短期秸秆颗粒还田对小麦-玉米系统作物产量与土壤呼吸的影响
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摘要
秸秆直接还田易造成土秸混合度差、秸秆腐解慢和幼苗群体质量差等问题,不利于作物稳产和增产.秸秆颗粒具有还田性能好、还田质量高的优点,但还田后对作物生长和土壤碳排放特征的影响仍不清楚.通过田间微区试验,以秸秆不还田和常规粉碎还田为对照,分析了秸秆颗粒还田对冬小麦和夏玉米籽粒产量、还田一年内土壤呼吸速率和土壤碳排放效率的影响,为改进秸秆还田方式提供理论依据.结果表明:秸秆颗粒还田显著提高了冬小麦和夏玉米籽粒产量,其周年作物产量较秸秆不还田和常规粉碎还田分别显著提高14.0%和5.8%.秸秆颗粒还田促进土壤碳排放,其小麦生长季和玉米生长季土壤呼吸速率和碳累积排放量显著高于秸秆不还田.与常规粉碎还田相比,秸秆颗粒还田显著提高了冬小麦生长季土壤呼吸速率和碳累积排放量15.2%和8.9%,但夏玉米生长季两者无显著差异.此外,秸秆颗粒还田降低了土壤呼吸温度敏感指数(Q_(10)),提高了土壤碳排放效率.与秸秆不还田和常规粉碎还田相比,秸秆颗粒还田土壤呼吸敏感指数显著降低22.6%和10.1%,周年土壤碳排放效率提高2.3%和1.9%.可见,秸秆颗粒还田短期内显著促进土壤碳排放,但由于较高的作物产量,其碳排放效率能维持在较高水平.在黄淮海粮食主产区,秸秆颗粒还田可以作为一种新型的秸秆还田方式,但其土壤碳排放的长期效应仍需进一步研究.
Direct straw return to soils often leads to poor combination between soil and straw,decreases straw decomposition and suppresses crop growth. Those problems hamper crop yield and its stability. Granulated straw with high bulk density and small volume improves the straw quality and the soil-straw combination. It remains unknown how does the practice influence soil carbon emission and grain yield. A micro-field experiment was carried out to investigate the responses of wheat and maize yields,soil respiration and soil carbon use efficiency. There are three treatments:No straw incorporation( CK),conventionally chopped straw incorporation( CCSI),and granulated straw incorporation( GSI). The results showed that the GSI treatment increased grain yield.Compared with the CK and CCSI treatments,the total yield of wheat and maize was significantly increased by 14.0% and 5. 8%,respectively. Meanwhile,the GSI treatment promoted soil carbon emission. The average rate of soil respiration and the cumulative carbon emission during growing season were significantly higher than that in the CK treatment. Compared with the CCSI treatment,the rate and the cumulative amount of soil carbon emission during the wheat growing season weresignificantly elevated by 15.2% and 8.9%,but there was no significant difference during the maize growing season. The GSI treatment decreased the sensitivity of soil respiration to temperature and increased soil carbon use efficiency. Compared with the CK and CCSI treatments,the sensitivity of the GSI treatment was significantly decreased by 22. 6% and 10. 1%,and the efficiency was increased by 2.3% and 1.9%. Although granulated straw incorporation promoted soil carbon emissions,it had higher soil carbon use efficiency than conventionally chopped straw incorporation due to the higher yield. The application of granulated straw incorporation could serve as a new option of straw return to soil in Huang-Huai-Hai region. Further research was needed to understand the longterm effects of granulated straw incorporation on soil carbon emission.
Direct straw return to soils often leads to poor combination between soil and straw,decreases straw decomposition and suppresses crop growth. Those problems hamper crop yield and its stability. Granulated straw with high bulk density and small volume improves the straw quality and the soil-straw combination. It remains unknown how does the practice influence soil carbon emission and grain yield. A micro-field experiment was carried out to investigate the responses of wheat and maize yields,soil respiration and soil carbon use efficiency. There are three treatments:No straw incorporation( CK),conventionally chopped straw incorporation( CCSI),and granulated straw incorporation( GSI). The results showed that the GSI treatment increased grain yield.Compared with the CK and CCSI treatments,the total yield of wheat and maize was significantly increased by 14.0% and 5. 8%,respectively. Meanwhile,the GSI treatment promoted soil carbon emission. The average rate of soil respiration and the cumulative carbon emission during growing season were significantly higher than that in the CK treatment. Compared with the CCSI treatment,the rate and the cumulative amount of soil carbon emission during the wheat growing season weresignificantly elevated by 15.2% and 8.9%,but there was no significant difference during the maize growing season. The GSI treatment decreased the sensitivity of soil respiration to temperature and increased soil carbon use efficiency. Compared with the CK and CCSI treatments,the sensitivity of the GSI treatment was significantly decreased by 22. 6% and 10. 1%,and the efficiency was increased by 2.3% and 1.9%. Although granulated straw incorporation promoted soil carbon emissions,it had higher soil carbon use efficiency than conventionally chopped straw incorporation due to the higher yield. The application of granulated straw incorporation could serve as a new option of straw return to soil in Huang-Huai-Hai region. Further research was needed to understand the longterm effects of granulated straw incorporation on soil carbon emission.
引文
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[15]Wang J(王婧),Zhang L(张莉),Pang H-C(逄焕成),et al.Returning granulated straw for accelerating decomposition rate and improving soil fertility.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(农业工程学报),2017,33(6):177-183(in Chinese)
[16]Mani S,Tabil LG,Sokhansanj S.Effects of compressive force,particle size and moisture content on mechanical properties of biomass pellets from grasses.Biomass and Bioenergy,2006,30:648-654
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[18]Zhou G-P(周国朋),Cao W-D(曹卫东),Bai J-S(白金顺),et al.Effects of different fertilization levels on soil organic matter and dissolved organic matter in two paddy soils after multi-years’rotation of Chinese milk vetch and double-cropping rice.Scientia Agricultura Sinica(中国农业科学),2016,49(21):4096-4106(in Chinese)
[19]Tu C(涂纯),Wang J(王俊),Guan Q(官情),et al.Effect of straw mulching on soil respiration,crop yield,economy-environment benefit in rained winter wheat fields.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture(中国生态农业学报),2013,21(8):931-937(in Chinese)
[20]Hu F-L(胡发龙),Chai Q(柴强),Gan Y-T(甘延太),et al.Characteristics of soil carbon emission and water utilization in wheat/maize intercropping with minimal/zero tillage and straw retention.Scientia Agricultura Sinica(中国农业科学),2016,49(1):120-131(in Chinese)
[21]Wang W-Y(王维钰),Qiao B(乔博),Akhtar K,et al.Effects of straw returning to field on soil respiration and soil water heat in winter wheat-summer maize rotation system under no tillage.Scientia Agricultura Sinica(中国农业科学),2016,49(11):2136-2152(in Chinese)
[22]Angers DA,Recous S.Decomposition of wheat straw and rye residues as affected by particle size.Plant and Soil,1997,189:197-203
[23]Sun X-H(孙小花),Zhang R-Z(张仁陟),Cai L-Q(蔡立群),et al.Effect of different tillage measures on upland soil respiration in Loess Plateau.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2009,20(9):2173-2180(in Chinese)
[24]A S-G(阿斯嘎),Gao L(高丽),Piao S-J(朴顺姬),et al.Analysis on soil respiration and its effect factors in the Hobq Sand Dune.Pratacultural Science(草业科学),2009,26(9):99-104(in Chinese)
[25]Zhang S(张赛),Wang L-C(王龙昌),Zhang X-Y(张晓雨),et al.Respiration of upland soil under conservation tillage in purple hilly regions and its influencing factors.Acta Pedologica Sinica(土壤学报),2014,51(3):520-530(in Chinese)
[26]Li S(李硕),Li Y-B(李有兵),Wang S-J(王淑娟),et al.Effects of different straw-returning regimes on soil organic carbon and carbon pool management index in Guanzhong Plain,Northwest China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2015,26(4):1215-1222(in Chinese)
[27]Zhang P(张鹏),Li H(李涵),Jia Z-K(贾志宽),et al.Effects of straw returning on soil organic carbon and carbon mineralization in semi-arid areas of southern Ningxia,China.Journal of Agro-Environment Science(农业环境科学学报),2011,30(12):2518-2525(in Chinese)
[28]Tarafdar JC,Subhash CM,Shyam K.Influence of straw size on activity and biomass of soil microorganisms during decomposition.European Journal of Soil Biology,2001,37:157-160
[29]Wang Z-M(王志明),Zhu P-L(朱培立),Huang D-M(黄东迈),et al.The mineralization of soil organic carbon under different land uses in the Liupan mountain forest zone.Acta Pedologica Sinnica(土壤学报),2003,40(3):448-453(in Chinese)
[30]Fu S,Coleman DC,Schartz R,et al.14C distribution in soil organisms and respiration after the decomposition of crop residue in conventional tillage and no-till agroecosystems at Georgia Piedimont.Soil and Tillage Research,2000,57:31-41
[31]Chen S,Wang Y,Hu Z,et al.CO2emissions from a forest soil as influenced by amendments of different crop straws:Implications for priming effects.Catena,2015,131:56-63
[2]Li X-S(李晓莎),Wu N(武宁),Liu L(刘玲),et al.Effects of different straw recycling and tillage methods on soil respiration and microbial activity.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2015,26(6):1765-1771(in Chinese)
[3]Chen S-Y(陈述悦),Li J(李俊),Lu P-L(陆佩玲),et al.Soil respiration characteristics in winter wheat field in North China Plain.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2004,15(9):1552-1560(in Chinese)
[4]Fisher P,Montagna P.Evidence from chronosequence studies for a low carbon-storage potential of soils.Nature,1990,348:232-234
[5]Zhang X-L(张晓龙),Shen B(沈冰),Quan Q(权全),et al.Soil respiration rates and its affecting factors in winter wheat land in the Weihe Plain,Northwest China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2016,27(8):2551-2560(in Chinese)
[6]Wang B-W(王丙文),Chi S-Y(迟淑筠),Tian S-Z(田慎重),et al.Effect of different maize strawreturning modes on the soil respiration in winter wheat field.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2013,24(5):1374-1380(in Chinese)
[7]Liu S-Y(刘四义),Zhang X-P(张晓平),Liang A-Z(梁爱珍),et al.Effects of corn and soybean straws returning on CO2efflux at initial stage in black soil.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2015,26(8):2421-2427(in Chinese)
[8]Yu K(余坤),Feng H(冯浩),Zhao Y(赵英),et al.Ammoniated straw incorporation promoting straw decomposition and improving winter wheat yield and water use efficiency.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(农业工程学报),2015,31(19):103-111(in Chinese)
[9]Zhou GZ,Zhang JB,Chen L,et al.Temperature and straw quality regulate the microbial phosphor lipid fatty acid composition associated with straw decomposition.Pedosphere,2016,26:386-398
[10]Martens DA.Plant residue biochemistry regulates soil carbon cycling and carbon sequestration.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2000,32:361-369
[11]Han B(韩宾),Li Z-J(李增嘉),Wang Y(王芸),et al.Effects o f soil tillage and returning straw to soil on wheat growth status and yield.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(农业工程学报),2007,23(2):48-53(in Chinese)
[12]Li S-K(李少昆),Wang K-R(王克如),Feng J-K(冯聚凯),et al.Factors affecting seeding emergence in winter wheat under different tillage patterns with maize stalk mulching returned to the field.Acta Agronomica Sinica(作物学报),2006,32(3):463-465(in Chinese)
[13]Bremer E,Van Houtum W,Van Kessel C.Carbon dioxide evolution from wheat and lentil residues as affected by grinding,added nitrogen,and the absence of soil.Biology and Fertility of Soils,1991,11:221-227
[14]Bi Y-Y(毕于运),Gao C-Y(高春雨),Wang Y-J(王亚静),et al.Estimation of straw resources in China.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(农业工程学报),2009,25(12):211-217(in Chinese)
[15]Wang J(王婧),Zhang L(张莉),Pang H-C(逄焕成),et al.Returning granulated straw for accelerating decomposition rate and improving soil fertility.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(农业工程学报),2017,33(6):177-183(in Chinese)
[16]Mani S,Tabil LG,Sokhansanj S.Effects of compressive force,particle size and moisture content on mechanical properties of biomass pellets from grasses.Biomass and Bioenergy,2006,30:648-654
[17]Qiu L-C(邱立春),Sun Y-L(孙跃龙),Wang R-L(王瑞丽),et al.Influence of deep-buried maize stalks on soil moisture transfer and maize yield.Journal of Maize Sciences(玉米科学),2015,23(6):84-91(in Chinese)
[18]Zhou G-P(周国朋),Cao W-D(曹卫东),Bai J-S(白金顺),et al.Effects of different fertilization levels on soil organic matter and dissolved organic matter in two paddy soils after multi-years’rotation of Chinese milk vetch and double-cropping rice.Scientia Agricultura Sinica(中国农业科学),2016,49(21):4096-4106(in Chinese)
[19]Tu C(涂纯),Wang J(王俊),Guan Q(官情),et al.Effect of straw mulching on soil respiration,crop yield,economy-environment benefit in rained winter wheat fields.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture(中国生态农业学报),2013,21(8):931-937(in Chinese)
[20]Hu F-L(胡发龙),Chai Q(柴强),Gan Y-T(甘延太),et al.Characteristics of soil carbon emission and water utilization in wheat/maize intercropping with minimal/zero tillage and straw retention.Scientia Agricultura Sinica(中国农业科学),2016,49(1):120-131(in Chinese)
[21]Wang W-Y(王维钰),Qiao B(乔博),Akhtar K,et al.Effects of straw returning to field on soil respiration and soil water heat in winter wheat-summer maize rotation system under no tillage.Scientia Agricultura Sinica(中国农业科学),2016,49(11):2136-2152(in Chinese)
[22]Angers DA,Recous S.Decomposition of wheat straw and rye residues as affected by particle size.Plant and Soil,1997,189:197-203
[23]Sun X-H(孙小花),Zhang R-Z(张仁陟),Cai L-Q(蔡立群),et al.Effect of different tillage measures on upland soil respiration in Loess Plateau.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2009,20(9):2173-2180(in Chinese)
[24]A S-G(阿斯嘎),Gao L(高丽),Piao S-J(朴顺姬),et al.Analysis on soil respiration and its effect factors in the Hobq Sand Dune.Pratacultural Science(草业科学),2009,26(9):99-104(in Chinese)
[25]Zhang S(张赛),Wang L-C(王龙昌),Zhang X-Y(张晓雨),et al.Respiration of upland soil under conservation tillage in purple hilly regions and its influencing factors.Acta Pedologica Sinica(土壤学报),2014,51(3):520-530(in Chinese)
[26]Li S(李硕),Li Y-B(李有兵),Wang S-J(王淑娟),et al.Effects of different straw-returning regimes on soil organic carbon and carbon pool management index in Guanzhong Plain,Northwest China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2015,26(4):1215-1222(in Chinese)
[27]Zhang P(张鹏),Li H(李涵),Jia Z-K(贾志宽),et al.Effects of straw returning on soil organic carbon and carbon mineralization in semi-arid areas of southern Ningxia,China.Journal of Agro-Environment Science(农业环境科学学报),2011,30(12):2518-2525(in Chinese)
[28]Tarafdar JC,Subhash CM,Shyam K.Influence of straw size on activity and biomass of soil microorganisms during decomposition.European Journal of Soil Biology,2001,37:157-160
[29]Wang Z-M(王志明),Zhu P-L(朱培立),Huang D-M(黄东迈),et al.The mineralization of soil organic carbon under different land uses in the Liupan mountain forest zone.Acta Pedologica Sinnica(土壤学报),2003,40(3):448-453(in Chinese)
[30]Fu S,Coleman DC,Schartz R,et al.14C distribution in soil organisms and respiration after the decomposition of crop residue in conventional tillage and no-till agroecosystems at Georgia Piedimont.Soil and Tillage Research,2000,57:31-41
[31]Chen S,Wang Y,Hu Z,et al.CO2emissions from a forest soil as influenced by amendments of different crop straws:Implications for priming effects.Catena,2015,131:56-63