum disorders.Child Development,80(4),1118-1133.
Wang,Z.,Lü,W.,&Qin,R.C.(2013).Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia is associated with trait positive affect and positive emotional expressivity.Biological Psychology,93(1),190-196.
(1)RSA恢复性等于基线RSA减去恢复期RSA,差值越小代表RSA恢复越大(恢复的越好),因此,RSA恢复值与冲动性显著正相关,说明RSA恢复的越好,冲动性越小。在论文讨论与结论中,用了RSA恢复性与冲动性负相关的表述,也即将恢复值与恢复性做了一个区分。
(2)RSA恢复性等于基线RSA减去恢复期RSA,差值越小代表RSA恢复越大(恢复的越好),因此,RSA恢复值与冲动性显著正相关,说明RSA恢复的越好,冲动性越小。在论文讨论与结论中,用了RSA恢复性与冲动性负相关的表述,也即将恢复值与恢复性做了一个区分。