网络中心性对企业绩效的影响研究——创新关联、政治关联和技术不确定性的调节效应
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摘要
社会网络对于网络成员通过组织间关系来获取关键资源具有重要价值,而企业在网络结构中的位置则是影响其资源获取能力的关键因素。同时,企业的资源获取能力还会受到企业与网络外部组织之间的关系联结以及市场环境等情境因素的影响。本文基于社会网络理论,以网络中心性作为自变量,以创新关联、政治关联和技术不确定性作为调节变量,对网络中心性对企业绩效的影响机制进行了理论探索与实证研究。结果显示,网络中心性对企业绩效具有显著的正向影响,创新关联和政治关联均对网络中心性与企业绩效之间的这种关系产生显著的正向调节作用,而技术不确定性的调节作用并未得到支持。
Nowadays,social network is important for firms to acquire the resources that are critical to them;and the firm's position in the network is significant in determining its resources acquisition.Simultaneously,the degree of resources acquisition will also be affected by contextual factors such as the relationship between the firm and the external organizations of the network and the market environment.Based on social network theory,taking network centrality as the independent variable,this paper studies the impact of it on firm performance,in which innovative and political ties and technological uncertainty are viewed as the moderators.The results suggest that network centrality has a positive and significant effect on firm performance,and innovative ties and political ties have significantly positive moderating effects on the relationship between network centrality and firm performance.Whereas,the moderating effect of technological uncertainty is insignificant.
Nowadays,social network is important for firms to acquire the resources that are critical to them;and the firm's position in the network is significant in determining its resources acquisition.Simultaneously,the degree of resources acquisition will also be affected by contextual factors such as the relationship between the firm and the external organizations of the network and the market environment.Based on social network theory,taking network centrality as the independent variable,this paper studies the impact of it on firm performance,in which innovative and political ties and technological uncertainty are viewed as the moderators.The results suggest that network centrality has a positive and significant effect on firm performance,and innovative ties and political ties have significantly positive moderating effects on the relationship between network centrality and firm performance.Whereas,the moderating effect of technological uncertainty is insignificant.
引文
[1]BENSON J K.The interorganizational network as a political economy[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,1975,20(2):229-249.
[2]FREEMAN L C.Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification[J].Social Networks,1978-1979,1(3):215-239.
[3]TSAI W.Knowledge transfer in intraorganizational networks:effects of network position and absorptive capacity on business unit innovation and performance[J].The Academy of Management Journal,2001,44(5):996-1004.
[4]AHUJA M K,GALLETTA D F,CARLEY K M.Individual centrality and performance in virtual R&D groups:an empirical study[J].Management Science,2003,49(1):21-38.
[5]HOSSAIN L,WU A.Communications network centrality correlates to organisational coordination[J].International Journal of Project Management,2009,27(8):795-811.
[6]张红娟,谭劲松.联盟网络与企业创新绩效:跨层次分析[J].管理世界,2014(3):163-169.
[7]李善民,黄灿,史欣向.信息优势对企业并购的影响——基于社会网络的视角[J].中国工业经济,2015(11):141-155.
[8]万良勇,胡璟.网络位置、独立董事治理与公司并购——来自中国上市公司的经验证据[J].南开管理评论,2014(2):64-73.
[9]钱锡红,徐万里,杨永福.企业网络位置、间接联系与创新绩效[J].中国工业经济,2010(2):78-88.
[10]IBARRA H.Network centrality,power,and innovation involvement:determinants of technical and administrative roles[J].The Academy of Management Journal,1993,36(3):471-501.
[11]LEE J,KIM S.Exploring the role of social networks in affective organizational commitment:network centrality,strength of ties,and structural holes[J].The American Review of Public Administration,2011,41(2):205-223.
[12]任兵,区玉辉,彭维刚.连锁董事与公司绩效:针对中国的研究[J].南开管理评论,2007(1):8-15.
[13]BRUNETTA F,BOCCARDELLI P,LIPPARINI A.Central positions and performance in the scientific community:evidences from clinical research projects[J].Journal of Business Research,2015,68(5):1074-1081.
[14]BERCOVITZ J E L,FELDMAN M P.Fishing upstream:firm innovation strategy and university research alliances[J].Research Policy,2007,36(7):930-948.
[15]HUSSLER C,RONDE P.The impact of cognitive communities on the diffusion of academic knowledge:evidence from the networks of inventors of a French university[J].Research Policy,2007,36(2):288-302.
[16]ZHOU K Z,LI J J,SHENG S,et al.The evolving role of managerial ties and firm capabilities in an emerging economy:evidence from China[J].Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,2014,42(6):581-595.
[17]LOVETT S,SIMMONS L C,KALI R.Guanxi versus the market:ethics and efficiency[J].Journal of International Business Studies,1999,30(2):231-247.
[18]SHENG S,ZHOU K Z,LI J J.The effects of business and political ties on firm performance:evidence from China[J].Journal of Marketing,2011,75(1):1-15.
[19]BURT R S.Toward a structural theory of action:network models of social structure,perception and action[M].Massachusetts:Academic Press,1982.
[20]HOHBERGER J,ALMEIDA P,PARADA P.The direction of firm innovation:the contrasting roles of strategic alliances and individual scientific collaborations[J].Research Policy,2015,44(8):1473-1487.
[21]LI J J,POPPO L,ZHOU K Z.Do managerial ties in China always produce value?Competition,uncertainty,and domestic vs.foreign firms[J].Strategic Management Journal,2008,29(4):383-400.
[22]PENG M W,LUO Y.Managerial ties and firm performance in a transition economy:the nature of a micro-macro link[J].Academy of Management Journal,2000,43(3):486-501.
[23]ROWLEY T J.Moving beyond dyadic ties:a network theory of stakeholder influences[J].Academy of Management Review,1997,22(4):887-910.
[24]GRANOVETTER M S.The strength of weak ties[J].American Journal of Sociology,1973,78(6):1360-1380.
[25]EMERSON R M.Social exchange theory[J].Annual Review of Sociology,1976,2:335-362.
[26]MONGE P R,EISENBERG E M.Emergent communication networks[M]//JABIN F M,PUTNAM L L,ROBERIS K H,et al.Handbook of organizational communication:an interdisciplinary perspective.Thousand Oaks,US:Sage Publications,1987:304-342.
[27]PSATHAS G.Phenomenology and sociology:theory and research[M].Boston:University Press of America,1989.
[28]MURDOCH J.Ecologising sociology:actor-network theory,co-construction and the problem of human exemptionalism[J].Sociology,2001,35(1):111-133.
[29]BUTLER M,ROSE E.Introduction to organisational behavior[M].London:CIPD-Kogan Page,2011.
[30]LUO Y.Guanxi and business[M].2nd ed.Singapore:World Scientific Publishing,2007.
[31]CRANE D.Invisible colleges:diffusion of knowledge in scientific communities[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1972.
[32]LIEBESKIND J P,OLIVER A L,ZUCKER L,et al.Social networks,learning,and flexibility:sourcing scientific knowledge in new biotechnology firms[J].Organization Science,1996,7(4):428-443.
[33]ZUCKER L G,DARBY M R,ARMSTRONG J S.Commercializing knowledge:university science,knowledge capture,and firm performance in biotechnology[J].Management Science,2002,48(1):138-153.
[34]STUART T E,OZDEMIR S Z,DING W W.Vertical alliance networks:the case of university-biotechnology-pharmaceutical alliance chains[J].Research Policy,2007,36(4):477-498.
[35]KHWAJA A I,MIAN A.Do lenders favor politically connected firms?Rent provision in an emerging financial market[J].The Quarterly Journal of Economics,2005,120(4):1371-1411.
[36]CHEN X,WU J.Do different guanxi types affect capability building differently?A contingency view[J].Industrial Marketing Management,2011,40(4):581-592.
[37]HILLMAN A J,ZARDKOOHI A,BIERMAN L.Corporate political strategies and firm performance:indications of firm-specific benefits from personal service in the U.S.government[J].Strategic Management Journal,1999,20(1):67-81.
[38]DE LUCA L M,ATUAHENE-GIMA K.Market knowledge dimensions and cross-functional collaboration:examining the different routes to product innovation performance[J].Journal of Marketing,2007,71(1):95-112.
[39]ZHOU K Z,YIM C K,TSE D K.The effects of strategic orientations on technology-and market-based breakthrough innovations[J].Journal of Marketing,2005,69(2):42-60.
[40]HANVANICH S,SIVAKUMAR K,HULT G T M.The relationship of learning and memory with organizational performance:the moderating role of turbulence[J].Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,2006,34(4):600-612.
[41]GU F F,HUNG K,TSE D K.When does guanxi matter?Issues of capitalization and its dark sides[J].Journal of Marketing,2008,72(4):12-28.
[42]SLATER S F,NARVER J C.Does competitive environment moderate the market orientation-performance relationship?[J].Journal of Marketing,1994,58(1):46-55.
[43]LI T,CALANTONE R J.The impact of market knowledge competence on new product advantage:conceptualization and empirical examination[J].Journal of Marketing,1998,62(4):13-29.
[44]JAWORSKI B J,KOHLI A K.Market orientation:antecedents and consequences[J].Journal of Marketing,1993,57(3):53-70.
[45]IBARRA H,ANDREWS S B.Power,social influence,and sense making:effects of network centrality and proximity on employee perceptions[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,1993,38(2):277-303.
[46]王永贵,刘菲.创新能力:发包方对接包方的影响机制研究——战略外包情境中合作冲突与长期合作导向的调节效应[J].经济管理,2018(1):140-155.
[47]PODOLNY J M,PAGE K L.Network forms of organization[J].Annual Review of Sociology,1998,24:57-76.
[48]WANG L,SHENG S,WU S,et al.Government role,governance mechanisms,and foreign partner opportunism in IJVs[J].Journal of Business Research,2017,76:98-107.
[49]PODOLNY J M.Networks as the pipes and prisms of the market[J].American Journal of Sociology,2001,107(1):33-60.
[50]ANTIA K D,FRAZIER G L.The severity of contract enforcement in interfirm channel relationships[J].Journal of Marketing,2001,65(4):67-81.
[51]STEFAN L,BENGTSSON L.Unravelling appropriability mechanisms and openness depth effects on firm performance across stages in the innovation process[J].Technological Forecasting and Social Change,2017,120:252-260.
[52]BAGOZZI R P,YI Y.On the evaluation of structural equation models[J].Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,1988,16(1):74-94.
[53]PETERSON R A.A meta-analysis of Cronbach's coefficient alpha[J].Journal of Consumer Research,1994,21(2):381-391.
[54]FORNELL C,LARCKER D F.Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error[J].Journal of Marketing Research,1981,18(1):39-50.
[55]LINDELL M K,WHITNEY D J.Accounting for common method variance in cross-sectional research designs[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2001,86(1):114-121.
[56]HENARD D H,SZYMANSKI D M.Why some new products are more successful than others[J].Journal of Marketing Research,2001,38(3):362-375.
[57]GAO G Y,XIE E,ZHOU K Z.How does technological diversity in supplier network drive buyer innovation?Relational process and contingencies[J].Journal of Operations Management,2015,36:165-177.
[58]GRAYSON K.Friendship versus business in marketing relationships[J].Journal of Marketing,2007,71(4):121-139.
[59]AIKEN L S,WEST S G.Multiple regression:testing and interpreting interactions[M].Thousand Oaks:Sage Publication,1991.
[2]FREEMAN L C.Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification[J].Social Networks,1978-1979,1(3):215-239.
[3]TSAI W.Knowledge transfer in intraorganizational networks:effects of network position and absorptive capacity on business unit innovation and performance[J].The Academy of Management Journal,2001,44(5):996-1004.
[4]AHUJA M K,GALLETTA D F,CARLEY K M.Individual centrality and performance in virtual R&D groups:an empirical study[J].Management Science,2003,49(1):21-38.
[5]HOSSAIN L,WU A.Communications network centrality correlates to organisational coordination[J].International Journal of Project Management,2009,27(8):795-811.
[6]张红娟,谭劲松.联盟网络与企业创新绩效:跨层次分析[J].管理世界,2014(3):163-169.
[7]李善民,黄灿,史欣向.信息优势对企业并购的影响——基于社会网络的视角[J].中国工业经济,2015(11):141-155.
[8]万良勇,胡璟.网络位置、独立董事治理与公司并购——来自中国上市公司的经验证据[J].南开管理评论,2014(2):64-73.
[9]钱锡红,徐万里,杨永福.企业网络位置、间接联系与创新绩效[J].中国工业经济,2010(2):78-88.
[10]IBARRA H.Network centrality,power,and innovation involvement:determinants of technical and administrative roles[J].The Academy of Management Journal,1993,36(3):471-501.
[11]LEE J,KIM S.Exploring the role of social networks in affective organizational commitment:network centrality,strength of ties,and structural holes[J].The American Review of Public Administration,2011,41(2):205-223.
[12]任兵,区玉辉,彭维刚.连锁董事与公司绩效:针对中国的研究[J].南开管理评论,2007(1):8-15.
[13]BRUNETTA F,BOCCARDELLI P,LIPPARINI A.Central positions and performance in the scientific community:evidences from clinical research projects[J].Journal of Business Research,2015,68(5):1074-1081.
[14]BERCOVITZ J E L,FELDMAN M P.Fishing upstream:firm innovation strategy and university research alliances[J].Research Policy,2007,36(7):930-948.
[15]HUSSLER C,RONDE P.The impact of cognitive communities on the diffusion of academic knowledge:evidence from the networks of inventors of a French university[J].Research Policy,2007,36(2):288-302.
[16]ZHOU K Z,LI J J,SHENG S,et al.The evolving role of managerial ties and firm capabilities in an emerging economy:evidence from China[J].Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,2014,42(6):581-595.
[17]LOVETT S,SIMMONS L C,KALI R.Guanxi versus the market:ethics and efficiency[J].Journal of International Business Studies,1999,30(2):231-247.
[18]SHENG S,ZHOU K Z,LI J J.The effects of business and political ties on firm performance:evidence from China[J].Journal of Marketing,2011,75(1):1-15.
[19]BURT R S.Toward a structural theory of action:network models of social structure,perception and action[M].Massachusetts:Academic Press,1982.
[20]HOHBERGER J,ALMEIDA P,PARADA P.The direction of firm innovation:the contrasting roles of strategic alliances and individual scientific collaborations[J].Research Policy,2015,44(8):1473-1487.
[21]LI J J,POPPO L,ZHOU K Z.Do managerial ties in China always produce value?Competition,uncertainty,and domestic vs.foreign firms[J].Strategic Management Journal,2008,29(4):383-400.
[22]PENG M W,LUO Y.Managerial ties and firm performance in a transition economy:the nature of a micro-macro link[J].Academy of Management Journal,2000,43(3):486-501.
[23]ROWLEY T J.Moving beyond dyadic ties:a network theory of stakeholder influences[J].Academy of Management Review,1997,22(4):887-910.
[24]GRANOVETTER M S.The strength of weak ties[J].American Journal of Sociology,1973,78(6):1360-1380.
[25]EMERSON R M.Social exchange theory[J].Annual Review of Sociology,1976,2:335-362.
[26]MONGE P R,EISENBERG E M.Emergent communication networks[M]//JABIN F M,PUTNAM L L,ROBERIS K H,et al.Handbook of organizational communication:an interdisciplinary perspective.Thousand Oaks,US:Sage Publications,1987:304-342.
[27]PSATHAS G.Phenomenology and sociology:theory and research[M].Boston:University Press of America,1989.
[28]MURDOCH J.Ecologising sociology:actor-network theory,co-construction and the problem of human exemptionalism[J].Sociology,2001,35(1):111-133.
[29]BUTLER M,ROSE E.Introduction to organisational behavior[M].London:CIPD-Kogan Page,2011.
[30]LUO Y.Guanxi and business[M].2nd ed.Singapore:World Scientific Publishing,2007.
[31]CRANE D.Invisible colleges:diffusion of knowledge in scientific communities[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1972.
[32]LIEBESKIND J P,OLIVER A L,ZUCKER L,et al.Social networks,learning,and flexibility:sourcing scientific knowledge in new biotechnology firms[J].Organization Science,1996,7(4):428-443.
[33]ZUCKER L G,DARBY M R,ARMSTRONG J S.Commercializing knowledge:university science,knowledge capture,and firm performance in biotechnology[J].Management Science,2002,48(1):138-153.
[34]STUART T E,OZDEMIR S Z,DING W W.Vertical alliance networks:the case of university-biotechnology-pharmaceutical alliance chains[J].Research Policy,2007,36(4):477-498.
[35]KHWAJA A I,MIAN A.Do lenders favor politically connected firms?Rent provision in an emerging financial market[J].The Quarterly Journal of Economics,2005,120(4):1371-1411.
[36]CHEN X,WU J.Do different guanxi types affect capability building differently?A contingency view[J].Industrial Marketing Management,2011,40(4):581-592.
[37]HILLMAN A J,ZARDKOOHI A,BIERMAN L.Corporate political strategies and firm performance:indications of firm-specific benefits from personal service in the U.S.government[J].Strategic Management Journal,1999,20(1):67-81.
[38]DE LUCA L M,ATUAHENE-GIMA K.Market knowledge dimensions and cross-functional collaboration:examining the different routes to product innovation performance[J].Journal of Marketing,2007,71(1):95-112.
[39]ZHOU K Z,YIM C K,TSE D K.The effects of strategic orientations on technology-and market-based breakthrough innovations[J].Journal of Marketing,2005,69(2):42-60.
[40]HANVANICH S,SIVAKUMAR K,HULT G T M.The relationship of learning and memory with organizational performance:the moderating role of turbulence[J].Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,2006,34(4):600-612.
[41]GU F F,HUNG K,TSE D K.When does guanxi matter?Issues of capitalization and its dark sides[J].Journal of Marketing,2008,72(4):12-28.
[42]SLATER S F,NARVER J C.Does competitive environment moderate the market orientation-performance relationship?[J].Journal of Marketing,1994,58(1):46-55.
[43]LI T,CALANTONE R J.The impact of market knowledge competence on new product advantage:conceptualization and empirical examination[J].Journal of Marketing,1998,62(4):13-29.
[44]JAWORSKI B J,KOHLI A K.Market orientation:antecedents and consequences[J].Journal of Marketing,1993,57(3):53-70.
[45]IBARRA H,ANDREWS S B.Power,social influence,and sense making:effects of network centrality and proximity on employee perceptions[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,1993,38(2):277-303.
[46]王永贵,刘菲.创新能力:发包方对接包方的影响机制研究——战略外包情境中合作冲突与长期合作导向的调节效应[J].经济管理,2018(1):140-155.
[47]PODOLNY J M,PAGE K L.Network forms of organization[J].Annual Review of Sociology,1998,24:57-76.
[48]WANG L,SHENG S,WU S,et al.Government role,governance mechanisms,and foreign partner opportunism in IJVs[J].Journal of Business Research,2017,76:98-107.
[49]PODOLNY J M.Networks as the pipes and prisms of the market[J].American Journal of Sociology,2001,107(1):33-60.
[50]ANTIA K D,FRAZIER G L.The severity of contract enforcement in interfirm channel relationships[J].Journal of Marketing,2001,65(4):67-81.
[51]STEFAN L,BENGTSSON L.Unravelling appropriability mechanisms and openness depth effects on firm performance across stages in the innovation process[J].Technological Forecasting and Social Change,2017,120:252-260.
[52]BAGOZZI R P,YI Y.On the evaluation of structural equation models[J].Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,1988,16(1):74-94.
[53]PETERSON R A.A meta-analysis of Cronbach's coefficient alpha[J].Journal of Consumer Research,1994,21(2):381-391.
[54]FORNELL C,LARCKER D F.Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error[J].Journal of Marketing Research,1981,18(1):39-50.
[55]LINDELL M K,WHITNEY D J.Accounting for common method variance in cross-sectional research designs[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2001,86(1):114-121.
[56]HENARD D H,SZYMANSKI D M.Why some new products are more successful than others[J].Journal of Marketing Research,2001,38(3):362-375.
[57]GAO G Y,XIE E,ZHOU K Z.How does technological diversity in supplier network drive buyer innovation?Relational process and contingencies[J].Journal of Operations Management,2015,36:165-177.
[58]GRAYSON K.Friendship versus business in marketing relationships[J].Journal of Marketing,2007,71(4):121-139.
[59]AIKEN L S,WEST S G.Multiple regression:testing and interpreting interactions[M].Thousand Oaks:Sage Publication,1991.