教育绅士化社区:形成机制及其社会空间效应研究
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摘要
教育绅士化现象已成为深刻影响我国城市居住空间分异的重要因素,以长春市郊区出现的教育绅士化社区为例,对其形成机制及社会空间效应进行深入研究。结果表明:①在优质教育资源空间分布不均及教育体制改革背景下,私立学校与房地产开发活动在郊区的结合催生出一种新的教育绅士化现象,其实质是由教育资源引发的绅士化现象。②教育绅士化社区采用"房地产+名校"的模式进行开发,涉及地方政府、房地产开发商、学校以及绅士阶层四大主体。教育绅士化缘于地方政府的征地行为,开发商是物质景观改造的主体,学校则是吸引绅士阶层集聚的关键。③教育绅士化社区一方面引导了资本、中产阶层和优质教育资源向郊区的迁移,促进了郊区物质景观及人口、社会经济的升级,并在一定程度上有利于教育公平。另一方面又不可避免地引起了城市人口、社会经济空间的分层和极化。本研究在一定程度上丰富了教育绅士化的研究内容和研究视野,同时对教育、住房以及城市发展政策的制定具有一定启示。
Jiaoyufication has become an important factor affecting urban residential differentiation in China. In this study, a Jiaoyufication community was taken as an example to explore how the construction of a school led to gentrification in Changchun's suburbs and we also revealed its characteristics, formation mechanisms and demographic and socio-spatial consequences. Results showed that:(1) the combination of a private school and real estate speculations pawned a new variety of gentrification, which had different characteristics and formation mechanisms compared to classic school gentrification, which emerged in catchment areas of public schools. The Jiaoyufication community was a residential differentiation as well as the reconstruction of urban demographic and socio-economic space caused by educational inequality.(2) The community was built on a"real estate and elite school"model,and its participants included local government, real estate developers, schools and middle-class parents. Local governments played a pioneering role in the school gentrification process. The developer was the driving force behind promoting the physical upgrade of the community by investing heavily in constructing an upscale gated community and school. The school was the key to the successful development of the community, which attracted the incoming of the gentry. The school attracted the influx of the gentry to suburbs, promoted the suburb's physical and socio-economic upgrade, thus, reconstructing the urban demographic and socio-economic space.(3) Contrary to the mainstream view that school gentrification would bring education unfair, the emergence of school gentrifying community led the capital, the middle class family and quality educational resources to suburbs, which was conducive to educational equality to some extent. However, Jiaoyufication community inevitably produced displacement and marginalization to the urban poor, as well as serious residential segregation and social stratification.
Jiaoyufication has become an important factor affecting urban residential differentiation in China. In this study, a Jiaoyufication community was taken as an example to explore how the construction of a school led to gentrification in Changchun's suburbs and we also revealed its characteristics, formation mechanisms and demographic and socio-spatial consequences. Results showed that:(1) the combination of a private school and real estate speculations pawned a new variety of gentrification, which had different characteristics and formation mechanisms compared to classic school gentrification, which emerged in catchment areas of public schools. The Jiaoyufication community was a residential differentiation as well as the reconstruction of urban demographic and socio-economic space caused by educational inequality.(2) The community was built on a"real estate and elite school"model,and its participants included local government, real estate developers, schools and middle-class parents. Local governments played a pioneering role in the school gentrification process. The developer was the driving force behind promoting the physical upgrade of the community by investing heavily in constructing an upscale gated community and school. The school was the key to the successful development of the community, which attracted the incoming of the gentry. The school attracted the influx of the gentry to suburbs, promoted the suburb's physical and socio-economic upgrade, thus, reconstructing the urban demographic and socio-economic space.(3) Contrary to the mainstream view that school gentrification would bring education unfair, the emergence of school gentrifying community led the capital, the middle class family and quality educational resources to suburbs, which was conducive to educational equality to some extent. However, Jiaoyufication community inevitably produced displacement and marginalization to the urban poor, as well as serious residential segregation and social stratification.
引文
[1]梁军辉,林坚,吴佳雨.北京市公共服务设施配置对住房价格的影响.城市发展研究,2016,23(9):82-87.[Liang Junhui,Lin Jan,Wu Jiayu.Study on the influence of the allocation of public service facilities on housing price in Beijing City.Urban Development Studies,2016,23(9):82-87.]
[2]Wu Q,Zhang X,Waley P.Jiaoyufication:When gentrification goes to school in the Chinese inner city.Urban Studies,2016,53(16):3510-3526.
[3]周春山,罗仁泽,代丹丹.2000-2010年广州市居住空间结构演变及机制分析.地理研究,2015,34(6):1109-1124.[Zhou Chunshan,Luo Renze,Dai Dandan.Evolution and mechanism of the residential spatial structure from 2000 to2010 in Guangzhou.Geographical Research,2015,34(6):1109-1124.]
[4]孙倩,汤放华.基于空间扩展模型和地理加权回归模型的城市住房价格空间分异比较.地理研究,2015,34(7):1343-1351.[Sun Qian,Tang Fanghua.The comparison of city housing price spatial variances based on spatial expansion and geographical weighted regression models.Geographical Research,2015,34(7):1343-1351.]
[5]张薇,杨永春,史坤博,等.居住空间视角下多民族聚居城市民族融合格局演变及影响因素分析:以呼和浩特为例.地理研究,2018,37(2):333-352.[Zhang Wei,Yang Yongchun,Shi Kunbo,et al.The evolution of ethnic integration patterns and their influencing factors in multi-ethnic cities from the perspective of residential space:A case study from Hohhot.Geographical Research,2018,37(2):333-352.]
[6]何深静,刘玉亭.市场转轨时期中国城市绅士化现象的机制与效应研究.地理科学,2010,30(4):496-502.[He Shenjing,Liu Yuting.Mechanism and consequences of China’s gentrification under market transition.Sciential Geographica Sinica,2010,30(4):496-502.]
[7]Criekingen M V,Decroly J M.Revisiting the diversity of gentrification:Neighbourhood renewal processes in Brussels and Montreal.Urban Studies,2003,40(12):2451-2468.
[8]Hamilton T,Curran W.From“five angry women”to“kick-ass community”:Gentrification and environmental activism in Brooklyn and Beyond.Urban Studies,2013,50(50):1557-1574.
[9]何深静,钱俊希,徐雨璇,等.快速城市化背景下乡村绅士化的时空演变特征.地理学报,2012,67(8):1044-1056.[He Shenjing,Qian Junxi,Xu Yuxuan,et al.Spatial-temporal evolution of rural gentrification amidst rapid urbanization:Acase study of Xiaozhou Village,Guangzhou.Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(8):1044-1056.]
[10]薛德升.西方绅士化研究对我国城市社会空间研究的启示.规划师,1999,15(3):109-112.[Xue Desheng.Gentrification research in western countries and its guidance to the urban social space studies in China.Planners,1999,15(3):109-112.]
[11]Butler T,Robson G.Plotting the middle classes:Gentrification and circuits of education in London.Housing Studies,2003,18(1):5-28.
[12]Smith D P,Higley R.Circuits of education,rural gentrification,and family migration from the global city.Journal of Rural Studies,2012,28(1):49-55.
[13]Katherine B.Hankins.The final frontier:Charter schools as new community institutions of gentrification.Urban Geography,2007,28(2):113-128.
[14]Posey-Maddox L,Kimelberg M D,Cucchiara M.Middle-class parents and urban public schools:Current research and future directions.Sociology Compass,2014,8(4):446-456.
[15]Posey-Maddox L.When middle-class parents choose urban schools:Class,race,and the challenge of equity in public education.Urban Education,2014,25(3):18-28.
[16]Butler T,Hamnett C,Ramsden M J.Gentrification,education and exclusionary displacement in East London.International Journal of Urban&Regional Research,2013,37(2):556-575.
[17]陈培阳.中国城市学区绅士化及其社会空间效应.城市发展研究,2015,22(8):55-60.[Chen Peiyang.Jiaoyufication and its socio-spatial consequences in urban China.Urban Development Studies,2015,22(8):55-60.]
[18]Butler T,Hamnett C,Ramsden M J.Gentrification,education and exclusionary displacement in East London.International Journal of Urban&Regional Research,2013,37(2):556-575.
[19]Kimelberg M D,Billingham C M.Attitudes toward diversity and the school choice process:Middle-class parents in a segregated urban public school district.Urban Education,2013,48(2):198-231.
[20]Billingham C M,Kimelberg M D.Middle-class parents,urban schooling,and the shift from consumption to production of urban space.Sociological Forum,2013,28(1):85-108.
[21]Billingham C.Parental choice,neighbourhood schools,and the market metaphor in urban education reform.Urban Studies,2014,52(4):685-701.
[22]Berg M V D.City children and genderfied neighbourhoods:The new generation as urban regeneration strategy.International Journal of Urban&Regional Research,2013,37(2):523-536.
[23]Keels M,Burdick-Will J,Keene S.The effects of gentrification on neighborhood public schools.City&Community,2013,12(3):238-259.
[24]Freidus A.“A great school benefits us all”:Advantaged parents and the gentrification of an urban public school.Urban Education,2016,5(10):27-45.
[25]Desena J N.“What’s a mother to do?”gentrification,school selection,and the consequences for community cohesion.American Behavioral Scientist,2006,50(2):241-257.
[26]Smith D P,Holt L.‘Lesbian migrants in the gentrified valley’and‘other’geographies of rural gentrification.Journal of Rural Studies,2005,21(3):313-322.
[27]Davidson M,Lees L.New-build‘gentrification’and London’s riverside renaissance.Environment&Planning A,2005,37(7):1165-1190.
[28]Curran W.‘From the frying pan to the oven’:Gentrification and the experience of industrial displacement in Williamsburg,Brooklyn.Urban Studies,2007,44(8):1427-1440.
[29]Matthias Bernt,Andrej Holm.Is it,or is not?The conceptualisation of gentrification and displacement and its political implications in the case of Berlin-Prenzlauer Berg.City,2009,13(2):312-324.
[30]He S.New-build gentrification in central Shanghai:Demographic changes and socioeconomic implications.Population Space&Place,2010,16(5):345-361.
[31]Liu C,O'Sullivan D.An abstract model of gentrification as a spatially contagious succession process.Computers Environment&Urban Systems,2016,59(3):1-10.
[32]Neil Smith.Toward a theory of gentrification a back to the city movement by capital,not people.Journal of the American Planning Association,1979,45(4):538-548.
[33]宋伟轩,刘春卉,汪毅,等.基于“租差”理论的城市居住空间中产阶层化研究:以南京内城为例.地理学报,2017,72(12):2115-2130.[Song Weixuan,Liu Chunhui,Wang Yi,et al.Rent gap and gentrification in the inner city of Nanjing.Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,72(12):2115-2130.]
[34]洪世键,张衔春.租差、绅士化与再开发:资本与权利驱动下的城市空间再生产.城市发展研究,2016,23(3):101-110.[Hong Shijian,Zhang Xianchun.Rent gap,gentrification and urban redevelopment:The reproduction of urban space driven by capital and right.Urban Development Studies,2016,23(3):101-110.]
(1)“学位房”与“学区房”是两个截然不同的概念,“学区房”针对公立学校,而私立学校不划分学区,其生源不受学区和户籍的限制。
(2)资料来自于二道区洋浦大街派出所和营口社区居委会。
(3)数据来自首地社区销售中心。
(4)房价数据来自首地社区销售中心和房天下网站。
[2]Wu Q,Zhang X,Waley P.Jiaoyufication:When gentrification goes to school in the Chinese inner city.Urban Studies,2016,53(16):3510-3526.
[3]周春山,罗仁泽,代丹丹.2000-2010年广州市居住空间结构演变及机制分析.地理研究,2015,34(6):1109-1124.[Zhou Chunshan,Luo Renze,Dai Dandan.Evolution and mechanism of the residential spatial structure from 2000 to2010 in Guangzhou.Geographical Research,2015,34(6):1109-1124.]
[4]孙倩,汤放华.基于空间扩展模型和地理加权回归模型的城市住房价格空间分异比较.地理研究,2015,34(7):1343-1351.[Sun Qian,Tang Fanghua.The comparison of city housing price spatial variances based on spatial expansion and geographical weighted regression models.Geographical Research,2015,34(7):1343-1351.]
[5]张薇,杨永春,史坤博,等.居住空间视角下多民族聚居城市民族融合格局演变及影响因素分析:以呼和浩特为例.地理研究,2018,37(2):333-352.[Zhang Wei,Yang Yongchun,Shi Kunbo,et al.The evolution of ethnic integration patterns and their influencing factors in multi-ethnic cities from the perspective of residential space:A case study from Hohhot.Geographical Research,2018,37(2):333-352.]
[6]何深静,刘玉亭.市场转轨时期中国城市绅士化现象的机制与效应研究.地理科学,2010,30(4):496-502.[He Shenjing,Liu Yuting.Mechanism and consequences of China’s gentrification under market transition.Sciential Geographica Sinica,2010,30(4):496-502.]
[7]Criekingen M V,Decroly J M.Revisiting the diversity of gentrification:Neighbourhood renewal processes in Brussels and Montreal.Urban Studies,2003,40(12):2451-2468.
[8]Hamilton T,Curran W.From“five angry women”to“kick-ass community”:Gentrification and environmental activism in Brooklyn and Beyond.Urban Studies,2013,50(50):1557-1574.
[9]何深静,钱俊希,徐雨璇,等.快速城市化背景下乡村绅士化的时空演变特征.地理学报,2012,67(8):1044-1056.[He Shenjing,Qian Junxi,Xu Yuxuan,et al.Spatial-temporal evolution of rural gentrification amidst rapid urbanization:Acase study of Xiaozhou Village,Guangzhou.Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(8):1044-1056.]
[10]薛德升.西方绅士化研究对我国城市社会空间研究的启示.规划师,1999,15(3):109-112.[Xue Desheng.Gentrification research in western countries and its guidance to the urban social space studies in China.Planners,1999,15(3):109-112.]
[11]Butler T,Robson G.Plotting the middle classes:Gentrification and circuits of education in London.Housing Studies,2003,18(1):5-28.
[12]Smith D P,Higley R.Circuits of education,rural gentrification,and family migration from the global city.Journal of Rural Studies,2012,28(1):49-55.
[13]Katherine B.Hankins.The final frontier:Charter schools as new community institutions of gentrification.Urban Geography,2007,28(2):113-128.
[14]Posey-Maddox L,Kimelberg M D,Cucchiara M.Middle-class parents and urban public schools:Current research and future directions.Sociology Compass,2014,8(4):446-456.
[15]Posey-Maddox L.When middle-class parents choose urban schools:Class,race,and the challenge of equity in public education.Urban Education,2014,25(3):18-28.
[16]Butler T,Hamnett C,Ramsden M J.Gentrification,education and exclusionary displacement in East London.International Journal of Urban&Regional Research,2013,37(2):556-575.
[17]陈培阳.中国城市学区绅士化及其社会空间效应.城市发展研究,2015,22(8):55-60.[Chen Peiyang.Jiaoyufication and its socio-spatial consequences in urban China.Urban Development Studies,2015,22(8):55-60.]
[18]Butler T,Hamnett C,Ramsden M J.Gentrification,education and exclusionary displacement in East London.International Journal of Urban&Regional Research,2013,37(2):556-575.
[19]Kimelberg M D,Billingham C M.Attitudes toward diversity and the school choice process:Middle-class parents in a segregated urban public school district.Urban Education,2013,48(2):198-231.
[20]Billingham C M,Kimelberg M D.Middle-class parents,urban schooling,and the shift from consumption to production of urban space.Sociological Forum,2013,28(1):85-108.
[21]Billingham C.Parental choice,neighbourhood schools,and the market metaphor in urban education reform.Urban Studies,2014,52(4):685-701.
[22]Berg M V D.City children and genderfied neighbourhoods:The new generation as urban regeneration strategy.International Journal of Urban&Regional Research,2013,37(2):523-536.
[23]Keels M,Burdick-Will J,Keene S.The effects of gentrification on neighborhood public schools.City&Community,2013,12(3):238-259.
[24]Freidus A.“A great school benefits us all”:Advantaged parents and the gentrification of an urban public school.Urban Education,2016,5(10):27-45.
[25]Desena J N.“What’s a mother to do?”gentrification,school selection,and the consequences for community cohesion.American Behavioral Scientist,2006,50(2):241-257.
[26]Smith D P,Holt L.‘Lesbian migrants in the gentrified valley’and‘other’geographies of rural gentrification.Journal of Rural Studies,2005,21(3):313-322.
[27]Davidson M,Lees L.New-build‘gentrification’and London’s riverside renaissance.Environment&Planning A,2005,37(7):1165-1190.
[28]Curran W.‘From the frying pan to the oven’:Gentrification and the experience of industrial displacement in Williamsburg,Brooklyn.Urban Studies,2007,44(8):1427-1440.
[29]Matthias Bernt,Andrej Holm.Is it,or is not?The conceptualisation of gentrification and displacement and its political implications in the case of Berlin-Prenzlauer Berg.City,2009,13(2):312-324.
[30]He S.New-build gentrification in central Shanghai:Demographic changes and socioeconomic implications.Population Space&Place,2010,16(5):345-361.
[31]Liu C,O'Sullivan D.An abstract model of gentrification as a spatially contagious succession process.Computers Environment&Urban Systems,2016,59(3):1-10.
[32]Neil Smith.Toward a theory of gentrification a back to the city movement by capital,not people.Journal of the American Planning Association,1979,45(4):538-548.
[33]宋伟轩,刘春卉,汪毅,等.基于“租差”理论的城市居住空间中产阶层化研究:以南京内城为例.地理学报,2017,72(12):2115-2130.[Song Weixuan,Liu Chunhui,Wang Yi,et al.Rent gap and gentrification in the inner city of Nanjing.Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,72(12):2115-2130.]
[34]洪世键,张衔春.租差、绅士化与再开发:资本与权利驱动下的城市空间再生产.城市发展研究,2016,23(3):101-110.[Hong Shijian,Zhang Xianchun.Rent gap,gentrification and urban redevelopment:The reproduction of urban space driven by capital and right.Urban Development Studies,2016,23(3):101-110.]
(1)“学位房”与“学区房”是两个截然不同的概念,“学区房”针对公立学校,而私立学校不划分学区,其生源不受学区和户籍的限制。
(2)资料来自于二道区洋浦大街派出所和营口社区居委会。
(3)数据来自首地社区销售中心。
(4)房价数据来自首地社区销售中心和房天下网站。