改革开放以来中国县改市地名中的专名更名问题及其建议
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摘要
改革开放以来,我国75例县改市更改专名的历史经验是,应尽量维持地名稳定,能不改的尽量不要改,必须更改专名时,要严格执行相关法律法规的规定,新市名的命名要参考更名经验中得出的禁止性、建议性原则,原有政区专名存在问题的,应借区划调整之机加以改正。禁止性原则包括,全国范围内县市及以上政区不能同名、同音;不能以跨政区的地物、驻地以外的乡镇、捏造的历史政区和不稳定时期或破坏领土主权完整、民族团结的地名命名新市名。建议性原则包括,不以驻地为名;不要改掉重要的历史地名;不应出现单名市;不要叠加政区通名;以历史政区命名,应尽量与当时所代表的地域范围相吻合。新时期有序推动县改市应谨慎更名、科学命名。
With the adoption of county-to-city upgrading policy, 75 cases of places have been renamed since 1978. Under current regulations on administrative divisions, namely‘The Provisions on Administrative Division Management by the State Council'and‘Regulations of Place-name Management', 49 cases have a requisite for the name change, whereas 26 cases do not. The circumstances of renaming a place with rationality in the county-to-city upgrading require special consideration: one is a county with a single-character place-name, the other is one sharing the same name with another one or causing homophone problems. There are five types of substitution: 38 cases are renamed after their historical administrative districts; 29 cases are named after their cities that house county government; 12 cases are in honour of wellknown towns, ports, mountains, scenic spots or institutions within respective jurisdiction; and other instances including additional characters to pre-existing single-character name and substitute an inappropriate or embarrassing name with an elegant one. Principles that emerge out of previous experience come as follows: the stability of place-name should be maintained;renaming under requisite circumstances; to ensure full compliance with relevant laws and regulations when renaming; follow the principles which are prohibited and recommended;change the problematic place-names when administrative divisions will be adjusted, for example, by resolving the problem of simplifying Chinese characters in place-name, restoring and promoting place-names' culture. Prohibition principles include that counties and cities should not share the same name or cause homophone problems; the names of crossing-district geographic entities, of towns without county seat, of no historical fact in administrative divisions, of historical periods without political stability, of aiming at undermining the territorial integrity of sovereignty and national unity are unacceptable and prohibited.Recommended principles of renaming a new city include: no implication of the seat of local government; no change of important historical place-names; no use of single-character name;no use of generic name as specific name; the application of historical place-name should be identical to the administrative area it represents. In the process of county-to-city upgrading,cautions should be taken on the basis of historical experience and scientific principles.
With the adoption of county-to-city upgrading policy, 75 cases of places have been renamed since 1978. Under current regulations on administrative divisions, namely‘The Provisions on Administrative Division Management by the State Council'and‘Regulations of Place-name Management', 49 cases have a requisite for the name change, whereas 26 cases do not. The circumstances of renaming a place with rationality in the county-to-city upgrading require special consideration: one is a county with a single-character place-name, the other is one sharing the same name with another one or causing homophone problems. There are five types of substitution: 38 cases are renamed after their historical administrative districts; 29 cases are named after their cities that house county government; 12 cases are in honour of wellknown towns, ports, mountains, scenic spots or institutions within respective jurisdiction; and other instances including additional characters to pre-existing single-character name and substitute an inappropriate or embarrassing name with an elegant one. Principles that emerge out of previous experience come as follows: the stability of place-name should be maintained;renaming under requisite circumstances; to ensure full compliance with relevant laws and regulations when renaming; follow the principles which are prohibited and recommended;change the problematic place-names when administrative divisions will be adjusted, for example, by resolving the problem of simplifying Chinese characters in place-name, restoring and promoting place-names' culture. Prohibition principles include that counties and cities should not share the same name or cause homophone problems; the names of crossing-district geographic entities, of towns without county seat, of no historical fact in administrative divisions, of historical periods without political stability, of aiming at undermining the territorial integrity of sovereignty and national unity are unacceptable and prohibited.Recommended principles of renaming a new city include: no implication of the seat of local government; no change of important historical place-names; no use of single-character name;no use of generic name as specific name; the application of historical place-name should be identical to the administrative area it represents. In the process of county-to-city upgrading,cautions should be taken on the basis of historical experience and scientific principles.
引文
[1]华林甫.中国历代更改重复地名及其现实意义.历史研究,2000,(4):39-60.[Hua Linfu.Changes in the names of places with the same name through the ages.Historical Research,2000,(4):39-60.]
[2]牛汝辰,程锦,邓国臣.中华命名观视野下的政区命名对策研究.测绘科学,2014,(12):40-46.[Niu Ruchen,Cheng Jin,Deng Guochen.Study on administrative division naming countermeasures in sight of Chinese naming view.Science of Surveying and Mapping,2014,(12):40-46.]
[3]刘丽丽,徐蕊.改革开放以来中国县级以上政区名称变更及其问题探讨.人文地理,2010,(4):77-81.[Liu Lili,Xu Rui.A study on the name changes and problems of administrative regions above county level after the implementation of reform and opening-up policy.Human Geography,2010,(4):77-81.]
[4]龙太江,黄明元.改革开放以来城市政区更名问题研究.华中科技大学学报(社会科学版),2014,(2):99-105.[Long Taijiang,Huang Mingyuan.Study on the name alteration of urban administrative districts since 1979.Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology(Social Science Edition),2014,(2):99-105.]
[5]陈冰.民国以来我国单名县的置废状况及其当今启示.中国历史地理论丛,2017,(3):45-55,53.[Chen Bing.Naming history of the single-character counties since the republic of China.Journal of Chinese Historical Geography,2017,(3):45-55,53.]
[6]朱建华,陈田,王开泳,等.改革开放以来中国行政区划格局演变与驱动力分析.地理研究,2015,(2):247-258.[Zhu Jianhua,Chen Tian,Wang Kaiyong,et al.Spatial pattern evolution and driving force analysis of administrative division in China since the reform and opening-up.Geographical Research,2015,(2):247-258.]
[7]褚亚平,尹钧科,孙冬虎.地名学基础教程(修订本).北京:测绘出版社,2009:6.[Chu Yaping,Yin Junke,Sun Donghu.Toponymy Basic Course(Revised).Beijing:Surveying and Mapping Press,2009:6.]
[8]华林甫.简论我国的单名县.中国地名,1994,(2):26.[Hua Linfu.Brief discussion on single-character county in China.Chinese Place Names,1994,(2):26.]
[9]史为乐主编.中国历史地名大辞典.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2005:2499-2500,1693-1694.[Shi Weile.Chinese Historical Place Name Dictionary.Beijing:China Social Sciences Press,2005:2499-2500,1693-1694.]
[10]中共辛集市委组织部,中共辛集市委党史资料征集办公室,辛集市档案局编.中国共产党河北省辛集市组织史资料:1927-1987.石家庄:河北人民出版社,1991:75.[CPC Xinji Municipal Committee Organization Department,CPCXinji City Party History Information Collection Office,Xinji City Archives Bureau.CPC's Organizational History Data of Xinji City,Hebei Province:1927-1987.Shi Jiazhuang:Hebei People's Press,1991:75.]
[11][唐]魏徵等.隋书.北京:中华书局,1973:856,888.[(Tang Dynasty)Wei Zheng,et al.History of the Sui Dynasty.Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1973:856,888.]
[12](宋)欧阳修,宋祁.新唐书.北京:中华书局,1975:1015,1061,1028.[(Song Dynasty)Ouyang Xiu,Song Qi.New Books of the Tang Dynasty.Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1975:1015,1061,1028.]
[13](元)脱脱等.金史.北京:中华书局,1975:603,556,615,607.[(Yuan Dynasty)Tuotuo,et al.History of the Jin Dynasty.Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1975:603,556,615,607.]
[14](明)宋濂等.元史.北京:中华书局,1976:1356,1396.[(Ming Dynasty)Song Lian,et al.History of the Yuan Dynasty.Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1976:1356,1396.]
[15](清)张廷玉等.明史.北京:中华书局,1974:953,942,992,990,1151,1022,889.[(Qing Dynasty)Zhang Tingyu,et al.History of the Ming Dynasty.Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1974:953,942,992,990,1151,1022,889.]
[16]中华人民共和国国务院.国务院关于安东市、睦边县等市县更名问题给辽宁省人民委员会、吉林省人民委员会、广西僮族自治区委员会的批复.中华人民共和国国务院公报,1965-1-30:16.[The State Council.Reply of the State Council to the Liaoning Provincial People's Committee,the Jilin Provincial People's Committee,and the Guangxi Zhuangzu Autonomous Region Committee About the Name Change of Cities and Counties Such as Andong City and Mubian County.Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China,1965-1-30:16.]
[17]李德润主编.吉林省行政区划概览(全新版).长春:吉林人民出版社,2007:122.[Li Derun.Overview of Administrative Divisions in Jilin Province(New edition).Changchun:Jilin People's Press,2007:122.]
[18]中华人民共和国国务院.国务院关于行政区划变更的决定.中华人民共和国国务院公报,1958-12-6:715.[The State Council.Decision of the State Council on the Change of Administrative Divisions.Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China,1958-12-6:715.]
[19](元)脱脱等.宋史.北京:中华书局,1977:2174.[(Yuan Dynasty)Tuotuo,et al.History of the Song Dynasty.Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1977:2174.]
[20]安徽省地方志编纂委员会编.安徽省志·建制沿革志.北京:方志出版社,1999:816.[Anhui Local Records Compilation Committee.Organizational History of Anhui Provincial Records.Beijing:Fangzhi Press,1999:816.]
[21](晋)杜预.春秋左传集解.上海:上海人民出版社,1977:259.[(Jin Dynasty)Du Yu.Notes of Chunqiu Zuozhuan.Shanghai:Shanghai People's Press,1977:259.]
[22]朱启钤.内务部改定各省重复县名及存废理由清单,政府公报,1914-2-6:17.[Zhu Qiqian.The Ministry of Internal Affairs changed the list of duplicate county names and reasons for waste in each province.Government Gazette,1914-2-6:17.]
[23]中华人民共和国国务院民政部.民政部关于同意辽宁省设立北镇、清原满族自治县给辽宁省人民政府的批复.中华人民共和国国务院公报,1989-12-10:861.[Ministry of Civil.Ministry of Civil Affairs Approves the People's Government of Liaoning Province About Agreeing to Establish Beizhen and Qingyuan Manzu Autonomous County in Liaoning Province.Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China,1989-12-10:861.]
[24](晋)陈寿,[宋]裴松之注.三国志.北京:中华书局.1959:943.[(Jin Dynasty)Chen Shou,(Song Dynasty of Southern Dynasty)Pei Songzhi.History of the Three Kingdoms.Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1959:943.]
[25](后晋)刘昫等.旧唐书.北京:中华书局,1975:1554.[(Hou-Jin Dynasty)Liu Xu,et al.Old Books of the Tang Dynasty.Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1975:1554.]
[26](汉)班固,(唐)颜师古注.汉书.北京:中华书局,1962:1632.[(Han Dynasty)Ban Gu,(Tang Dynasty)Yan Shigu.History of the Han Dynasty.Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1962:1632.]
[27]刘沛林.新型城镇化建设中“留住乡愁”的理论与实践探索.地理研究,2015,(7):1205-1212.[Liu Peilin.The theory and practice exploration of'remembering nostalgia'in the construction of new urbanization.Geographical Research,2015,(7):1205-1212.]
[28]刘君德,靳润成,周克瑜.中国政区地理.北京:科学出版社,1999:36.[Liu Junde,Jin Runcheng,Zhou Keyu.Chinese Administrative Divisions Geography.Beijing:Science Press,1999:36.]
[29](清)屈大均.广东新语.康熙三十九年(1700年)水天阁刻本:16b.[(Qing Dynasty)Qu Dajun.Guangdong Xinyu.Kangxi Thirty-Nine Years(1700 AD)of Shuitian Ge engraved:16b.]
(1)《行政区划管理条例》自2019年1月1日起施行,1985年1月15日国务院发布的《国务院关于行政区划管理的规定》同时废止。
(2)注:在本文最后一次修改之际,陕西省彬县已经改为“彬州市”。这于学理不合,令人惋惜。
(3)2019年1月1日开始施行的《行政区划管理条例》正文,删去了草案征求意见稿中的该句。
[2]牛汝辰,程锦,邓国臣.中华命名观视野下的政区命名对策研究.测绘科学,2014,(12):40-46.[Niu Ruchen,Cheng Jin,Deng Guochen.Study on administrative division naming countermeasures in sight of Chinese naming view.Science of Surveying and Mapping,2014,(12):40-46.]
[3]刘丽丽,徐蕊.改革开放以来中国县级以上政区名称变更及其问题探讨.人文地理,2010,(4):77-81.[Liu Lili,Xu Rui.A study on the name changes and problems of administrative regions above county level after the implementation of reform and opening-up policy.Human Geography,2010,(4):77-81.]
[4]龙太江,黄明元.改革开放以来城市政区更名问题研究.华中科技大学学报(社会科学版),2014,(2):99-105.[Long Taijiang,Huang Mingyuan.Study on the name alteration of urban administrative districts since 1979.Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology(Social Science Edition),2014,(2):99-105.]
[5]陈冰.民国以来我国单名县的置废状况及其当今启示.中国历史地理论丛,2017,(3):45-55,53.[Chen Bing.Naming history of the single-character counties since the republic of China.Journal of Chinese Historical Geography,2017,(3):45-55,53.]
[6]朱建华,陈田,王开泳,等.改革开放以来中国行政区划格局演变与驱动力分析.地理研究,2015,(2):247-258.[Zhu Jianhua,Chen Tian,Wang Kaiyong,et al.Spatial pattern evolution and driving force analysis of administrative division in China since the reform and opening-up.Geographical Research,2015,(2):247-258.]
[7]褚亚平,尹钧科,孙冬虎.地名学基础教程(修订本).北京:测绘出版社,2009:6.[Chu Yaping,Yin Junke,Sun Donghu.Toponymy Basic Course(Revised).Beijing:Surveying and Mapping Press,2009:6.]
[8]华林甫.简论我国的单名县.中国地名,1994,(2):26.[Hua Linfu.Brief discussion on single-character county in China.Chinese Place Names,1994,(2):26.]
[9]史为乐主编.中国历史地名大辞典.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2005:2499-2500,1693-1694.[Shi Weile.Chinese Historical Place Name Dictionary.Beijing:China Social Sciences Press,2005:2499-2500,1693-1694.]
[10]中共辛集市委组织部,中共辛集市委党史资料征集办公室,辛集市档案局编.中国共产党河北省辛集市组织史资料:1927-1987.石家庄:河北人民出版社,1991:75.[CPC Xinji Municipal Committee Organization Department,CPCXinji City Party History Information Collection Office,Xinji City Archives Bureau.CPC's Organizational History Data of Xinji City,Hebei Province:1927-1987.Shi Jiazhuang:Hebei People's Press,1991:75.]
[11][唐]魏徵等.隋书.北京:中华书局,1973:856,888.[(Tang Dynasty)Wei Zheng,et al.History of the Sui Dynasty.Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1973:856,888.]
[12](宋)欧阳修,宋祁.新唐书.北京:中华书局,1975:1015,1061,1028.[(Song Dynasty)Ouyang Xiu,Song Qi.New Books of the Tang Dynasty.Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1975:1015,1061,1028.]
[13](元)脱脱等.金史.北京:中华书局,1975:603,556,615,607.[(Yuan Dynasty)Tuotuo,et al.History of the Jin Dynasty.Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1975:603,556,615,607.]
[14](明)宋濂等.元史.北京:中华书局,1976:1356,1396.[(Ming Dynasty)Song Lian,et al.History of the Yuan Dynasty.Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1976:1356,1396.]
[15](清)张廷玉等.明史.北京:中华书局,1974:953,942,992,990,1151,1022,889.[(Qing Dynasty)Zhang Tingyu,et al.History of the Ming Dynasty.Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1974:953,942,992,990,1151,1022,889.]
[16]中华人民共和国国务院.国务院关于安东市、睦边县等市县更名问题给辽宁省人民委员会、吉林省人民委员会、广西僮族自治区委员会的批复.中华人民共和国国务院公报,1965-1-30:16.[The State Council.Reply of the State Council to the Liaoning Provincial People's Committee,the Jilin Provincial People's Committee,and the Guangxi Zhuangzu Autonomous Region Committee About the Name Change of Cities and Counties Such as Andong City and Mubian County.Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China,1965-1-30:16.]
[17]李德润主编.吉林省行政区划概览(全新版).长春:吉林人民出版社,2007:122.[Li Derun.Overview of Administrative Divisions in Jilin Province(New edition).Changchun:Jilin People's Press,2007:122.]
[18]中华人民共和国国务院.国务院关于行政区划变更的决定.中华人民共和国国务院公报,1958-12-6:715.[The State Council.Decision of the State Council on the Change of Administrative Divisions.Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China,1958-12-6:715.]
[19](元)脱脱等.宋史.北京:中华书局,1977:2174.[(Yuan Dynasty)Tuotuo,et al.History of the Song Dynasty.Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1977:2174.]
[20]安徽省地方志编纂委员会编.安徽省志·建制沿革志.北京:方志出版社,1999:816.[Anhui Local Records Compilation Committee.Organizational History of Anhui Provincial Records.Beijing:Fangzhi Press,1999:816.]
[21](晋)杜预.春秋左传集解.上海:上海人民出版社,1977:259.[(Jin Dynasty)Du Yu.Notes of Chunqiu Zuozhuan.Shanghai:Shanghai People's Press,1977:259.]
[22]朱启钤.内务部改定各省重复县名及存废理由清单,政府公报,1914-2-6:17.[Zhu Qiqian.The Ministry of Internal Affairs changed the list of duplicate county names and reasons for waste in each province.Government Gazette,1914-2-6:17.]
[23]中华人民共和国国务院民政部.民政部关于同意辽宁省设立北镇、清原满族自治县给辽宁省人民政府的批复.中华人民共和国国务院公报,1989-12-10:861.[Ministry of Civil.Ministry of Civil Affairs Approves the People's Government of Liaoning Province About Agreeing to Establish Beizhen and Qingyuan Manzu Autonomous County in Liaoning Province.Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China,1989-12-10:861.]
[24](晋)陈寿,[宋]裴松之注.三国志.北京:中华书局.1959:943.[(Jin Dynasty)Chen Shou,(Song Dynasty of Southern Dynasty)Pei Songzhi.History of the Three Kingdoms.Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1959:943.]
[25](后晋)刘昫等.旧唐书.北京:中华书局,1975:1554.[(Hou-Jin Dynasty)Liu Xu,et al.Old Books of the Tang Dynasty.Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1975:1554.]
[26](汉)班固,(唐)颜师古注.汉书.北京:中华书局,1962:1632.[(Han Dynasty)Ban Gu,(Tang Dynasty)Yan Shigu.History of the Han Dynasty.Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1962:1632.]
[27]刘沛林.新型城镇化建设中“留住乡愁”的理论与实践探索.地理研究,2015,(7):1205-1212.[Liu Peilin.The theory and practice exploration of'remembering nostalgia'in the construction of new urbanization.Geographical Research,2015,(7):1205-1212.]
[28]刘君德,靳润成,周克瑜.中国政区地理.北京:科学出版社,1999:36.[Liu Junde,Jin Runcheng,Zhou Keyu.Chinese Administrative Divisions Geography.Beijing:Science Press,1999:36.]
[29](清)屈大均.广东新语.康熙三十九年(1700年)水天阁刻本:16b.[(Qing Dynasty)Qu Dajun.Guangdong Xinyu.Kangxi Thirty-Nine Years(1700 AD)of Shuitian Ge engraved:16b.]
(1)《行政区划管理条例》自2019年1月1日起施行,1985年1月15日国务院发布的《国务院关于行政区划管理的规定》同时废止。
(2)注:在本文最后一次修改之际,陕西省彬县已经改为“彬州市”。这于学理不合,令人惋惜。
(3)2019年1月1日开始施行的《行政区划管理条例》正文,删去了草案征求意见稿中的该句。