基于InVEST模型的太行山淇河流域土壤侵蚀特征研究
|
摘要
基于土地利用数据、数字高程模型数据(DEM)、土壤类型数据、降雨数据、植被覆盖指数(NDVI),结合地理信息系统(GIS)和遥感,计算降雨侵蚀力因子(R)、土壤可蚀性因子(K)、植被覆盖因子(C)、水土保护措施因子(P),借助InVEST模型对淇河流域2015年山地生态系统的土壤侵蚀进行研究。结果表明:(1)淇河流域微度侵蚀、轻度侵蚀、中度侵蚀、强烈侵蚀、极强烈侵蚀和剧烈侵蚀面积分别为932. 80、617. 13、282. 46、159. 58、141. 64和93. 84 km~2;土壤侵蚀总量为7 225 839. 54 t,平均土壤侵蚀模数为32. 45 t/(hm~2·a);(2)在各土地利用类型中,土壤侵蚀主要发生在林地、草地和耕地。草地和林地多分布在地形起伏度较大的高海拔区,潜在的土壤侵蚀量较大,土壤侵蚀强度也较大。虽然未利用地占流域总面积很小,但侵蚀模数最大;(3)淇河流域土壤侵蚀与坡度、海拔和地形起伏度等地形因子具有密切关系,土壤侵蚀模数随着海拔的升高先增大后降低,海拔在1 200 m处达到峰值,土壤侵蚀模数随着坡度和地形起伏度的增加而不断增大。坡度和起伏度越大,坡面土壤的不稳定性愈大,在外力作用下发生下移的可能性就愈大。海拔600～1 200 m、坡度大于15°、地形起伏度70～500 m的区域土壤侵蚀状况严重,是土壤侵蚀防治的重点区。土壤侵蚀是山地生态脆弱性响应的重要指标,山地流域的土壤侵蚀研究对评估区域生态环境质量有重要意义。
The study is based on land use data,digital elevation model data( DEM),agrotype data,rainfall data,Normal Differential Vegetation Index( NDVI),combined with geographic information system( GIS) and Remote sensing technique, to calculate Rainfall Erosivity Factor( R),soil erodibility factor( K),vegetation cover factor( C),soil and water conservation measure factor( P),With the help of InVEST model, the soil erosion characteristics of the mountain ecosystem in Qihe river basin was studied in 2015. The results showed that:( 1) The area of micro erosion,mild erosion,moderate erosion,strength erosion,extreme erosion and severe erosion are 932. 80 km~2,617. 13,282. 46,159. 58,141. 64 and 93. 84 km~2,respectively. The total amount of soil erosion was 7 225 839. 54 t,the average soil erosion modulus is 32. 45 t/( hm~2·a);( 2) The soil erosion status of each land use type was analyzed,Soil erosion occurs mainly in woodland,grassland and cultivated land. Grassland and woodland are mostly distributed in high elevation areas with large undulating topography. The potential soil erosion is larger and the soil erosion intensity is larger. Although the total area of unused land is small,but the erosion modulus is the largest;( 3) Soil erosion in Qihe river basin is closely related to terrain factors such as slope,altitude and terrain undulation,The soil erosion modulus increased first and then decreased with the elevation,and the soil erosion modulus reached the peak at the altitude of 1 200 m,and the soil erosion modulus increased with the increase of the slope and the relief. With the increase of the slope and the relief,the instability of slope soil becomes larger,and the possibility of downward displacement under external force becomes larger; Soil erosion is serious in areas with altitude of 600-1 200 m,slope over 15 degrees and relief degree of 700-500 m,which is the key areas to control soil erosion. Soil erosion is an important indicator for the response of mountain ecological vulnerability. The study of soil erosion in mountainous watershed is of great significance for assessing the quality of regional eco-environment.
The study is based on land use data,digital elevation model data( DEM),agrotype data,rainfall data,Normal Differential Vegetation Index( NDVI),combined with geographic information system( GIS) and Remote sensing technique, to calculate Rainfall Erosivity Factor( R),soil erodibility factor( K),vegetation cover factor( C),soil and water conservation measure factor( P),With the help of InVEST model, the soil erosion characteristics of the mountain ecosystem in Qihe river basin was studied in 2015. The results showed that:( 1) The area of micro erosion,mild erosion,moderate erosion,strength erosion,extreme erosion and severe erosion are 932. 80 km~2,617. 13,282. 46,159. 58,141. 64 and 93. 84 km~2,respectively. The total amount of soil erosion was 7 225 839. 54 t,the average soil erosion modulus is 32. 45 t/( hm~2·a);( 2) The soil erosion status of each land use type was analyzed,Soil erosion occurs mainly in woodland,grassland and cultivated land. Grassland and woodland are mostly distributed in high elevation areas with large undulating topography. The potential soil erosion is larger and the soil erosion intensity is larger. Although the total area of unused land is small,but the erosion modulus is the largest;( 3) Soil erosion in Qihe river basin is closely related to terrain factors such as slope,altitude and terrain undulation,The soil erosion modulus increased first and then decreased with the elevation,and the soil erosion modulus reached the peak at the altitude of 1 200 m,and the soil erosion modulus increased with the increase of the slope and the relief. With the increase of the slope and the relief,the instability of slope soil becomes larger,and the possibility of downward displacement under external force becomes larger; Soil erosion is serious in areas with altitude of 600-1 200 m,slope over 15 degrees and relief degree of 700-500 m,which is the key areas to control soil erosion. Soil erosion is an important indicator for the response of mountain ecological vulnerability. The study of soil erosion in mountainous watershed is of great significance for assessing the quality of regional eco-environment.
引文
[1]方精云,沈泽昊,崔海亭.试论山地的生态特征及山地生态学的研究内容[J].生物多样性,2004,12(1):10-19.FANG J Y,SHEN Z H,CUI H T. Ecological characteristics of mountains and research issues of mountain ecology[J]. Biodiversity Science,2004,12(1):10-19.
[2]王根绪,邓伟,杨燕,等.山地生态学的研究进展、重点领域与趋势[J].山地学报,2011,29(2):129-140.WANG G X,DENG W,YANG Y,et al. The advances,priority and developing trend of alpine ecology[J]. Journal of Mountain Science,2011,29(2):129-140.
[3]邓伟,程根伟,文安邦.中国山地科学发展构想[J].中国科学院院刊,2008,23(2):156-161.DENG W, CHENG G W, WEN A B. The conception of mountain science development in China[J]. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2008,23(2):156-161.
[4]杨子生,刘彦随,卢艳霞.山区水土流失防治与土地资源持续利用关系探讨[J].资源科学,2005,27(6):146-150.YANG Z S, LIU Y S, LU Y X. Sustainable use of land resources and soil erosion control in mountainous areas[J]. Resources Science,2005,27(6):146-150.
[5]刘新华,杨勤科,汤国安.中国地形起伏度的提取及在水土流失定量评价中的应用[J].水土保持通报,2001,21(1):57-59,62.LIU X H,YANG Q K,TANG G A. Extraction and application of relief of China based on DEM and GIS method[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2001,21(1):57-59,62.
[6]程根伟,钟祥浩,郭梅菊.山地科学的重点问题与学科框架[J].山地学报,2012,30(6):747-753.CHENG G W,ZHONG X H,GUO M J. The outlines on study fields and subject framework of mountain sciences[J]. Mountain Research,2012,30(6):747-753.
[7] MITASOVA H. Cartographic aspects of computed surface modeling. bratislava:slovak technical university, 1985.(in Slovak)
[8] MITASOVA H,MITAS L. Modeling soil detachment with RUSLE3d using GIS[J]. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. http://skagit. meas. ncsu. edu/helena/gmslab/denix/usle.html.
[9] TARBOTON G D. A new method for the determination of flow directions and upslope areas in grid digital elevation models[J].Water Resources Research,1997,33(2):309-319.
[10] TROE F R. Landform parameters correlated to soil drainage[J].Soil Science Society of America Proceedings,1964,28(6):808-812.
[11] YU Z W. Surface interpolation from irregularly distributed points using surface splines with Fortran program[J]. Computers and Geosciences,2001,27(7):877-882.
[12]余叔同,郑粉莉,张鹏.基于插件技术和GIS的坡面土壤侵蚀模拟系统[J].地理科学,2010,16(3):441-445.XU S T,ZHENG F L,ZHANG P. Hillslope soil erosion simulation system based on plug-in technique and GIS[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica,2010,16(3):441-445.
[13]林晨,周生路,吴绍华. 30年来东南红壤丘陵区土壤侵蚀度时空演变研究——以长汀县为例[J].地理科学,2011,31(10):1235-1241.LIN C,ZHOU S L,WU S H. Evolution of soil erosion degree in 30 years in granite hills, southeastern of China—A case study of Changting County, Fujian[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica,2011,31(10):1235-1241.
[14]喻锋,李晓兵,陈云浩,等.皇甫川流域土地利用变化与土壤侵蚀评价[J].生态学报,2006,26(6):1947-1956.YU F,LI X B,CHEN Y H,et al. Land use change and soil erosion evaluation in Huangfuchuan Watershed[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(6):1947-1956.
[15] FISTIKOGLU O,HARMANCIOGLU N B. Integration of GIS with USLE in assessment of soil erosion[J]. Water Resources Management. 2002,16(6):447-467.
[16] OZCAN A U,ERPUL G,BRSARAN M,et al. Use of USLE/GIS technology integrated with geostatistics to assess soil erosion risk in different land uses of Indagi Mountain Pass—Cankr,Turkey[J]. Environmental Geology. 2008,53(8):1731-1741.
[17]潘美慧,伍永秋,任斐鹏,等.基于USLE的东江流域土壤侵蚀量估算[J].自然资源学报,2010,25(12):2154-2164.PAN M H,WU Y Q,REN F P,et al. Estimating soil erosion in the Dongjiang River basin based on USLE[J]. Journal of Natural Resources,2010,25(12):2154-2164.
[18]胡胜,曹明明,张天琪,等.基于InVEST模型的小流域沉积物保留生态效益评估—以陕西省营盘山库区为例.资源科学,2015,37(1):76-84.HU S,CAO M M,ZHANG T Q,et al. Ecological benefits evaluation of small watershed sediment retention based on the In VEST model[J]. Resources Science, 2015, 37(1):76-84.
[19]李婷,刘康,胡胜,等.基于InVEST模型的秦岭山地土壤流失及土壤保持生态效益评价.长江流域资源与环境[J],2014,23(9):1242-1250.LI T,LIU K,HU S,et al. Soil erosion and ecological benefits evaluation of Qinling Mountains based on the InVEST model[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2014,23(9):1242-1250.
[20]陈姗姗,刘康,李婷,等.基于InVEST模型的商洛市水土保持生态服务功能研究[J].土壤学报,2016,53(3):800-807.CHEN S S,LIU K,LI T,et al. Evaluation of ecological service function of soil conservation in Shangluo city based on InVEST model[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2016, 53(3):800-807.
[21]杨园园,戴尔阜,付华.基于InVEST模型的生态系统服务功能价值评估研究框架[J].首都师范大学学报:自然科学版,2012,33(3):41-47.YANG Y Y,DAI E F,FU H. The assessment framework of ecosystem service value based on InVEST model[J]. Journal of Capital Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2012,33(3):41-47.
[22]周彬,余新晓,陈丽华,等.基于InVEST模型的北京山区土壤侵蚀模拟[J].水土保持研究,2010,17(6):9-13.ZHOU B,YU X X,CHEN L H,et al. Soil erosion simulation in mountain areas of Beijing based on InVEST model[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,17(6):9-13.
[23]白杨,郑华,庄长伟,等.白洋淀流域生态系统服务评估及其调控[J].生态学报,2013,33(3):711-717.BAI Y,ZHENG H, ZHUANG C W, et al. Ecosystem services valuation and its regulation in Baiyangdian baisn:Based on InVEST model[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2013, 33(3):711-717.
[24]张静静,朱文博,赵芳,等.山地平原过渡带地形起伏特征及其对景观格局的影响——以太行山淇河流域为例[J].中国科学:地球科学,2018,48(4):476-486.ZHANG J J,ZHU W B,ZHAO F,et al. Spatial variations of terrain and their impacts on landscape patterns in the transition zone from mountains to plains—A case study of Qihe River Basin in the Taihang Mountains[J]. Scientia Sinica(Terrae),2018,48(4):476-486.
[25]耿明杰,牛登奎,何淑凤.关于淇河流域鹤壁段(花营-淇门)申请世界文化与自然遗产的探讨[J].安阳工学院学报,2009,06:78-82.GENG M J,NIU D K,HE S F. A section of the Qihe Watershed in Hebi(Huaying-Qihe)to apply for the world cultural and natural heritage[J]. Journal of Anyang Institute of Technology,2009,06:78-82.
[26] TALLIS H T,RICKETTS T,GUERRY A D,et al. InVEST3. 2 user’s guide[M]. The Natural Capital Project,Stanford,2015
[27]高海东,李占斌,李鹏,等.梯田建设和淤地坝淤积对土壤侵蚀影响的定量分析[J].地理学报,2012,67(5):599-608.GAO H D, LI Z B, LI P,et al. Influences of terrace construction and check dam silting-up on soil erosion[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(5):599-608.
[28]章文波,谢云,刘宝元.利用日雨量计算降雨侵蚀力的方法研究[J].地理科学,2002,22(6):705-711.ZHANG W B,XIE Y,LIU B Y. Rainfall erosivity estimation using daily rainfall amounts[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica,2002,22(6):705-711.
[29]刘斌涛,陶和平,宋春风,等. 1960-2009年中国降雨侵蚀力的时空变化趋势[J].地理研究,2013,32(2):245-256.LIU B T,TAO H P,SONG C F,et al. Temporal and spatial variations of rainfall erosivity in China during 1960 to 2009[J].Geographical Research,2013,32(2):245-256.
[30] DIODATO N,BELLOCCHI G. MedREM,a rainfall erosivity model for the Mediterranean region[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2010,387(1):119-127.
[31] DIODATO N,BELLOCCHI G. Estimating monthly(R)USLE climate input in a Mediterranean region using limited data[J].Journal of Hydrology,2007,345(3):224-236.
[32] WISCHMEIER W H. A rainfall erosion index for a universal soil loss equation[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal.1959,23(3):246-249.
[33]章文波,付金生.不同类型雨量资料估算降雨侵蚀力[J].资源科学,2003,25(1):35-41.ZHANG W B,FU J S. Rainfall erosivity estimation under different rainfall amount[J]. Resources Science,2003,25(1):35-41.
[34]焦金鱼,贵立德.基于GIS的祖厉河流域土壤侵蚀治理模式模拟研究[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(5):95-101,123.JIAO J Y,GUI L D. Control model of soil erosion in Zuli River basin using GIS method[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,30(5):95-101,123.
[35]任坤,梅琨,朱慧敏,等.基于RUSLE模型的珊溪水库流域土壤侵蚀定量估算[J].生态学杂志,2015,34(7):1950-1958.REN K,MEI K,ZHU H M,et al. Quantitative estimation of soil erosion in Shanxi Reservoir basin based on RUSLE[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2015,34(7):1950-1958.
[36] WISCHMEIER W H,SMITH D D. Predicting rainfall erosion losses from cropland east of the rocky mountains agricultural handbook[M]. Washington D. C.:No1282,U. S. Department of Agriculture,1965.
[37]张科利,彭文英,杨红丽.中国土壤可蚀性值及其估算.土壤学报[J],2007,44(1):7-13.ZHANG K L,PENG W Y,YANG H L. Soil erodibility and its estimation for agricultural soil in China[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2007,44(1):7-13.
[38] WISCHMEIER W H,SMITH D D. Predicting rainfall erosion losses:A guide to conservation planning[J]. Washington,DC:U. S[M]. Department of Agriculture,1978.
[39] WILLIAMS J R,ARNOLD J G. A system of erosion—sediment yield models[J]. Soil Technology,1997,11(1):43-55.
[40]胡胜,曹明明,刘琪,等.不同视角下InVEST模型的土壤保持功能对比[J].地理研究,2014,33(12):2393-2406.HU S,CAO M M, LIU Q, et al. Comparative study on the soil conservation function of InVEST model under different perspectives[J]. Geographical Research,2014,33(12):2393-2406.
[41]饶恩明,肖燚,欧阳志云,等.海南岛生态系统土壤保持功能空间特征及影响因素[J].生态学报,2013,33(3):746-755.RAO E M,XIAO Y,OUYANG Z Y,et al. Spatial characteristics of soil conservation service and its impact factors in Hainan Island[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(3):746-755.
[42]吕明权,王继军,江青龙,等.基于LUCC的冀北土石山区东北沟流域土壤侵蚀时空变化分析[J].中国水土保持科学,2011,9(3):18-25.LV M Q,WANG J J,JIANG Q L,et al. Temporal and spatial variability of soil erosion in Dongbeigou Watershed in northern mountainous area,Hebei Province,based on Land Use/Cover Change(LUCC)[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,9(3):18-25.
[43]冯强,赵文武. USLE/RUSLE中植被覆盖与管理因子研究进展[J].生态学报,2014,34(16):4461-4472.FENG Q,ZHAO W W. The study on cover-management factor in USLE and RUSLE:A review[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(16):4461-4472.
[44]蔡崇法,丁树文,史志华,等.应用USLE和地理信息系统IDRISI预测小流域土壤侵蚀量的研究[J].水土保持学报,2000,14(2):19-24.CAI C F,DING S W,SHI Z H,et al. Study of applying USLE and geographical information system IDRISI to predict soil erosion in small watershed[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2000,14(2):19-24.
[45]齐述华,蒋梅鑫,于秀波.基于遥感和ULSE模型评价1995-2005年江西土壤侵蚀[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(7):1197-1203.QI S H,JIANG M X,YU X B. Evaluating soil erosion in Jiangxi Province with USLE model and remote sensing technology during 1995-2005[J]. China Environmental Science,2011,31(7):1197-1203.
[46]陈燕红,潘文斌,蔡芫镔.基于RS/GIS和RUSLE的流域土壤侵蚀定量研究——以福建省吉溪流域为例[J].地质灾害与环境保护,2007,18(3):5-10.CHEN Y H,PAN W B,CAI Y B. Quantitative study of soil erosion in watershed based on RS,GIS and RUSLE——A case study of the Jixi Watershed in Fujian province[J]. Journal of Geological Hazards and Environment Preservation, 2007, 18(3):5-10.
[47]冯磊,孙保平,李锦荣,等. GIS方法和USLE模型在退耕还林区土壤侵蚀动态变化评价中的运用——以甘肃定西市安定区为例[J].湖南农业科学,2011,(11):82-85,89.FENG L, SUN B P, LI J R, et al. Application of GIS and USLE in evaluation of dynanic changes of dynamic changes of soil erosion in areas of returning farmland to forest——A case study in Anding district,Dingxi City,Gansu Province[J]. Hunan Agricultural Sciences,2011,(11):82-85,89.
[48]马超飞,马建文,布和敖斯尔. USLE模型中植被覆盖因子的遥感数据定量估算[J].水土保持通报,2001,21(4):6-9.MA C F,MA J W,BUHE A. Quantitative assessment of vegetation coverage factor in USLE model using remote sensing data[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2001,21(4):6-9.
[49]于嵘,亢庆,张增祥.基于ASTER影像的土壤流失方程植被覆盖因子估计[J].河北师范大学学报:自然科学版,2006,30(1):113-117.YU R,KANG Q,ZHANG Z X. Assessment of vegetation coverage factor in soil erosion model based on ASTER image interpretation[J]. Journal of Hebei Normal University:Natural Science Edition,2006,30(1):113-117.
[50]王万忠,焦菊英.中国的土壤侵蚀因子定量评价研究[J].水土保持通报,1996,16(5):1-20.WANG W Z,JIAO J Y. Qutantitative evaluation on faetors influeneing soil erosion in China[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,1996,16(5):1-20.
[51]张岩,袁建平,刘宝元.土壤侵蚀预报模型中的植被覆盖与管理因子研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(8):1033-1036.ZHANG Y,YUAN J P,LIU B Y. Advance in researches on vegetation cover and management factor in the soil erosion prediction model[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2002,13(8):1033-1036.
[52]中华人民共和国水利部. SL190-2007土壤侵蚀分类分级标准.北京:中国水利水电出版社,2007.
[53]中华人民共和国地貌集编辑委员会.华人民共和国地貌图集(1∶100万).北京:科学出版社,2009
[54]何维灿,赵尚民,王睿博,等.基于GIS和CSLE的山西省土壤侵蚀风险研究[J].水土保持研究,2016,23(3):58-64.HE W C,ZHAO S M,WANG R B,et al. Research on soil erosion risk based on GIS and CSLE in Shanxi Province[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,23(3):58-64.
[55]张超,陈国建,李春娟,等.基于USLE模型的重庆生态涵养发展区土壤侵蚀量估算[J].水土保持研究,2017,24(3):33-38.ZHANG C,CHEN G J,LI C J,et al. Estimate of soil erosion amount of the ecological conservation development area in Chongqing based on the USLE model[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,30(5):95-101,123.
[56]陈思旭,杨小唤,肖林林,等.基于RUSLE模型的南方丘陵山区土壤侵蚀研究[J].资源科学,2014,36(6):1288-1297.CHEN S X,YANG X H,XIAO L L,et al. Study of soil erosion in the southern hillside area of China based on RUSLE model[J]. Resources Science,2014,36(6):1288-1297.
[57]赵明松,李德成,张甘霖,等.基于RUSLE模型的安徽省土壤侵蚀及其养分流失评估[J].土壤学报,2016,53(1):28-38.ZHAO M S,LI D C,ZHANG G L,et al. Evaluation of soil erosion and soil nutrient loss in Anhui Province based on RUSLE model[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2016,53(1):28-38.
[58]朱显谟.黄土地区植被因素对于水土流失的影响[J].土壤学报,1960,8(2):110-121.ZHU X M. Influence of vegetation factors on soil and water loss in Loess Area[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 1960, 8(2):110-121.
[59]何福红,李勇,张晴雯,等.基于GPS不同测量间距的DEM地形信息提取沟蚀参数对比[J].水土保持学报,2006(5):116-120.HE F H, LI Y, ZHANG Q W, et al. Comparison of topographic-related parameters through different GPS-survey scales in gully catchmnent of upper Yangtze River Basin[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2006(5):116-120.
[60]汤国安,杨勤科,张勇,等.不同比例尺DEM提取地面坡度的精度研究——以在黄土丘陵沟壑区的试验为例[J].水土保持通报,2001(1):53-56.TANG G A,YANG Q K,ZHANG Y,et al. Research on accuracy of slope derived from DEMs of different map scales[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2001(1):53-56.
[2]王根绪,邓伟,杨燕,等.山地生态学的研究进展、重点领域与趋势[J].山地学报,2011,29(2):129-140.WANG G X,DENG W,YANG Y,et al. The advances,priority and developing trend of alpine ecology[J]. Journal of Mountain Science,2011,29(2):129-140.
[3]邓伟,程根伟,文安邦.中国山地科学发展构想[J].中国科学院院刊,2008,23(2):156-161.DENG W, CHENG G W, WEN A B. The conception of mountain science development in China[J]. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2008,23(2):156-161.
[4]杨子生,刘彦随,卢艳霞.山区水土流失防治与土地资源持续利用关系探讨[J].资源科学,2005,27(6):146-150.YANG Z S, LIU Y S, LU Y X. Sustainable use of land resources and soil erosion control in mountainous areas[J]. Resources Science,2005,27(6):146-150.
[5]刘新华,杨勤科,汤国安.中国地形起伏度的提取及在水土流失定量评价中的应用[J].水土保持通报,2001,21(1):57-59,62.LIU X H,YANG Q K,TANG G A. Extraction and application of relief of China based on DEM and GIS method[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2001,21(1):57-59,62.
[6]程根伟,钟祥浩,郭梅菊.山地科学的重点问题与学科框架[J].山地学报,2012,30(6):747-753.CHENG G W,ZHONG X H,GUO M J. The outlines on study fields and subject framework of mountain sciences[J]. Mountain Research,2012,30(6):747-753.
[7] MITASOVA H. Cartographic aspects of computed surface modeling. bratislava:slovak technical university, 1985.(in Slovak)
[8] MITASOVA H,MITAS L. Modeling soil detachment with RUSLE3d using GIS[J]. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. http://skagit. meas. ncsu. edu/helena/gmslab/denix/usle.html.
[9] TARBOTON G D. A new method for the determination of flow directions and upslope areas in grid digital elevation models[J].Water Resources Research,1997,33(2):309-319.
[10] TROE F R. Landform parameters correlated to soil drainage[J].Soil Science Society of America Proceedings,1964,28(6):808-812.
[11] YU Z W. Surface interpolation from irregularly distributed points using surface splines with Fortran program[J]. Computers and Geosciences,2001,27(7):877-882.
[12]余叔同,郑粉莉,张鹏.基于插件技术和GIS的坡面土壤侵蚀模拟系统[J].地理科学,2010,16(3):441-445.XU S T,ZHENG F L,ZHANG P. Hillslope soil erosion simulation system based on plug-in technique and GIS[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica,2010,16(3):441-445.
[13]林晨,周生路,吴绍华. 30年来东南红壤丘陵区土壤侵蚀度时空演变研究——以长汀县为例[J].地理科学,2011,31(10):1235-1241.LIN C,ZHOU S L,WU S H. Evolution of soil erosion degree in 30 years in granite hills, southeastern of China—A case study of Changting County, Fujian[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica,2011,31(10):1235-1241.
[14]喻锋,李晓兵,陈云浩,等.皇甫川流域土地利用变化与土壤侵蚀评价[J].生态学报,2006,26(6):1947-1956.YU F,LI X B,CHEN Y H,et al. Land use change and soil erosion evaluation in Huangfuchuan Watershed[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(6):1947-1956.
[15] FISTIKOGLU O,HARMANCIOGLU N B. Integration of GIS with USLE in assessment of soil erosion[J]. Water Resources Management. 2002,16(6):447-467.
[16] OZCAN A U,ERPUL G,BRSARAN M,et al. Use of USLE/GIS technology integrated with geostatistics to assess soil erosion risk in different land uses of Indagi Mountain Pass—Cankr,Turkey[J]. Environmental Geology. 2008,53(8):1731-1741.
[17]潘美慧,伍永秋,任斐鹏,等.基于USLE的东江流域土壤侵蚀量估算[J].自然资源学报,2010,25(12):2154-2164.PAN M H,WU Y Q,REN F P,et al. Estimating soil erosion in the Dongjiang River basin based on USLE[J]. Journal of Natural Resources,2010,25(12):2154-2164.
[18]胡胜,曹明明,张天琪,等.基于InVEST模型的小流域沉积物保留生态效益评估—以陕西省营盘山库区为例.资源科学,2015,37(1):76-84.HU S,CAO M M,ZHANG T Q,et al. Ecological benefits evaluation of small watershed sediment retention based on the In VEST model[J]. Resources Science, 2015, 37(1):76-84.
[19]李婷,刘康,胡胜,等.基于InVEST模型的秦岭山地土壤流失及土壤保持生态效益评价.长江流域资源与环境[J],2014,23(9):1242-1250.LI T,LIU K,HU S,et al. Soil erosion and ecological benefits evaluation of Qinling Mountains based on the InVEST model[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2014,23(9):1242-1250.
[20]陈姗姗,刘康,李婷,等.基于InVEST模型的商洛市水土保持生态服务功能研究[J].土壤学报,2016,53(3):800-807.CHEN S S,LIU K,LI T,et al. Evaluation of ecological service function of soil conservation in Shangluo city based on InVEST model[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2016, 53(3):800-807.
[21]杨园园,戴尔阜,付华.基于InVEST模型的生态系统服务功能价值评估研究框架[J].首都师范大学学报:自然科学版,2012,33(3):41-47.YANG Y Y,DAI E F,FU H. The assessment framework of ecosystem service value based on InVEST model[J]. Journal of Capital Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2012,33(3):41-47.
[22]周彬,余新晓,陈丽华,等.基于InVEST模型的北京山区土壤侵蚀模拟[J].水土保持研究,2010,17(6):9-13.ZHOU B,YU X X,CHEN L H,et al. Soil erosion simulation in mountain areas of Beijing based on InVEST model[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,17(6):9-13.
[23]白杨,郑华,庄长伟,等.白洋淀流域生态系统服务评估及其调控[J].生态学报,2013,33(3):711-717.BAI Y,ZHENG H, ZHUANG C W, et al. Ecosystem services valuation and its regulation in Baiyangdian baisn:Based on InVEST model[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2013, 33(3):711-717.
[24]张静静,朱文博,赵芳,等.山地平原过渡带地形起伏特征及其对景观格局的影响——以太行山淇河流域为例[J].中国科学:地球科学,2018,48(4):476-486.ZHANG J J,ZHU W B,ZHAO F,et al. Spatial variations of terrain and their impacts on landscape patterns in the transition zone from mountains to plains—A case study of Qihe River Basin in the Taihang Mountains[J]. Scientia Sinica(Terrae),2018,48(4):476-486.
[25]耿明杰,牛登奎,何淑凤.关于淇河流域鹤壁段(花营-淇门)申请世界文化与自然遗产的探讨[J].安阳工学院学报,2009,06:78-82.GENG M J,NIU D K,HE S F. A section of the Qihe Watershed in Hebi(Huaying-Qihe)to apply for the world cultural and natural heritage[J]. Journal of Anyang Institute of Technology,2009,06:78-82.
[26] TALLIS H T,RICKETTS T,GUERRY A D,et al. InVEST3. 2 user’s guide[M]. The Natural Capital Project,Stanford,2015
[27]高海东,李占斌,李鹏,等.梯田建设和淤地坝淤积对土壤侵蚀影响的定量分析[J].地理学报,2012,67(5):599-608.GAO H D, LI Z B, LI P,et al. Influences of terrace construction and check dam silting-up on soil erosion[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(5):599-608.
[28]章文波,谢云,刘宝元.利用日雨量计算降雨侵蚀力的方法研究[J].地理科学,2002,22(6):705-711.ZHANG W B,XIE Y,LIU B Y. Rainfall erosivity estimation using daily rainfall amounts[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica,2002,22(6):705-711.
[29]刘斌涛,陶和平,宋春风,等. 1960-2009年中国降雨侵蚀力的时空变化趋势[J].地理研究,2013,32(2):245-256.LIU B T,TAO H P,SONG C F,et al. Temporal and spatial variations of rainfall erosivity in China during 1960 to 2009[J].Geographical Research,2013,32(2):245-256.
[30] DIODATO N,BELLOCCHI G. MedREM,a rainfall erosivity model for the Mediterranean region[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2010,387(1):119-127.
[31] DIODATO N,BELLOCCHI G. Estimating monthly(R)USLE climate input in a Mediterranean region using limited data[J].Journal of Hydrology,2007,345(3):224-236.
[32] WISCHMEIER W H. A rainfall erosion index for a universal soil loss equation[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal.1959,23(3):246-249.
[33]章文波,付金生.不同类型雨量资料估算降雨侵蚀力[J].资源科学,2003,25(1):35-41.ZHANG W B,FU J S. Rainfall erosivity estimation under different rainfall amount[J]. Resources Science,2003,25(1):35-41.
[34]焦金鱼,贵立德.基于GIS的祖厉河流域土壤侵蚀治理模式模拟研究[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(5):95-101,123.JIAO J Y,GUI L D. Control model of soil erosion in Zuli River basin using GIS method[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,30(5):95-101,123.
[35]任坤,梅琨,朱慧敏,等.基于RUSLE模型的珊溪水库流域土壤侵蚀定量估算[J].生态学杂志,2015,34(7):1950-1958.REN K,MEI K,ZHU H M,et al. Quantitative estimation of soil erosion in Shanxi Reservoir basin based on RUSLE[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2015,34(7):1950-1958.
[36] WISCHMEIER W H,SMITH D D. Predicting rainfall erosion losses from cropland east of the rocky mountains agricultural handbook[M]. Washington D. C.:No1282,U. S. Department of Agriculture,1965.
[37]张科利,彭文英,杨红丽.中国土壤可蚀性值及其估算.土壤学报[J],2007,44(1):7-13.ZHANG K L,PENG W Y,YANG H L. Soil erodibility and its estimation for agricultural soil in China[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2007,44(1):7-13.
[38] WISCHMEIER W H,SMITH D D. Predicting rainfall erosion losses:A guide to conservation planning[J]. Washington,DC:U. S[M]. Department of Agriculture,1978.
[39] WILLIAMS J R,ARNOLD J G. A system of erosion—sediment yield models[J]. Soil Technology,1997,11(1):43-55.
[40]胡胜,曹明明,刘琪,等.不同视角下InVEST模型的土壤保持功能对比[J].地理研究,2014,33(12):2393-2406.HU S,CAO M M, LIU Q, et al. Comparative study on the soil conservation function of InVEST model under different perspectives[J]. Geographical Research,2014,33(12):2393-2406.
[41]饶恩明,肖燚,欧阳志云,等.海南岛生态系统土壤保持功能空间特征及影响因素[J].生态学报,2013,33(3):746-755.RAO E M,XIAO Y,OUYANG Z Y,et al. Spatial characteristics of soil conservation service and its impact factors in Hainan Island[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(3):746-755.
[42]吕明权,王继军,江青龙,等.基于LUCC的冀北土石山区东北沟流域土壤侵蚀时空变化分析[J].中国水土保持科学,2011,9(3):18-25.LV M Q,WANG J J,JIANG Q L,et al. Temporal and spatial variability of soil erosion in Dongbeigou Watershed in northern mountainous area,Hebei Province,based on Land Use/Cover Change(LUCC)[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,9(3):18-25.
[43]冯强,赵文武. USLE/RUSLE中植被覆盖与管理因子研究进展[J].生态学报,2014,34(16):4461-4472.FENG Q,ZHAO W W. The study on cover-management factor in USLE and RUSLE:A review[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(16):4461-4472.
[44]蔡崇法,丁树文,史志华,等.应用USLE和地理信息系统IDRISI预测小流域土壤侵蚀量的研究[J].水土保持学报,2000,14(2):19-24.CAI C F,DING S W,SHI Z H,et al. Study of applying USLE and geographical information system IDRISI to predict soil erosion in small watershed[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2000,14(2):19-24.
[45]齐述华,蒋梅鑫,于秀波.基于遥感和ULSE模型评价1995-2005年江西土壤侵蚀[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(7):1197-1203.QI S H,JIANG M X,YU X B. Evaluating soil erosion in Jiangxi Province with USLE model and remote sensing technology during 1995-2005[J]. China Environmental Science,2011,31(7):1197-1203.
[46]陈燕红,潘文斌,蔡芫镔.基于RS/GIS和RUSLE的流域土壤侵蚀定量研究——以福建省吉溪流域为例[J].地质灾害与环境保护,2007,18(3):5-10.CHEN Y H,PAN W B,CAI Y B. Quantitative study of soil erosion in watershed based on RS,GIS and RUSLE——A case study of the Jixi Watershed in Fujian province[J]. Journal of Geological Hazards and Environment Preservation, 2007, 18(3):5-10.
[47]冯磊,孙保平,李锦荣,等. GIS方法和USLE模型在退耕还林区土壤侵蚀动态变化评价中的运用——以甘肃定西市安定区为例[J].湖南农业科学,2011,(11):82-85,89.FENG L, SUN B P, LI J R, et al. Application of GIS and USLE in evaluation of dynanic changes of dynamic changes of soil erosion in areas of returning farmland to forest——A case study in Anding district,Dingxi City,Gansu Province[J]. Hunan Agricultural Sciences,2011,(11):82-85,89.
[48]马超飞,马建文,布和敖斯尔. USLE模型中植被覆盖因子的遥感数据定量估算[J].水土保持通报,2001,21(4):6-9.MA C F,MA J W,BUHE A. Quantitative assessment of vegetation coverage factor in USLE model using remote sensing data[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2001,21(4):6-9.
[49]于嵘,亢庆,张增祥.基于ASTER影像的土壤流失方程植被覆盖因子估计[J].河北师范大学学报:自然科学版,2006,30(1):113-117.YU R,KANG Q,ZHANG Z X. Assessment of vegetation coverage factor in soil erosion model based on ASTER image interpretation[J]. Journal of Hebei Normal University:Natural Science Edition,2006,30(1):113-117.
[50]王万忠,焦菊英.中国的土壤侵蚀因子定量评价研究[J].水土保持通报,1996,16(5):1-20.WANG W Z,JIAO J Y. Qutantitative evaluation on faetors influeneing soil erosion in China[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,1996,16(5):1-20.
[51]张岩,袁建平,刘宝元.土壤侵蚀预报模型中的植被覆盖与管理因子研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(8):1033-1036.ZHANG Y,YUAN J P,LIU B Y. Advance in researches on vegetation cover and management factor in the soil erosion prediction model[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2002,13(8):1033-1036.
[52]中华人民共和国水利部. SL190-2007土壤侵蚀分类分级标准.北京:中国水利水电出版社,2007.
[53]中华人民共和国地貌集编辑委员会.华人民共和国地貌图集(1∶100万).北京:科学出版社,2009
[54]何维灿,赵尚民,王睿博,等.基于GIS和CSLE的山西省土壤侵蚀风险研究[J].水土保持研究,2016,23(3):58-64.HE W C,ZHAO S M,WANG R B,et al. Research on soil erosion risk based on GIS and CSLE in Shanxi Province[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,23(3):58-64.
[55]张超,陈国建,李春娟,等.基于USLE模型的重庆生态涵养发展区土壤侵蚀量估算[J].水土保持研究,2017,24(3):33-38.ZHANG C,CHEN G J,LI C J,et al. Estimate of soil erosion amount of the ecological conservation development area in Chongqing based on the USLE model[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,30(5):95-101,123.
[56]陈思旭,杨小唤,肖林林,等.基于RUSLE模型的南方丘陵山区土壤侵蚀研究[J].资源科学,2014,36(6):1288-1297.CHEN S X,YANG X H,XIAO L L,et al. Study of soil erosion in the southern hillside area of China based on RUSLE model[J]. Resources Science,2014,36(6):1288-1297.
[57]赵明松,李德成,张甘霖,等.基于RUSLE模型的安徽省土壤侵蚀及其养分流失评估[J].土壤学报,2016,53(1):28-38.ZHAO M S,LI D C,ZHANG G L,et al. Evaluation of soil erosion and soil nutrient loss in Anhui Province based on RUSLE model[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2016,53(1):28-38.
[58]朱显谟.黄土地区植被因素对于水土流失的影响[J].土壤学报,1960,8(2):110-121.ZHU X M. Influence of vegetation factors on soil and water loss in Loess Area[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 1960, 8(2):110-121.
[59]何福红,李勇,张晴雯,等.基于GPS不同测量间距的DEM地形信息提取沟蚀参数对比[J].水土保持学报,2006(5):116-120.HE F H, LI Y, ZHANG Q W, et al. Comparison of topographic-related parameters through different GPS-survey scales in gully catchmnent of upper Yangtze River Basin[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2006(5):116-120.
[60]汤国安,杨勤科,张勇,等.不同比例尺DEM提取地面坡度的精度研究——以在黄土丘陵沟壑区的试验为例[J].水土保持通报,2001(1):53-56.TANG G A,YANG Q K,ZHANG Y,et al. Research on accuracy of slope derived from DEMs of different map scales[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2001(1):53-56.