假史塔夫(虫筳)与小泽(虫筳)中铝元素的富集现象:对贵州与内蒙古(虫筳)类化石的电子探针面分析实验
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摘要
对产自内蒙古阿木乌苏剖面和贵州省路马寨剖面的(虫筳)类化石进行电子探针面分析实验,发现铝元素在部分样品上存在富集现象且表现出一定的规律性。高铝点通常沿着(虫筳)类化石的壳圈分布,而且仅出现在Pseudostaffella和Ozawainella属上。但这两属化石上的铝元素富集现象并非完全一致:在Pseudostaffella上,铝元素仅在最外圈上出现富集。在Ozawainella上,各个壳圈上均有富集现象。考虑到(虫筳)类壳形与其活动方式的相关性,并结合海洋环境中铝元素的分布特征,此类铝元素富集现象很可能是由Pseudostaffella与Ozawainella本身偏漂浮的活动方式引起的。
Based on elements mapping experiments by EPMA( Electron Probe Microanalysis) of fossil fusulinids from Amuwusu section in Inner Mongolia and Lumazhai section in Guizhou,enrichment of Al can be observed on some EPMA images and appears to be regular. The bright spot( high Al level) occurs along the spirotheca of fossils and appear only in Pseudostaffella and Ozawainella. However,the Al enrichment phenomena of these fossils are not completely consistent: in genus Pseudostaffella,Al is only enriched on the last volution,while in Ozawainella,enrichment occurs on each volution. Considering the relationship between shell shape and movement mode of fusulinids,and combining with the distribution characteristics of Al in the marine environment,it is suggested that the Al enrichment may be caused by the floating behavior of Pseudostaffella and Ozawainella.
Based on elements mapping experiments by EPMA( Electron Probe Microanalysis) of fossil fusulinids from Amuwusu section in Inner Mongolia and Lumazhai section in Guizhou,enrichment of Al can be observed on some EPMA images and appears to be regular. The bright spot( high Al level) occurs along the spirotheca of fossils and appear only in Pseudostaffella and Ozawainella. However,the Al enrichment phenomena of these fossils are not completely consistent: in genus Pseudostaffella,Al is only enriched on the last volution,while in Ozawainella,enrichment occurs on each volution. Considering the relationship between shell shape and movement mode of fusulinids,and combining with the distribution characteristics of Al in the marine environment,it is suggested that the Al enrichment may be caused by the floating behavior of Pseudostaffella and Ozawainella.
引文
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[19]Vachard D.New SEM observations of keriothecal walls:implications for the evolution of fusulinida[J].The Journal of Foraminiferal Research,2004,34(3):232-242.
[20]Leppig U,Forke H C,Montenari M,et al.A threeand two-dimensional documentation of structural elements in schwagerinids(superfamily Fusulinoidea)exemplified by silicified material from the Upper Carboniferous of the Carnic Alps(Austria/Italy):a comparison with verbeekinoideans and alveolinids[J].Facies,2005,51(1/4):541-553.
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[22]杨臻元,刘欢,张德军,等.内蒙古白云鄂博上石炭-下二叠统阿木山组碎屑锆石年代学特征及其地质意义[J].世界地质,2015,34(2):259-272.YANG Zhen-yuan,LIU Huan,ZHANG De-jun,et al.Detrital zircon U-Pb dating of Upper CarboniferousLower Permian Amushan Formation in Bayan Obo area,Inner Mongolia and its geological implications[J].Global Geology,2015,34(2):259-272.
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[24]Wollast R.Biogeochemical behavior and mass balance of dissolved aluminum in the western Mediterranean Sea[J].Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography,1997,44(3/4):741-768.
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[26]史宇坤,杨湘宁,刘家润.贵州南部宗地地区早石炭世-早二叠世的类[M].北京:科学出版社,2012:1-267.SHI Yu-kun,YANG Xiang-ning,LIU Jia-run.Fossil fusulinids of Early Carboniferous-Early Permian in Zongdi area,South Guizhou[M].Beijing:Science Press,2012:1-267.
[27]王琼,谭烨辉,周林滨,等.南海中南部溶解态铝初探:促进甲藻生长?[J].热带海洋学报,2014,33(2):78-86.WANG Qiong,TAN Ye-hui,ZHOU Lin-bin,et al.Research on dissolved aluminum in the central and southern South China Sea:can aluminum stimulate Pyrrophyta's growth?[J]Journal of Tropical Oceanography,2014,33(2):78-86.
[28]Niyogi S,Wood C M.Biotic ligand model,a flexible tool for developing site-specific water quality guidelines for metals[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2004,38(23):6177-6192.
[29]颜世永,史宇坤.假希瓦格类生物生活方式探讨[J].微体古生物学报,2012,29(1):13-17.YAN Shi-yong,SHI Yu-kun.A discussion on the life style of Pseudoschwagerina(fusulinid)[J].Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica,2012,29(1):13-17.
[2]Sadekov A,Eggins S M,Deckker P D,et al.Uncertainties in seawater thermometry deriving from intratest and intertest Mg/Ca variability in Globigerinoids ruber[J].Paleoceanography,2008,23:1215-1227.
[3]Bertram M A,Cowen J P.Biomineralization in agglutinating foraminifera:an analytical SEM investigation of external wall composition in three small test forms[J].Aquatic Geochemistry,1998,4(3/4):455-468.
[4]Mancin N,Basso E,Lupi C,et al.The agglutinated foraminifera from the SW Pacific bathyal sediments of the last 550 kyr:relationship with the deposition of tephra layers[J].Marine Micropaleontology,2015,115:39-58.
[5]Eggins S,Deckker P D,Marshall J.Mg/Ca variation in planktonic foraminifera tests:implications for reconstructing palaeo-seawater temperature and habitat migration[J].Earth Planet,2003,212(3/4):291-306.
[6]Eggins S,Sadekov A,Deckker P D.Modulation and daily banding of Mg/Ca in Orbulina universa tests by symbiont photosynthesis and respiration:a complication for seawater thermometry?[J].Earth Planet,2004,225(3/4):411-419.
[7]Hathorne E C,Alard O,James R H,et al.Determination of intratest variability of trace elements in foraminifera by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry[J].Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystem,2003,4(12):1-14.
[8]Reichart G J,Jorissen F,Anschutz P,et al.Single foraminiferal test chemistry records the marine environment[J].Geology,2003,31(4):355-358.
[9]Sadekov A Y,Eggins S M,Deckker P D.Characterization of Mg/Ca distributions in planktonic foraminifera species by electron microprobe mapping[J].Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystem,2005,6(12):P06.
[10]Toyofuku T,Kitazato H.Micromapping of Mg/Ca values in cultured specimens of the high-magnesium benthic foraminifera[J].Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystem,2005,6(11):P05.
[11]杨湘宁,郑洪.类Fusulinella旋壁超微构造的研究[J].中国科学(B辑),1992,22(10):1101-1104.YANG Xiang-ning,ZHENG Hong.Test wall ultrastructure of Fusulinella[J].Scientia Sinica(Ser.B),1992,22(10):1101-1104.
[12]杨湘宁,郑洪.Quasifusulina的旋壁构造及其在类分类、演化中的意义[J].微体古生物学报,1993,10(2):159-166.YANG Xiang-ning,ZHENG Hong.Test wall structure of Quasifusulina and its significance in classification and evolution of fusulinid foraminifera[J].Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica,1993,10(2):159-166.
[13]周建平,张遴信,茅永强.原小纺锤(Profusulinella)旋壁超微构造的研究[J].微体古生物学报,2000,17(1):64-67.ZHOU Jian-ping,ZHANG Lin-xin,MAO Yong-qiang.Ultrastructure in the spirotheca of Profusulinella[J].Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica,2000,17(1):64-67.
[14]周建平,张遴信,罗辉.新米斯(Neomisellina)旋壁超微构造的研究[J].古生物学报,2000,39(3):425-428.ZHOU Jian-ping,ZHANG Lin-xin,LUO Hui.Ultrastructure in the spirotheca of Neomisellina(fusulinid)[J].Acta Palaeontologica Sinica,2000,39(3):425-428.
[15]周建平,张遴信.二叠纪古纺锤(Palaeofusulina)旋壁超微构造及其分类位置[J].古生物学报,2001,40(1):239-243.ZHOU Jian-ping,ZHANG Lin-xin.Ultrastructure in the spirotheca of Palaeofusulina of Permian and its systematic position[J].Acta Palaeontologica Sinica,2000,40(1):239-243.
[16]周建平,张遴信.晚二叠世类Gallowayinella的旋壁超微构造及其时代[J].古生物学报,2001,40(2):523-528.ZHOU Jian-ping,ZHANG Lin-xin.Ultrastructure in the spirotheca of Late Permian Gallowayinella and its age[J].Acta Palaeontologica Sinica,2001,40(2):523-528.
[17]Minoura N.An electron microscopic study of the upper Pennsylvanian limestones of Kansas[J].Geology and Mineral,1974,16:193-330.
[18]Hageman S A,Kaesler R L.Wall structure and growth of fusulinacean foraminifera[J].Journal of Paleontology,1998,72(2):181-190.
[19]Vachard D.New SEM observations of keriothecal walls:implications for the evolution of fusulinida[J].The Journal of Foraminiferal Research,2004,34(3):232-242.
[20]Leppig U,Forke H C,Montenari M,et al.A threeand two-dimensional documentation of structural elements in schwagerinids(superfamily Fusulinoidea)exemplified by silicified material from the Upper Carboniferous of the Carnic Alps(Austria/Italy):a comparison with verbeekinoideans and alveolinids[J].Facies,2005,51(1/4):541-553.
[21]张遴信,周建平.中国晚石炭世达拉阶标准剖面的[J].古生物学报,2004,43(4):515-529.ZHANG Lin-xin,ZHOU Jian-ping.Late Carboniferous fusulinids from the type section of Dalaan Stage in China[J].Acta Palaeontologica Sinica,2004,43(4):515-529.
[22]杨臻元,刘欢,张德军,等.内蒙古白云鄂博上石炭-下二叠统阿木山组碎屑锆石年代学特征及其地质意义[J].世界地质,2015,34(2):259-272.YANG Zhen-yuan,LIU Huan,ZHANG De-jun,et al.Detrital zircon U-Pb dating of Upper CarboniferousLower Permian Amushan Formation in Bayan Obo area,Inner Mongolia and its geological implications[J].Global Geology,2015,34(2):259-272.
[23]闫丽.长江口邻近海域溶解态铝的分布及藻类对其清除机制初探:硕士学位论文[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2011.YAN Li.Distribution of dissolved aluminum in the Changjiang estuary and its adjacent area and the impact of algal blooms on the biogeochemical cycle of aluminum:master's degree thesis[D].Qingdao:Ocean University of China,2011.
[24]Wollast R.Biogeochemical behavior and mass balance of dissolved aluminum in the western Mediterranean Sea[J].Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography,1997,44(3/4):741-768.
[25]De Jong J,BoyéM,Geladocaballero M D,et al.Inputs of iron,manganese and aluminium to surface waters of the Northeast Atlantic Ocean and the European continental shelf[J].Marine Chemistry,2011,107(2):120-142.
[26]史宇坤,杨湘宁,刘家润.贵州南部宗地地区早石炭世-早二叠世的类[M].北京:科学出版社,2012:1-267.SHI Yu-kun,YANG Xiang-ning,LIU Jia-run.Fossil fusulinids of Early Carboniferous-Early Permian in Zongdi area,South Guizhou[M].Beijing:Science Press,2012:1-267.
[27]王琼,谭烨辉,周林滨,等.南海中南部溶解态铝初探:促进甲藻生长?[J].热带海洋学报,2014,33(2):78-86.WANG Qiong,TAN Ye-hui,ZHOU Lin-bin,et al.Research on dissolved aluminum in the central and southern South China Sea:can aluminum stimulate Pyrrophyta's growth?[J]Journal of Tropical Oceanography,2014,33(2):78-86.
[28]Niyogi S,Wood C M.Biotic ligand model,a flexible tool for developing site-specific water quality guidelines for metals[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2004,38(23):6177-6192.
[29]颜世永,史宇坤.假希瓦格类生物生活方式探讨[J].微体古生物学报,2012,29(1):13-17.YAN Shi-yong,SHI Yu-kun.A discussion on the life style of Pseudoschwagerina(fusulinid)[J].Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica,2012,29(1):13-17.