基于景观生态风险评价的宁江流域景观格局优化
|
摘要
流域景观生态风险受到多源因素的综合作用,识别流域景观生态风险是实现景观格局优化的基础与前提,景观格局优化是应对生态风险的有效手段。以宁江流域为研究区,采用空间主成分分析法,从"自然—人类社会—景观格局"3个维度对流域景观生态风险进行综合评价,基于景观生态风险评价结果,构建累积阻力表面,利用最小累积阻力模型进行了流域景观格局的优化。结果表明:人类社会和景观格局因素对综合风险影响更为强烈,地形和距水体距离等自然因素对综合生态风险影响较弱;宁江流域整体景观生态风险偏大,较高景观生态风险区域位于流域西南部,面积为523.99 km2,占流域面积的36.06%;识别出流域生态源地为面积大于50 km2的林地和面积大于0.2 km2的水体。研究构建了15条生态廊道,一级生态廊道长度大于30000 m,二级生态廊道介于10000～30000 m之间,三级生态廊道长度在10000 m以内;识别了19个生态节点,形成了多层次生态网络。通过对比研究区景观格局优化前后的连通度发现,优化后流域整体景观格局连通度得到明显提升。
The ecological risks facing the landscape in the Ningjiang River Basin are influenced by multiple parameters. Landscape optimization is an effective way to assess the detrimental effects on the ecosystem. In this study, an integrated "natural-social-landscape" landscape ecological risk assessment system was produced, and the landscape ecological risk classification of the Ningjiang River Basin was based on spatial principal component analysis.Ecological resistance surfaces were constructed using the results of the landscape ecological risk analysis. The landscape resistance surfaces were produced based on the minimum cumulative resistance model(MCR). The results show that human activity and landscape patterns had a more significant influence on the final risk assessment than natural factors do,such as terrain and distance from water. The landscape ecological risk was generally high, and the high ecology risk region covered 523.99 km2, constituting the largest area and accounting for 36.06% of the research area. With the aim of decreasing the landscape ecological risk of the Ningjiang River Basin, areas of forestland greater than 50 km2 and areas of water greater than0.2 km2 were selected as the eco-sources. Using interlinked points, lines and surfaces, a regional ecological network was constructed out of 15 ecological corridors. The length of the first level corridors was greater than 30000 m, the length of second level corridors was between10000 m and 30000 m, and the length of the third level corridors was less than 10000 m. A total of 19 ecological nodes were produced. The landscape connectivity was significantly improved following landscape pattern optimization. The results of this study may help improve the ecological stability level in the study area and provide a scientific basis for both landscape ecological risk assessment and landscape pattern optimization research.
The ecological risks facing the landscape in the Ningjiang River Basin are influenced by multiple parameters. Landscape optimization is an effective way to assess the detrimental effects on the ecosystem. In this study, an integrated "natural-social-landscape" landscape ecological risk assessment system was produced, and the landscape ecological risk classification of the Ningjiang River Basin was based on spatial principal component analysis.Ecological resistance surfaces were constructed using the results of the landscape ecological risk analysis. The landscape resistance surfaces were produced based on the minimum cumulative resistance model(MCR). The results show that human activity and landscape patterns had a more significant influence on the final risk assessment than natural factors do,such as terrain and distance from water. The landscape ecological risk was generally high, and the high ecology risk region covered 523.99 km2, constituting the largest area and accounting for 36.06% of the research area. With the aim of decreasing the landscape ecological risk of the Ningjiang River Basin, areas of forestland greater than 50 km2 and areas of water greater than0.2 km2 were selected as the eco-sources. Using interlinked points, lines and surfaces, a regional ecological network was constructed out of 15 ecological corridors. The length of the first level corridors was greater than 30000 m, the length of second level corridors was between10000 m and 30000 m, and the length of the third level corridors was less than 10000 m. A total of 19 ecological nodes were produced. The landscape connectivity was significantly improved following landscape pattern optimization. The results of this study may help improve the ecological stability level in the study area and provide a scientific basis for both landscape ecological risk assessment and landscape pattern optimization research.
引文
[1] Peng Jian, Dang Weixiong, Liu Yanxu, et al. Review on landscape ecological risk assessment. Acta Geographica Sinica,2015, 70(4):664-677.[彭建,党威雄,刘焱序,等.景观生态风险评价研究进展与展望.地理学报, 2015, 70(4):664-677.]
[2] Peng Jian, Liu Yanxu, Pan Yajing, et al. Study on the correlation between ecological risk due to natural disaster and landscape pattern-process:Review and prospect. Advances in Earth Science, 2014, 29(10):1186-1196.[彭建,刘焱序,潘雅婧,等.基于景观格局—过程的城市自然灾害生态风险研究:回顾与展望.地理科学进展, 2014, 29(10):1186-1196.]
[3] Li Yangfan, Lin Jingyu, Sun Xiang. An early warning method on ecological risk and its application to improve landscape ecological security pattern regulation. Geographical Research, 2017, 36(3):485-494.[李杨帆,林静玉,孙翔.城市区域生态风险预警方法及其在景观生态安全格局调控中的应用.地理研究, 2017, 36(3):485-494.]
[4] Gong Lu, Ju Qiang, Pan Xiaoling. Ecological landscape risk assessment study of Bosten lake. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2007, 21(1):27-31.[贡璐,鞠强,潘晓玲.博斯腾湖区域景观生态风险评价研究.干旱区资源与环境, 2007, 21(1):27-31.]
[5] Gong Jie, Zhao Caixia, Xie Yuchu, et al. Ecological risk assessment and its management of Bailongjiang watershed,southern Gansu based on landscape pattern. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2014, 25(7):2041-2048.[巩杰,赵彩霞,谢余初,等.基于景观格局的甘肃白龙江流域生态风险评价与管理.应用生态学报, 2014, 25(7):2041-2048.]
[6] Xu Yan, Gao Junfeng, Zhao Jiahu, et al. The research progress and prospect of watershed ecological risk assessment.Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2012, 32(1):284-292.[许妍,高俊峰,赵家虎,等.流域生态风险评价研究进展.生态学报,2012, 32(1):284-292.]
[7] Chen Chunli, Lv Yonglong, Wang Tieyu, et al. Emerging issues and prospects for regional ecological risk assessment.Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2010, 30(3):808-816.[陈春丽,吕永龙,王铁宇,等.区域生态风险评价的关键问题与展望.生态学报, 2010, 30(3):808-816.]
[8] Liu Yanxu, Wang Yanglin, Peng Jian, et al. Urban landscape ecological risk assessment based on the 3D framework of adaptive cycle. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(7):1052-1067.[刘焱序,王仰麟,彭建,等.基于生态适应性循环三维框架的城市景观生态风险评价.地理学报, 2015, 70(7):1052-1067.]
[9] Han Wenquan, Chang Yu, Hu Yuanman, et al. Research advance in landscape pattern optimization. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2005, 24(12):1487-1492.[韩文权,常禹,胡圆满,等.景观格局优化研究进展.生态学杂志, 2005, 24(12):1487-1492.]
[10] Peng Jian, Li Huilei, Liu Yanxu, et al. Identification and optimization of ecological security pattern in Xiong'an New Area. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2018, 73(4):701-710.[彭建,李慧蕾,刘焱序,等.雄安新区生态安全格局识别与优化策略.地理学报, 2018, 73(4):701-710.]
[11] Pan Jinghu, Liu Xiao. Landscape ecological risk assessment and landscape security pattern optimization in Shule River Basin. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2016, 35(3):791-799.[潘竟虎,刘晓.疏勒河流域景观生态风险评价与生态安全格局优化构建.生态学杂志, 2016, 35(3):791-799.]
[12] Forman R. Land Mosaics:The Ecology of Landscapes and Regions. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1995.
[13] Seppelt R, Voinov A. Optimization methodology for land use patterns:Evaluation based on multiscale habitat pattern comparison. Ecological Modelling, 2003, 168(3):217-231.
[14] Bilionis I, Zabaras N. A stochastic optimization approach to coarse-graining using a relative-entropy framework. Journal of Chemical Physics, 2013, 138(4):313-344.
[15] Forman R. Some general principles of landscape and regional ecology. Landscape Ecology, 1995, 10(3):133-142.
[16] Knaapen J P, Scheffer M, Harms B. Estimating habitat isolation in landscape planning. Landscape and Urban Planning,1992, 23(1):10-16.
[17] Ou Dinghua, Xia Jianguo. Landscape pattern optimization in peri-urban areas based on the particle swarm optimization method:A case study in Longquanyi District of Chengdu. Geographical Research, 2017, 36(3):553-572.[欧定华,夏建国.基于粒子群算法的大城市近郊区景观格局优化研究:以成都市龙泉驿区为例.地理研究, 2017, 36(3):553-572.]
[18] Qin Xiangdong, Abuliti, Lin Qizhao. Research on two categories of spread model commonly used for forest fire.Journal of Natural Disasters, 2005, 14(5):117-122.[秦向东,阿布里提,林其钊.两类常用森林火灾蔓延模型的比较.自然灾害学报, 2005, 14(5):117-122.]
[19] Huang Fang, Liu Xiangnan, Zhang Yangzhen. GIS-based eco-environmental vulnerability evaluation in West Jilin Province. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2003, 24(1):95-100.[黄方,刘湘南,张养贞. GIS支持下的吉林省西部生态环境脆弱态势评价研究.地理科学, 2003, 24(1):95-100.]
[20] Chen Liding, Li Xiuzhen, Fu Bojie, et al. Development history and future research priorities of landscape ecology in China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2014, 34(12):3129-3141.[陈利顶,李秀珍,傅伯杰,等.中国景观生态学发展历程与未来研究重点.生态学报, 2014, 34(12):3129-3141.]
[21] Yue Juan, Wang Yanglin, Li Guicai, et al. The conceptual framework of watershed landscape optimization concerning water environmental protection. Progress in Geography, 2007, 26(3):38-46.[岳隽,王仰麟,李贵才,等.基于水环境保护的流域景观格局优化理念初探.地理科学进展, 2007, 26(3):38-46.]
[22] Huang Liming, Chen Jianfei. Suitability evaluation of urban construction land based on features extraction of a MCR surface. Resources Science, 2014, 36(7):1347-1355.[黄丽明,陈健飞.广州市花都区城镇建设用地适宜性评价研究:基于MCR面特征提取.资源科学, 2014, 36(7):1347-1355.]
[23] Chen Xin, Peng Jian, Liu Yanxu, et al. Constructing ecological security patterns in Yunfu city based on the framework of importance-sensitivity-connectivity. Geographical Research, 2017(3):471-484.[陈昕,彭建,刘焱序,等.基于“重要性—敏感性—连通性”框架的云浮市生态安全格局构建.地理研究, 2017(3):471-484.]
[24] Li Qian, Dai Liang, Zhu Qing, et al. Ecological connectivity changes and its pattern optimization during land consolidation based on minimal accumulative resistance model. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2014, 34(6):733-739.[李谦,戴靓,朱青,等.基于最小阻力模型的土地整治中生态连通性变化及其优化研究.地理科学, 2014, 34(6):733-739.]
[25] Liu Ruimin, Wang Xxuejun, Tao Peng, et al. Spatial PCA and pollutant sources of topsoil PAHs in Tianjin Area.Progress in Geography, 2005, 24(3):109-117.[刘瑞民,王学军,陶澎,等.天津表土PAHs的空间主成分与污染源分析.地理科学进展, 2005, 24(3):109-117.]
[26] Zhu Ruxiong, Zhang Zhengdong, Yang Chuanxun, et al. Relationship between landscape pattern change and runoff in the Southern China humid area river basin:A case study of Ning Jiang. Journal of South China Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2017, 49(5):79-85.[朱汝雄,张正栋,杨传训,等.华南湿热山地小流域景观格局演变与径流关系:以宁江为例.华南师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2017, 49(5):79-85.]
[27] Dong Caiwen, Zhang Zhengdong, Yang Chuanxun, et al. Run off Characteristics and hysteresis to precipitation in Meijiang River Basin in Guangdong Province during 1960-2013. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2016, 36(3):38-45.[董才文,张正栋,杨传训,等. 1960-2013年广东省梅江流域径流特征及其对降水的滞后效应.水土保持通报, 2016, 36(3):38-45.]
[28] Liu Jiyuan, Liu Mingliang, Zhuang Dafang, et al. Analysis on the spatial pattern of land use change in China. Science in China(Series D:Earth Science), 2002, 32(12):1031-1040.[刘纪远,刘明亮,庄大方,等.中国近期土地利用变化的空间格局分析.中国科学(D辑:地球科学), 2002, 32(12):1031-1040.]
[29] Liu Anshi. Guangdong Soil Species. Beijing:Science Press, 1996.[刘安世.广东土种志.北京:科学出版社, 1996.]
[30] Tang Guoan, Song Jia. Comparison of slope classification methods in slope mapping from DEMs. Soil and Water Conservation, 2006, 20(2):157-192.[汤国安,宋佳.基于DEM坡度图制图中坡度分级方法的比较研究.水土保持学报, 2006, 20(2):157-192.]
[31] Zhang Zhengdong, Yang Chunhong. Variations in soil oganic carbon storage and the potential for carbon sequestration by topsoil over 25 years. Resources Science, 2013, 35(4):809-815.[张正栋,杨春红.近25a珠江北江上游土壤表层有机碳储量变化及固碳潜力估算:以广东省翁源县为例.资源科学, 2013, 35(4):809-815.]
[32] Wang Qi, Fu Mengdi, Wei Lai, et al. Groundwater quality assessment in Northern Anhui based on multi-layer weighted principal component analysis. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2016, 36(12):4546-4554.[王琦,付梦娣,魏来,等.基于源-汇理论和最小累积阻力模型的城市生态安全格局构建:以安徽省宁国市为例.环境科学学报, 2016, 36(12):4546-4554.]
[33] Zhang Xiaofei, Wang Rusong, Li Zhengguo, et al. Comprehensive assessment of urban ecological risks:The case of Huaibei City. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2011, 31(20):6204-6214.[张小飞,王如松,李正国,等.城市综合生态风险评价:以淮北市城区为例.生态学报, 2011, 31(20):6204-6214.]
[34] Sun Hongbo, Yang Guishan, Su Weizhong, et al. Ecological risk assessment of land use in the area along Changjiang River:A case study of Nanjing, China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2010, 30(20):5616-5625.[孙洪波,杨桂山,苏伟忠,等.沿江地区土地利用生态风险评价:以长江三角洲南京地区为例.生态学报, 2010, 30(20):5616-5625.]
[35] Mc Garigal K, Cushman S A, Ene E. FRAGSTATS v4:Spatial pattern analysis program for categorical and continuous maps. University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Computer software program produced by the authors at the University of Massachusetts, 2012.
[36] Jiao Sheng, Yang Na, Peng Kai, et al. The effects of land-use and landscape pattern on water quality in Weihe river watersh-ed. Geographical Research, 2014, 32(12):2263-2274.[焦胜,杨娜,彭楷,等.沩水流域土地景观格局对河流水质的影响.地理研究, 2014, 32(12):2263-2274.]
[37] Jiao Sheng, Li Zhenmin, Gao Qing, et al. The application of landscape connectivity theory in urban ecology suitability assessment and optimization. Geographical Research, 2013, 32(4):720-730.[焦胜,李振民,高青,等.景观连通性理论在城市土地适宜性评价与优化方法中的应用.地理研究, 2013, 32(4):720-730.]
[38] Li Lianxiang, Xu Di, Cheng Xianjun, et al. Groundwater quality assessment in Northern Anhui based on multi-layer weighted principal component analysis. Resources Science, 2015, 37(1):61-67.[李连香,许迪,程先军,等.基于分层构权主成分分析的皖北地下水水质评价研究.资源科学, 2015, 37(1):61-67.]
[39] Feng Lihua, Ma Weiyu. Application of principal component analysis in evaluation of area's comprehensive strength.Geography and Geo-information Science, 2004, 20(6):73-75.[冯利华,马未宇.主成分分析法在地区综合实力评价中的应用.地理与地理信息科学, 2004, 20(6):73-75.]
[40] Pan Jinghu, Li Baojuan. Simulation and analysis of human dimensions of urban thermal environment in valley-city:A case study of Lanzhou City. Arid Land Geography, 2011, 34(4):662-670.[潘竟虎,李宝娟,基于空间PCA的兰州市热环境人文驱动因素分析.干旱区地理, 2011, 34(4):662-670.]
[41] Pan Jinghu, Liu Xiao. Assessment of landscape ecological security and optimization of landscape pattern based on spatial principal component analysis and resistance model in arid inland area:A case study of Ganzhou District,Zhangye City, Northwest China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2015, 26(10):3126-3136.[潘竟虎,刘晓.基于空间主成分和最小累积阻力模型的内陆河景观生态安全评价与格局优化:以张掖市甘州区为例.应用生态学报,2015, 26(10):3126-3136.]
[42] Tang Li, Luo Yiyin, Luo Gaigai, et al. Landscape pattern optimization based on the granularity inverse method and MCR model in Dongfang City, Hainan Province. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2016, 35(12):3393-3403.[唐丽,罗亦殷,罗改改,等.基于粒度反推法和MCR模型的海南省东方市景观格局优化.生态学杂志, 2016, 35(12):3393-3403.]
[43] Lu Yu, She Jiyun, Chen Caihong, et al. Landscape ecological security pattern optimization based on the granularity inverse method:A case study in Xiuying District, Haikou. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2015, 35(19):6384-6393.[陆禹,畲济云,陈彩虹,等.基于粒度反推法的景观生态安全格局优化:以海口市秀英区为例.生态学报, 2015, 35(19):6384-6393.]
[44] Zhong Shiyu, Wu Jing, Li Yu, et al. Reconstruction of urban land space based on minimum cumulative resistance model:A case study of Xintang Town, Guangzhou City. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2012, 23(11):3173-3179.[钟式玉,吴箐,李宇,等.基于最小累积阻力模型的城镇土地空间重构:以广州市新塘镇为例.应用生态学报, 2012,23(11):3173-3179.]
[45] Du Yueyue, Hu Yina, Yang Yang, et al. Building ecological security patterns in southwestern mountainous areas based on ecological importance and ecological sensitivity:A case study of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunan Province.Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2017, 37(24):8241-8253.[杜悦悦,胡熠娜,杨旸,等.基于生态重要性和敏感性的西南山地生态安全格局构建:以云南省大理白族自治州为例.生态学报, 2017, 37(24):8241-8253.]
[46] Yu Feng, Li Xiaobing, Wang Hong, et al. Optimization of land use pattern based on eco-security:A case study in the huangfuchuan watershed. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2014, 34(12):3198-3210.[喻锋,李晓兵,王宏.生态安全条件下土地利用格局优化:以皇甫川流域为例.生态学报, 2014, 34(12):3198-3210.]
[47] Guo Jiguang, Cai Yongli, Luo Kun, et al. Ecological corridor construction based on target species protection:A case study of Chongming Island. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2009, 28(8):1668-1672.[郭纪光,蔡永立,罗坤,等.基于目标种保护的生态廊道构建:以崇明岛为例.生态学杂志, 2009, 28(8):1668-1672.]
[48] Zeng Li, Yang Qingyuan, Yang Renhao, et al. Landscape pattern optimization for ecological barrier in the three gorges reservoir area:A case study in Jiangjin, Chongqing. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2017, 36(5):1364-1373.[曾黎,杨庆媛,杨人豪,等.三峡库区生态屏障区景观格局优化:以重庆市江津区为例.生态学杂志, 2017, 36(5):1364-1373.]
[49] Sun Xianbin, Liu Hongyu. Optimization of wetland landscape patterns based on ecological function evaluation:A case study on the coastal wetlands of Yancheng, Jiangsu Province. Ecologica Sinica, 2010, 30(5):1157-1166.[孙贤斌,刘红玉.基于生态功能评价的湿地景观格局优及其效应以江苏盐城海滨湿地为例.生态学报, 2010, 30(5):1157-1166.]
[50] Meng Jijun, Wang Xiaodong, You Nanshan, et al. Dynamic changes of landscape connectivity for ecological land and distance thresholds in the middle reaches of the Heihe River. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2016, 27(6):1715-1726.[蒙吉军,王晓东,尤南山,等.黑河中游生态用地景观连接性动态变化及距离阈值.应用生态学报, 2016, 27(6):1715-1726.]
[51] Maile C. Patch connectivity and genetic diversity conservation in the federally endangered and narrowly endemic plant species Astragalus albens,(Fabaceae). Biological Conservation, 2008, 141(4):938-955.
[52] Diao Feifei. Research on the evolution and optimization of landscape patterns of Hangzhou[D]. Hangzhou:Zhejiang A&F University, 2012.[刁菲菲.杭州市景观格局的演变及优化研究[D].杭州:浙江农林大学, 2012.]
[53] Yu Kongjian. Ecologically strategic in landscape and surface model. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1998, 43(Suppl.1):11-20.[俞孔坚.景观生态战略点识别方法与理论地理学的表面模型.地理学报, 1998, 43(Suppl.1):11-20.]
[54] Liu Yu. Landscape connectivity in soil erosion research:Concepts, implication and quantification. Geographical Research, 2016, 35(1):195-202.[刘宇.土壤侵蚀研究中的景观连通度:概念、作用及定量.地理研究, 2016, 35(1):195-202.]
[55] Zhang Xiaofei, Wang Yanglin, Li Zhengguo. Landscape pattern optimization based upon the concept of landscape functions network:A case study in Taiwan, China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25(7):1707-1713.[张小飞,王仰麟,李正国.基于景观功能网络概念的景观格局优化:以台湾地区乌溪流域典型区为例.生态学报, 2005, 25(7):1707-1713.]
[56] Zhao Xiaoqing, Wang Haibo, Yang Shuhua, et al. GIS-based ecological optimization of spatial patterns of land resources. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2009, 29(9):4892-4901.[赵筱青,王海波,杨树华,等.基于GIS支持下的土地资源空间格局生态优化.生态学报, 2009, 29(9):4892-4901.]
[57] Zhao Yanjie, Li Yangbing, Shao Jingan. Ecological risk assessment of small watershed of the Three Gorges Reservoir area based on land use Change:A case study of Caotang River. Journal of Natural Resources, 2013, 28(6):944-956.[赵岩洁,李阳兵,邵景安.基于土地利用变化的三峡库区小流域生态风险评价:以草堂溪为例.自然资源学报, 2013,28(6):944-956.]
[58] She Yuchen, Chen Caihong, He Dan, et al. Landscape pattern optimization analysis based on MCR model and kriging in Haikou. Journal of Northwest Forestry University, 2016, 31(3):233-238.[畲宇晨,陈彩虹,贺丹,等.基于MCR模型和Kriging的海口市景观格局优化分析.西北林学院学报, 2016, 31(3):233-238.]
[59] Zhao Wenwu. The effects of grain change on landscape indices. Quaternary Sciences, 2003, 23(3):326-333.[赵文武,景观指数的粒度变化效应.第四纪研究, 2003, 23(3):326-333.]
[2] Peng Jian, Liu Yanxu, Pan Yajing, et al. Study on the correlation between ecological risk due to natural disaster and landscape pattern-process:Review and prospect. Advances in Earth Science, 2014, 29(10):1186-1196.[彭建,刘焱序,潘雅婧,等.基于景观格局—过程的城市自然灾害生态风险研究:回顾与展望.地理科学进展, 2014, 29(10):1186-1196.]
[3] Li Yangfan, Lin Jingyu, Sun Xiang. An early warning method on ecological risk and its application to improve landscape ecological security pattern regulation. Geographical Research, 2017, 36(3):485-494.[李杨帆,林静玉,孙翔.城市区域生态风险预警方法及其在景观生态安全格局调控中的应用.地理研究, 2017, 36(3):485-494.]
[4] Gong Lu, Ju Qiang, Pan Xiaoling. Ecological landscape risk assessment study of Bosten lake. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2007, 21(1):27-31.[贡璐,鞠强,潘晓玲.博斯腾湖区域景观生态风险评价研究.干旱区资源与环境, 2007, 21(1):27-31.]
[5] Gong Jie, Zhao Caixia, Xie Yuchu, et al. Ecological risk assessment and its management of Bailongjiang watershed,southern Gansu based on landscape pattern. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2014, 25(7):2041-2048.[巩杰,赵彩霞,谢余初,等.基于景观格局的甘肃白龙江流域生态风险评价与管理.应用生态学报, 2014, 25(7):2041-2048.]
[6] Xu Yan, Gao Junfeng, Zhao Jiahu, et al. The research progress and prospect of watershed ecological risk assessment.Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2012, 32(1):284-292.[许妍,高俊峰,赵家虎,等.流域生态风险评价研究进展.生态学报,2012, 32(1):284-292.]
[7] Chen Chunli, Lv Yonglong, Wang Tieyu, et al. Emerging issues and prospects for regional ecological risk assessment.Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2010, 30(3):808-816.[陈春丽,吕永龙,王铁宇,等.区域生态风险评价的关键问题与展望.生态学报, 2010, 30(3):808-816.]
[8] Liu Yanxu, Wang Yanglin, Peng Jian, et al. Urban landscape ecological risk assessment based on the 3D framework of adaptive cycle. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(7):1052-1067.[刘焱序,王仰麟,彭建,等.基于生态适应性循环三维框架的城市景观生态风险评价.地理学报, 2015, 70(7):1052-1067.]
[9] Han Wenquan, Chang Yu, Hu Yuanman, et al. Research advance in landscape pattern optimization. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2005, 24(12):1487-1492.[韩文权,常禹,胡圆满,等.景观格局优化研究进展.生态学杂志, 2005, 24(12):1487-1492.]
[10] Peng Jian, Li Huilei, Liu Yanxu, et al. Identification and optimization of ecological security pattern in Xiong'an New Area. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2018, 73(4):701-710.[彭建,李慧蕾,刘焱序,等.雄安新区生态安全格局识别与优化策略.地理学报, 2018, 73(4):701-710.]
[11] Pan Jinghu, Liu Xiao. Landscape ecological risk assessment and landscape security pattern optimization in Shule River Basin. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2016, 35(3):791-799.[潘竟虎,刘晓.疏勒河流域景观生态风险评价与生态安全格局优化构建.生态学杂志, 2016, 35(3):791-799.]
[12] Forman R. Land Mosaics:The Ecology of Landscapes and Regions. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1995.
[13] Seppelt R, Voinov A. Optimization methodology for land use patterns:Evaluation based on multiscale habitat pattern comparison. Ecological Modelling, 2003, 168(3):217-231.
[14] Bilionis I, Zabaras N. A stochastic optimization approach to coarse-graining using a relative-entropy framework. Journal of Chemical Physics, 2013, 138(4):313-344.
[15] Forman R. Some general principles of landscape and regional ecology. Landscape Ecology, 1995, 10(3):133-142.
[16] Knaapen J P, Scheffer M, Harms B. Estimating habitat isolation in landscape planning. Landscape and Urban Planning,1992, 23(1):10-16.
[17] Ou Dinghua, Xia Jianguo. Landscape pattern optimization in peri-urban areas based on the particle swarm optimization method:A case study in Longquanyi District of Chengdu. Geographical Research, 2017, 36(3):553-572.[欧定华,夏建国.基于粒子群算法的大城市近郊区景观格局优化研究:以成都市龙泉驿区为例.地理研究, 2017, 36(3):553-572.]
[18] Qin Xiangdong, Abuliti, Lin Qizhao. Research on two categories of spread model commonly used for forest fire.Journal of Natural Disasters, 2005, 14(5):117-122.[秦向东,阿布里提,林其钊.两类常用森林火灾蔓延模型的比较.自然灾害学报, 2005, 14(5):117-122.]
[19] Huang Fang, Liu Xiangnan, Zhang Yangzhen. GIS-based eco-environmental vulnerability evaluation in West Jilin Province. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2003, 24(1):95-100.[黄方,刘湘南,张养贞. GIS支持下的吉林省西部生态环境脆弱态势评价研究.地理科学, 2003, 24(1):95-100.]
[20] Chen Liding, Li Xiuzhen, Fu Bojie, et al. Development history and future research priorities of landscape ecology in China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2014, 34(12):3129-3141.[陈利顶,李秀珍,傅伯杰,等.中国景观生态学发展历程与未来研究重点.生态学报, 2014, 34(12):3129-3141.]
[21] Yue Juan, Wang Yanglin, Li Guicai, et al. The conceptual framework of watershed landscape optimization concerning water environmental protection. Progress in Geography, 2007, 26(3):38-46.[岳隽,王仰麟,李贵才,等.基于水环境保护的流域景观格局优化理念初探.地理科学进展, 2007, 26(3):38-46.]
[22] Huang Liming, Chen Jianfei. Suitability evaluation of urban construction land based on features extraction of a MCR surface. Resources Science, 2014, 36(7):1347-1355.[黄丽明,陈健飞.广州市花都区城镇建设用地适宜性评价研究:基于MCR面特征提取.资源科学, 2014, 36(7):1347-1355.]
[23] Chen Xin, Peng Jian, Liu Yanxu, et al. Constructing ecological security patterns in Yunfu city based on the framework of importance-sensitivity-connectivity. Geographical Research, 2017(3):471-484.[陈昕,彭建,刘焱序,等.基于“重要性—敏感性—连通性”框架的云浮市生态安全格局构建.地理研究, 2017(3):471-484.]
[24] Li Qian, Dai Liang, Zhu Qing, et al. Ecological connectivity changes and its pattern optimization during land consolidation based on minimal accumulative resistance model. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2014, 34(6):733-739.[李谦,戴靓,朱青,等.基于最小阻力模型的土地整治中生态连通性变化及其优化研究.地理科学, 2014, 34(6):733-739.]
[25] Liu Ruimin, Wang Xxuejun, Tao Peng, et al. Spatial PCA and pollutant sources of topsoil PAHs in Tianjin Area.Progress in Geography, 2005, 24(3):109-117.[刘瑞民,王学军,陶澎,等.天津表土PAHs的空间主成分与污染源分析.地理科学进展, 2005, 24(3):109-117.]
[26] Zhu Ruxiong, Zhang Zhengdong, Yang Chuanxun, et al. Relationship between landscape pattern change and runoff in the Southern China humid area river basin:A case study of Ning Jiang. Journal of South China Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2017, 49(5):79-85.[朱汝雄,张正栋,杨传训,等.华南湿热山地小流域景观格局演变与径流关系:以宁江为例.华南师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2017, 49(5):79-85.]
[27] Dong Caiwen, Zhang Zhengdong, Yang Chuanxun, et al. Run off Characteristics and hysteresis to precipitation in Meijiang River Basin in Guangdong Province during 1960-2013. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2016, 36(3):38-45.[董才文,张正栋,杨传训,等. 1960-2013年广东省梅江流域径流特征及其对降水的滞后效应.水土保持通报, 2016, 36(3):38-45.]
[28] Liu Jiyuan, Liu Mingliang, Zhuang Dafang, et al. Analysis on the spatial pattern of land use change in China. Science in China(Series D:Earth Science), 2002, 32(12):1031-1040.[刘纪远,刘明亮,庄大方,等.中国近期土地利用变化的空间格局分析.中国科学(D辑:地球科学), 2002, 32(12):1031-1040.]
[29] Liu Anshi. Guangdong Soil Species. Beijing:Science Press, 1996.[刘安世.广东土种志.北京:科学出版社, 1996.]
[30] Tang Guoan, Song Jia. Comparison of slope classification methods in slope mapping from DEMs. Soil and Water Conservation, 2006, 20(2):157-192.[汤国安,宋佳.基于DEM坡度图制图中坡度分级方法的比较研究.水土保持学报, 2006, 20(2):157-192.]
[31] Zhang Zhengdong, Yang Chunhong. Variations in soil oganic carbon storage and the potential for carbon sequestration by topsoil over 25 years. Resources Science, 2013, 35(4):809-815.[张正栋,杨春红.近25a珠江北江上游土壤表层有机碳储量变化及固碳潜力估算:以广东省翁源县为例.资源科学, 2013, 35(4):809-815.]
[32] Wang Qi, Fu Mengdi, Wei Lai, et al. Groundwater quality assessment in Northern Anhui based on multi-layer weighted principal component analysis. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2016, 36(12):4546-4554.[王琦,付梦娣,魏来,等.基于源-汇理论和最小累积阻力模型的城市生态安全格局构建:以安徽省宁国市为例.环境科学学报, 2016, 36(12):4546-4554.]
[33] Zhang Xiaofei, Wang Rusong, Li Zhengguo, et al. Comprehensive assessment of urban ecological risks:The case of Huaibei City. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2011, 31(20):6204-6214.[张小飞,王如松,李正国,等.城市综合生态风险评价:以淮北市城区为例.生态学报, 2011, 31(20):6204-6214.]
[34] Sun Hongbo, Yang Guishan, Su Weizhong, et al. Ecological risk assessment of land use in the area along Changjiang River:A case study of Nanjing, China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2010, 30(20):5616-5625.[孙洪波,杨桂山,苏伟忠,等.沿江地区土地利用生态风险评价:以长江三角洲南京地区为例.生态学报, 2010, 30(20):5616-5625.]
[35] Mc Garigal K, Cushman S A, Ene E. FRAGSTATS v4:Spatial pattern analysis program for categorical and continuous maps. University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Computer software program produced by the authors at the University of Massachusetts, 2012.
[36] Jiao Sheng, Yang Na, Peng Kai, et al. The effects of land-use and landscape pattern on water quality in Weihe river watersh-ed. Geographical Research, 2014, 32(12):2263-2274.[焦胜,杨娜,彭楷,等.沩水流域土地景观格局对河流水质的影响.地理研究, 2014, 32(12):2263-2274.]
[37] Jiao Sheng, Li Zhenmin, Gao Qing, et al. The application of landscape connectivity theory in urban ecology suitability assessment and optimization. Geographical Research, 2013, 32(4):720-730.[焦胜,李振民,高青,等.景观连通性理论在城市土地适宜性评价与优化方法中的应用.地理研究, 2013, 32(4):720-730.]
[38] Li Lianxiang, Xu Di, Cheng Xianjun, et al. Groundwater quality assessment in Northern Anhui based on multi-layer weighted principal component analysis. Resources Science, 2015, 37(1):61-67.[李连香,许迪,程先军,等.基于分层构权主成分分析的皖北地下水水质评价研究.资源科学, 2015, 37(1):61-67.]
[39] Feng Lihua, Ma Weiyu. Application of principal component analysis in evaluation of area's comprehensive strength.Geography and Geo-information Science, 2004, 20(6):73-75.[冯利华,马未宇.主成分分析法在地区综合实力评价中的应用.地理与地理信息科学, 2004, 20(6):73-75.]
[40] Pan Jinghu, Li Baojuan. Simulation and analysis of human dimensions of urban thermal environment in valley-city:A case study of Lanzhou City. Arid Land Geography, 2011, 34(4):662-670.[潘竟虎,李宝娟,基于空间PCA的兰州市热环境人文驱动因素分析.干旱区地理, 2011, 34(4):662-670.]
[41] Pan Jinghu, Liu Xiao. Assessment of landscape ecological security and optimization of landscape pattern based on spatial principal component analysis and resistance model in arid inland area:A case study of Ganzhou District,Zhangye City, Northwest China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2015, 26(10):3126-3136.[潘竟虎,刘晓.基于空间主成分和最小累积阻力模型的内陆河景观生态安全评价与格局优化:以张掖市甘州区为例.应用生态学报,2015, 26(10):3126-3136.]
[42] Tang Li, Luo Yiyin, Luo Gaigai, et al. Landscape pattern optimization based on the granularity inverse method and MCR model in Dongfang City, Hainan Province. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2016, 35(12):3393-3403.[唐丽,罗亦殷,罗改改,等.基于粒度反推法和MCR模型的海南省东方市景观格局优化.生态学杂志, 2016, 35(12):3393-3403.]
[43] Lu Yu, She Jiyun, Chen Caihong, et al. Landscape ecological security pattern optimization based on the granularity inverse method:A case study in Xiuying District, Haikou. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2015, 35(19):6384-6393.[陆禹,畲济云,陈彩虹,等.基于粒度反推法的景观生态安全格局优化:以海口市秀英区为例.生态学报, 2015, 35(19):6384-6393.]
[44] Zhong Shiyu, Wu Jing, Li Yu, et al. Reconstruction of urban land space based on minimum cumulative resistance model:A case study of Xintang Town, Guangzhou City. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2012, 23(11):3173-3179.[钟式玉,吴箐,李宇,等.基于最小累积阻力模型的城镇土地空间重构:以广州市新塘镇为例.应用生态学报, 2012,23(11):3173-3179.]
[45] Du Yueyue, Hu Yina, Yang Yang, et al. Building ecological security patterns in southwestern mountainous areas based on ecological importance and ecological sensitivity:A case study of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunan Province.Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2017, 37(24):8241-8253.[杜悦悦,胡熠娜,杨旸,等.基于生态重要性和敏感性的西南山地生态安全格局构建:以云南省大理白族自治州为例.生态学报, 2017, 37(24):8241-8253.]
[46] Yu Feng, Li Xiaobing, Wang Hong, et al. Optimization of land use pattern based on eco-security:A case study in the huangfuchuan watershed. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2014, 34(12):3198-3210.[喻锋,李晓兵,王宏.生态安全条件下土地利用格局优化:以皇甫川流域为例.生态学报, 2014, 34(12):3198-3210.]
[47] Guo Jiguang, Cai Yongli, Luo Kun, et al. Ecological corridor construction based on target species protection:A case study of Chongming Island. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2009, 28(8):1668-1672.[郭纪光,蔡永立,罗坤,等.基于目标种保护的生态廊道构建:以崇明岛为例.生态学杂志, 2009, 28(8):1668-1672.]
[48] Zeng Li, Yang Qingyuan, Yang Renhao, et al. Landscape pattern optimization for ecological barrier in the three gorges reservoir area:A case study in Jiangjin, Chongqing. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2017, 36(5):1364-1373.[曾黎,杨庆媛,杨人豪,等.三峡库区生态屏障区景观格局优化:以重庆市江津区为例.生态学杂志, 2017, 36(5):1364-1373.]
[49] Sun Xianbin, Liu Hongyu. Optimization of wetland landscape patterns based on ecological function evaluation:A case study on the coastal wetlands of Yancheng, Jiangsu Province. Ecologica Sinica, 2010, 30(5):1157-1166.[孙贤斌,刘红玉.基于生态功能评价的湿地景观格局优及其效应以江苏盐城海滨湿地为例.生态学报, 2010, 30(5):1157-1166.]
[50] Meng Jijun, Wang Xiaodong, You Nanshan, et al. Dynamic changes of landscape connectivity for ecological land and distance thresholds in the middle reaches of the Heihe River. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2016, 27(6):1715-1726.[蒙吉军,王晓东,尤南山,等.黑河中游生态用地景观连接性动态变化及距离阈值.应用生态学报, 2016, 27(6):1715-1726.]
[51] Maile C. Patch connectivity and genetic diversity conservation in the federally endangered and narrowly endemic plant species Astragalus albens,(Fabaceae). Biological Conservation, 2008, 141(4):938-955.
[52] Diao Feifei. Research on the evolution and optimization of landscape patterns of Hangzhou[D]. Hangzhou:Zhejiang A&F University, 2012.[刁菲菲.杭州市景观格局的演变及优化研究[D].杭州:浙江农林大学, 2012.]
[53] Yu Kongjian. Ecologically strategic in landscape and surface model. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1998, 43(Suppl.1):11-20.[俞孔坚.景观生态战略点识别方法与理论地理学的表面模型.地理学报, 1998, 43(Suppl.1):11-20.]
[54] Liu Yu. Landscape connectivity in soil erosion research:Concepts, implication and quantification. Geographical Research, 2016, 35(1):195-202.[刘宇.土壤侵蚀研究中的景观连通度:概念、作用及定量.地理研究, 2016, 35(1):195-202.]
[55] Zhang Xiaofei, Wang Yanglin, Li Zhengguo. Landscape pattern optimization based upon the concept of landscape functions network:A case study in Taiwan, China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25(7):1707-1713.[张小飞,王仰麟,李正国.基于景观功能网络概念的景观格局优化:以台湾地区乌溪流域典型区为例.生态学报, 2005, 25(7):1707-1713.]
[56] Zhao Xiaoqing, Wang Haibo, Yang Shuhua, et al. GIS-based ecological optimization of spatial patterns of land resources. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2009, 29(9):4892-4901.[赵筱青,王海波,杨树华,等.基于GIS支持下的土地资源空间格局生态优化.生态学报, 2009, 29(9):4892-4901.]
[57] Zhao Yanjie, Li Yangbing, Shao Jingan. Ecological risk assessment of small watershed of the Three Gorges Reservoir area based on land use Change:A case study of Caotang River. Journal of Natural Resources, 2013, 28(6):944-956.[赵岩洁,李阳兵,邵景安.基于土地利用变化的三峡库区小流域生态风险评价:以草堂溪为例.自然资源学报, 2013,28(6):944-956.]
[58] She Yuchen, Chen Caihong, He Dan, et al. Landscape pattern optimization analysis based on MCR model and kriging in Haikou. Journal of Northwest Forestry University, 2016, 31(3):233-238.[畲宇晨,陈彩虹,贺丹,等.基于MCR模型和Kriging的海口市景观格局优化分析.西北林学院学报, 2016, 31(3):233-238.]
[59] Zhao Wenwu. The effects of grain change on landscape indices. Quaternary Sciences, 2003, 23(3):326-333.[赵文武,景观指数的粒度变化效应.第四纪研究, 2003, 23(3):326-333.]