外来移民在美国国家利益中的地位变迁
|
摘要
目前,虽然中美学界关于美国国家利益的研究,在概念和理论构建方面并无明显分歧,但几乎所有成果研究的焦点都集中在美国对外关系方面,对于外来移民与美国国家利益的历史关系没有给予足够的重视。客观而言,两者走向呈"U"型模式。在1789-1880年,移民是备受欢迎的财富,而在1880-1924年逐渐被看做是"威胁"而加以限制。在1924-1943年,因经济危机和二战爆发,移民在美国国家利益中的地位跌入谷底。到1943-1965年,美国缓慢地开放了国门,欢迎符合美国国家利益的移民入境。在1965-2013年,移民在美国国家利益中的地位再次上升到新的历史高度。
Although there have been little differences in conceptual studies of U.S.national interests in Sino-U.S.academic communities,most of the publications focus on U.S.foreign relations and little attention has been paid to the changes of significance of immigration in U.S.national interests.Objectively,there exists an "U"model.In the years of 1789-1880 immigrants were received as wealth but were regarded as a threat to American society during 1880-1924.During 1924-1943 because of the Great Depression and the Second World War,immigration was of least importance in U.S.national interests.However,in more than two decades after 1943 the U.S.gradually opened its door to those who meet U.S.national interests.And since 1965 the significance of immigration in U.S.national interests rose up to an unprecedented height.
Although there have been little differences in conceptual studies of U.S.national interests in Sino-U.S.academic communities,most of the publications focus on U.S.foreign relations and little attention has been paid to the changes of significance of immigration in U.S.national interests.Objectively,there exists an "U"model.In the years of 1789-1880 immigrants were received as wealth but were regarded as a threat to American society during 1880-1924.During 1924-1943 because of the Great Depression and the Second World War,immigration was of least importance in U.S.national interests.However,in more than two decades after 1943 the U.S.gradually opened its door to those who meet U.S.national interests.And since 1965 the significance of immigration in U.S.national interests rose up to an unprecedented height.
引文
①Vernon M.,Briggs,Jr.Mass Immigration and the National Interest,Armonk,New York:M.E.Sharpe,1996;Samuel P.Huntington,“The Erosion of American National Interests,”Foreign Affairs,Vol.76,No.5(Sep.-Oct.,1997),pp.29-34.http://www.jstor.org/stable/20048198(2012-10-17);Gabriela A.Gallegos,“Border Matters:Redefining the National Interest in U.S.-Mexico Immigration and Trade Policy,”California Law Review,Vol.92,No.6(Dec.,2004),pp.1729-1778.
②Daniel J.Tichenor and Richard A.Harris,“Organized Interests and American Political Development,”Political Science Quarterly,Vol.117,No.4(Winter,2002-2003),p.587.http://www.jstor.org/stable/798136(2012-10-21-);John M.Kline,“The International Economic Interests of U.S.States,”Publius,Vol.14,No.4,(Autumn,1984),p.81.http://www.jstor.org/stable/3330191(2012-10-21);Marie Hojnacki and David C.Kimbal,l“Organized Interests and the Decision of Whom to Lobby in Congress,”The American Political Science Review,Vol.92,No.4(Dec.,1998).
①王希:《美国历史上的“国家利益”问题》,《美国研究》,2003年第2期,第9、14-15、18页。
②阎学通:《中国国家利益分析》,天津人民出版社1997年版,第10-11页。
③Hans J.Morgenthau,“Another‘Great Debate’:The National Interests of the United States”,The American Political Science Review,Vol.46,No.4(Dec.1952)pp.972,973-974.http://www.jstor.org/stable/1952108(2010-10-18).
④王逸舟:《国家利益的再思考》,《中国社会科学》,2002年第2期,第160-161页。
⑤Joseph S.Nye Jr.,“Redefining the National Interest,”Foreign Affairs,Vol.78,No.4(Jul.-Aug.,1999),pp.23,25-30,34 .http://www.jstor.org/stable/20049361(2012-10-17).
⑥Donald E.Nuechterlein,National Interests and Presidential Leadership:The Setting of Priorities,Boulder:Westernview,1978.
⑦The Commission on America's National Interests,America's National Interests,2000;http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/amernatinter.pdf(2013-01-22);Council on Foreign Relations,U.S.Immigration Policy:Independent Task Force No.63,New York:Council On Foreign Relations,2009.
⑧Oscar Handlin,The Uprooted:The Epic Story of the Great Migrations That Made the American People,Boston:Little Brown and Company,1951(1973,2ndprinting),p.3.
①Council on Foreign Relations,U.S.Immigration Policy,p.12.
②Gabriela A.Gallegos,“Border Matters:Redefining the National Interest in U.S.-Mexico Immigration and Trade Policy,”pp.1729-1778.
③Robert J Steinfeld,The Invention of Free Labor:The Employment Relation in English and American Law and Culture,1350-1870,Chapel Hill:The University of North Carolina Press,1991,p.87.
④Maxine S.Seller,“Historical Perspectives on American Immigration Policy:Case Studies and Current Implications,”Law and Contemporary Problems,Vol.45,No.2,1982,p.141.http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3656&context/pdf(2013-01-20).
⑤Bernard Bailyn,The Peopling of British North America:An Introduction,New York:Alfred A.Knopf,Inc.1986,pp.100-101.
⑥Aaron Fogleman,“Migrations to the Thirteen British North American Colonies,1700-1775:New Estimates,”Journal of Interdisciplinary History,Vol.22,No.4(Spring,1992),p.698.http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-1953(2013-05-25).
①\[英\]亚当·斯密著,郭大力、王亚南译:《国民财富的性质和原因的研究》上卷,商务印书馆2007年版,第64-65页。
②王希:《美国历史上的“国家利益”问题》,第17页。
③Michael LeMay,Guarding the National Gates:Immigration and National Security,Westport,CT:Prager Security International,2006,p.60.
④梁茂信:《都市化时代——美国人口流动性与城市社会问题》,东北师范大学出版社2002年版,第123-124、128页。
⑤Stenphen H.Legomsky,Immigration and Refugee Law and Policy,New York:Foundation Press,2002,p.11.
⑥Maxine S.Seller,“Historical Perspectives on American Immigration Policy:Case Studies and Current Implications,”p.149.
①Paul Spickard,Almost All Aliens:Immigration,Race,and Colonialism in American History and Identity,New York:Routledge,2007,pp.278-279.
②Maxine S.Seller,“Historical Perspectives on American Immigration Policy,”p.139.
③Paul Spickard,Almost All Aliens,pp.278-279,291-339.
④United States Department of Homeland Security,Yearbook of Immigration Statistics,2011,Washington,D.C.:U.S.Department of Homeland Security,2012.pp.5-11.http://www.dhs.gov/yearbook-immigration-statistics(2013-01-21).
⑤The Commission on America's National Interests,America's National Interests,2000,pp.2,6,8,37.
①U.S.Commission on Immigration Reform,Legal Immigration:Setting Priorities,1995 Legal Immigration Report to Congress,Washingtong D.C.:U.S.Government Printing Office,1995,p.31.
②U.S.Congress,Congressional Budget Office,Immigration Policy in the United States,February,2006,p.vii.
③U.S.Commission on Immigration Reform,Legal Immigration,p.32
④梁茂信:《战后美国的外来人才与移民:概念、类型与趋势》,《社会科学战线》,2012年第5期,第86-90页。
⑤Council on Foreign Relations,U.S.Immigration Policy,p.4.
⑥Charles Hirschman,“Immigration and the American Century,”Demography,Vol.42,No.4(Nov.,2005),pp.596,600.http://www.jstor.org/stable/4147331(2012-11-19).
⑦\[美\]塞缪尔·亨廷顿著,程克雄译:《我们是谁?美国国家特性面临的挑战》,新华出版社2005年版,第3、11、151页。
⑧Gabriela A.Gallegos,“Border Matters:Redefining the National Interest in U.S.-Mexico Immigration and Trade Policy,”pp.1776-1778.
①Myron Weiner,“Ethics,National Sovereignty and the Control of Immigration,”International Migration Review,Vol.30,No.1(Spring,1996),p.173.http://www.jstor.org/stable/2547466(2011-05-18).
②Douglas S.Massey,“Understanding America's Immigration‘Crisis’,”Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society,Vol.151,No.3(Sep.,2007),p.309.http://www.jstor.org/stable/4599074(2012-12-20).
③Tamar Jacoby,“Immigration Nation”,Foreign Affairs,Vol.85,No.6(Nov.-Dec.,2006),p.50.http://www.jstor.org/stable/20032143(2012-12-20).
④Council on Foreign Relations,U.S.Immigration Policy,p.3.
②Daniel J.Tichenor and Richard A.Harris,“Organized Interests and American Political Development,”Political Science Quarterly,Vol.117,No.4(Winter,2002-2003),p.587.http://www.jstor.org/stable/798136(2012-10-21-);John M.Kline,“The International Economic Interests of U.S.States,”Publius,Vol.14,No.4,(Autumn,1984),p.81.http://www.jstor.org/stable/3330191(2012-10-21);Marie Hojnacki and David C.Kimbal,l“Organized Interests and the Decision of Whom to Lobby in Congress,”The American Political Science Review,Vol.92,No.4(Dec.,1998).
①王希:《美国历史上的“国家利益”问题》,《美国研究》,2003年第2期,第9、14-15、18页。
②阎学通:《中国国家利益分析》,天津人民出版社1997年版,第10-11页。
③Hans J.Morgenthau,“Another‘Great Debate’:The National Interests of the United States”,The American Political Science Review,Vol.46,No.4(Dec.1952)pp.972,973-974.http://www.jstor.org/stable/1952108(2010-10-18).
④王逸舟:《国家利益的再思考》,《中国社会科学》,2002年第2期,第160-161页。
⑤Joseph S.Nye Jr.,“Redefining the National Interest,”Foreign Affairs,Vol.78,No.4(Jul.-Aug.,1999),pp.23,25-30,34 .http://www.jstor.org/stable/20049361(2012-10-17).
⑥Donald E.Nuechterlein,National Interests and Presidential Leadership:The Setting of Priorities,Boulder:Westernview,1978.
⑦The Commission on America's National Interests,America's National Interests,2000;http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/amernatinter.pdf(2013-01-22);Council on Foreign Relations,U.S.Immigration Policy:Independent Task Force No.63,New York:Council On Foreign Relations,2009.
⑧Oscar Handlin,The Uprooted:The Epic Story of the Great Migrations That Made the American People,Boston:Little Brown and Company,1951(1973,2ndprinting),p.3.
①Council on Foreign Relations,U.S.Immigration Policy,p.12.
②Gabriela A.Gallegos,“Border Matters:Redefining the National Interest in U.S.-Mexico Immigration and Trade Policy,”pp.1729-1778.
③Robert J Steinfeld,The Invention of Free Labor:The Employment Relation in English and American Law and Culture,1350-1870,Chapel Hill:The University of North Carolina Press,1991,p.87.
④Maxine S.Seller,“Historical Perspectives on American Immigration Policy:Case Studies and Current Implications,”Law and Contemporary Problems,Vol.45,No.2,1982,p.141.http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3656&context/pdf(2013-01-20).
⑤Bernard Bailyn,The Peopling of British North America:An Introduction,New York:Alfred A.Knopf,Inc.1986,pp.100-101.
⑥Aaron Fogleman,“Migrations to the Thirteen British North American Colonies,1700-1775:New Estimates,”Journal of Interdisciplinary History,Vol.22,No.4(Spring,1992),p.698.http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-1953(2013-05-25).
①\[英\]亚当·斯密著,郭大力、王亚南译:《国民财富的性质和原因的研究》上卷,商务印书馆2007年版,第64-65页。
②王希:《美国历史上的“国家利益”问题》,第17页。
③Michael LeMay,Guarding the National Gates:Immigration and National Security,Westport,CT:Prager Security International,2006,p.60.
④梁茂信:《都市化时代——美国人口流动性与城市社会问题》,东北师范大学出版社2002年版,第123-124、128页。
⑤Stenphen H.Legomsky,Immigration and Refugee Law and Policy,New York:Foundation Press,2002,p.11.
⑥Maxine S.Seller,“Historical Perspectives on American Immigration Policy:Case Studies and Current Implications,”p.149.
①Paul Spickard,Almost All Aliens:Immigration,Race,and Colonialism in American History and Identity,New York:Routledge,2007,pp.278-279.
②Maxine S.Seller,“Historical Perspectives on American Immigration Policy,”p.139.
③Paul Spickard,Almost All Aliens,pp.278-279,291-339.
④United States Department of Homeland Security,Yearbook of Immigration Statistics,2011,Washington,D.C.:U.S.Department of Homeland Security,2012.pp.5-11.http://www.dhs.gov/yearbook-immigration-statistics(2013-01-21).
⑤The Commission on America's National Interests,America's National Interests,2000,pp.2,6,8,37.
①U.S.Commission on Immigration Reform,Legal Immigration:Setting Priorities,1995 Legal Immigration Report to Congress,Washingtong D.C.:U.S.Government Printing Office,1995,p.31.
②U.S.Congress,Congressional Budget Office,Immigration Policy in the United States,February,2006,p.vii.
③U.S.Commission on Immigration Reform,Legal Immigration,p.32
④梁茂信:《战后美国的外来人才与移民:概念、类型与趋势》,《社会科学战线》,2012年第5期,第86-90页。
⑤Council on Foreign Relations,U.S.Immigration Policy,p.4.
⑥Charles Hirschman,“Immigration and the American Century,”Demography,Vol.42,No.4(Nov.,2005),pp.596,600.http://www.jstor.org/stable/4147331(2012-11-19).
⑦\[美\]塞缪尔·亨廷顿著,程克雄译:《我们是谁?美国国家特性面临的挑战》,新华出版社2005年版,第3、11、151页。
⑧Gabriela A.Gallegos,“Border Matters:Redefining the National Interest in U.S.-Mexico Immigration and Trade Policy,”pp.1776-1778.
①Myron Weiner,“Ethics,National Sovereignty and the Control of Immigration,”International Migration Review,Vol.30,No.1(Spring,1996),p.173.http://www.jstor.org/stable/2547466(2011-05-18).
②Douglas S.Massey,“Understanding America's Immigration‘Crisis’,”Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society,Vol.151,No.3(Sep.,2007),p.309.http://www.jstor.org/stable/4599074(2012-12-20).
③Tamar Jacoby,“Immigration Nation”,Foreign Affairs,Vol.85,No.6(Nov.-Dec.,2006),p.50.http://www.jstor.org/stable/20032143(2012-12-20).
④Council on Foreign Relations,U.S.Immigration Policy,p.3.