摘要
2017年12月完成修订的《巴塞尔Ⅲ》虽然在性质上属于不具有约束力的国际金融"软法",但是在实践中获得了国家和银行业的广泛遵行。从法律层面看,《巴塞尔Ⅲ》获得广泛遵行的原因可归结为其制定过程的民主合法性、实施框架的灵活渐进性和监督机制的外在约束性。国际金融监管规则在制定、实施和监督层面的上述三大特征对于新兴金融监管领域规则的发展具有重要借鉴意义。作为《巴塞尔Ⅲ》的积极遵行者,中国未来应该实质参与该协议的后续修订过程,审慎实施协议标准并有效运用该协议的监督机制,促使《巴塞尔Ⅲ》对中国银行业的健康发展发挥更加积极的作用。
Although Basel Ⅲ reform has been finalized in December 2017, which belongs to non-binding international financial "soft law" in nature, it is widely complied with by nations and banking industries in practice.From the legal aspect, the reasons for the compliance of Basel Ⅲ could be attributed to democratic legitimacy of the rule-making process, flexibility and progressivity of the implementation framework, and external constrains of the supervisory mechanism. As a positive follower of Basel Ⅲ, China should substantially take part in the follow-up revising processes, prudently implement the standards and effectively draw on the supervisory mechanism. It can contribute to the sound development of China's banking industry.
引文
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(2)10年中陆续出台的《巴塞尔Ⅲ》各项文件包括:2010年公布、2011年修订的《巴塞尔Ⅲ:为实现更具弹性银行和银行系统的一个全球监管框架》;2013年修订的《巴塞尔Ⅲ:流动性覆盖率和流动性风险监管工具》;2014年修订的《巴塞尔Ⅲ:净稳定资金比率》;2014年出台的《巴塞尔Ⅲ:杠杆率框架和披露要求》;等等。
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(4)这73个国家和地区银行监管机构的区域分布为:非洲16个,美洲16个,亚洲11个,欧洲24个,中东6个。See Roland Raskopf et al.,Supervisory Priorities in Non-Basel Committee Jurisdictions,https://www.bis.org/fsi/fsipapers.htm,visited on 26 March 2018.
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(3)包括澳大利亚、加拿大(魁北克和安大略省)、法国、德国、中国香港、意大利、日本、荷兰、新加坡、西班牙、瑞典、英国和美国(商品期货交易委员会和证券监管委员会),Consultation Report,An Overview of the Work of the IOSCO Technical Committee,http://www.iasplus.com/en/binary/iosco/0703ioscoworkplan.pdf,visited on 20 January 2018。
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(1)2018年3月13日,中国银监会和保监会合并为“中国银行保险监督管理委员会”,简称“银保会”。银保会的“三定”方案(定职能、定机构、定编制)尚未出台,其称谓甚至职能的变化未来可能会体现在BCBS成员构成和国内银行业监管活动中。参见《金融监管迎“一行两会”新格局“银保合”弥补监管空白》,新华网,http://www.xinhuanet.com/finance/2018-03/14/c_129829237.htm,2018年3月26日访问。
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(4)Andrew Walter,Emerging Countries and Basel III-Why Is Engagement Still Low?,The Centre for International Governance Innovation,2015,p.4.
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(1)See Andrew Walter,Emerging Countries and Basel III-Why Is Engagement Still Low?,The Centre for International Governance Innovation,2015,p.10.
(2)2007年至2016年的10年间,中国外资银行的市场份额缩水一半。参见《外资银行在华十年,经历了怎样的变局?》,http://mini.eastday.com/a/171216082152586.html,2018年3月5日访问。
(3)例如关于逆周期资本缓冲的报告,中国只提交了1份不足10页的个人意见。而英国提供了12份来自5种不同类型主体的报告,平均篇幅长达30页。See Andrew Walter,Emerging Countries and BaselⅢ-Why Is Engagement Still Low?,The Centre for International Governance Innovation,2015,p.11.
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(3)有学者甚至认为,《巴塞尔Ⅲ》当前已经构成国际习惯法。参见韩龙、包承恩:《巴塞尔III性质之探》,《国际金融研究》2014年第2期,第55-57页。
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(3)参见黎四奇:《对我国资本充足率监管中次级债发行的辩证思考》,《湖南公安高等专科学校学报》2009年第3期,第76页。
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