农田氨排放影响因素研究进展
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摘要
从源头上控制对大气中PM2.5贡献率较高的氨排放,对降低大气污染物PM2.5含量、以及减少雾霾污染起着很重要作用。在农业源氨排放中,由农业活动(主要是施肥)导致的氨排放占整个农业源氨排放的40%。因此,总结农田氨排放的研究进展,分析影响农田氨排放的主要因素,描述农田氨排放的规律,对国家制定氨减排措施有指导意义。通过对农田氨排放影响因素的系统分析,发现影响农田系统氨排放的因素包括气象条件(温度、降水、风速和光照强度)、土壤因素(土壤类型、理化特性、含水量等)、施肥因素(肥料种类、施肥量、施肥方式及灌溉和施肥时期)、和农作物(种类,生长时期)。其中最主要的影响因素有:温度、风速、土壤pH、土壤粘粒含量、土壤有机质含量、土壤含水率、肥料类型、施肥量、施肥及灌溉的方式。其中温度、土壤pH、有机质含量以及施肥量与农田氨挥发量呈正相关关系;风速与含水率在一定范围内与氨挥发呈正比关系;土壤粘粒含量与氨挥发呈负相关。上述的研究都是基于合理施肥,增加氮肥利用率,减少氨排放导致的氮损失为目的的,而以减少环境污染物、保持空气质量为目的氨减排措施的研究较少。因此,开展农田氨排放污染系数的确定,建立农业氨排放清单模型的研究,可为环境相关部门有效控制和减少农业污染物的排放,促进农业生产健康良性发展和环境保护起支撑作用。
The contribution of ammonia(NH3)to PM2.5 is relatively high in the atmosphere.Controlling ammonia emission from the source plays an important role in reducing the PM2.5 content of air pollutants and reducing smog pollution.Ammonia emissions from agricultural activities(mainly fertilization)account for 40% of the total NH3 emissions from agricultural pollution source.Therefore,the research progress of farmland NH3 emission is summarized,the main influencing factors of farmland NH3 emission are analyzed,and the law of farmland NH3 emission is described,which is of guiding significance to the formulation of measures for NH3 emission reduction.Through systematic analysis,it is found that the factors affecting the NH3 emission are meteorological conditions(temperature,precipitation,wind speed and intensity of light),soil factors(soil type,physicochemical characteristics,water content),fertilization factors(fertilizer type,fertilizer amount,fertilization mode and irrigation and fertilization period),and crops(species,growth period).The main influencing factors include:Temperature,wind speed,pH,soil clay content,soil organic matter content,soil moisture content,fertilizer type,fertilizer amount,fertilization and irrigation method.There is a positive correlation between temperature,soil pH,organic matter content and the amount of fertilizer applied to the NH3 volatilization in farmland;wind speed and water content were proportional to NH3 volatilization in a certain range;Soil clay content is negatively correlated with NH3 volatilization.Above study is based on rational fertilization,increasing nitrogen use efficiency and reducing nitrogen loss caused by NH3 emission.Researches on reducing environmental pollutants and keeping air quality as the purpose of NH3 emission reduction measures are less.Therefore,the determination of the pollution coefficient of farmland NH3 emission and the study of the model of agricultural NH3 emission list can be used to effectively control and reduce the emission of agricultural pollutants,promote the healthy development of agricultural production and support the environmental protection.
The contribution of ammonia(NH3)to PM2.5 is relatively high in the atmosphere.Controlling ammonia emission from the source plays an important role in reducing the PM2.5 content of air pollutants and reducing smog pollution.Ammonia emissions from agricultural activities(mainly fertilization)account for 40% of the total NH3 emissions from agricultural pollution source.Therefore,the research progress of farmland NH3 emission is summarized,the main influencing factors of farmland NH3 emission are analyzed,and the law of farmland NH3 emission is described,which is of guiding significance to the formulation of measures for NH3 emission reduction.Through systematic analysis,it is found that the factors affecting the NH3 emission are meteorological conditions(temperature,precipitation,wind speed and intensity of light),soil factors(soil type,physicochemical characteristics,water content),fertilization factors(fertilizer type,fertilizer amount,fertilization mode and irrigation and fertilization period),and crops(species,growth period).The main influencing factors include:Temperature,wind speed,pH,soil clay content,soil organic matter content,soil moisture content,fertilizer type,fertilizer amount,fertilization and irrigation method.There is a positive correlation between temperature,soil pH,organic matter content and the amount of fertilizer applied to the NH3 volatilization in farmland;wind speed and water content were proportional to NH3 volatilization in a certain range;Soil clay content is negatively correlated with NH3 volatilization.Above study is based on rational fertilization,increasing nitrogen use efficiency and reducing nitrogen loss caused by NH3 emission.Researches on reducing environmental pollutants and keeping air quality as the purpose of NH3 emission reduction measures are less.Therefore,the determination of the pollution coefficient of farmland NH3 emission and the study of the model of agricultural NH3 emission list can be used to effectively control and reduce the emission of agricultural pollutants,promote the healthy development of agricultural production and support the environmental protection.
引文
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