科尔沁沙地4种典型灌木灌丛下土壤碳、氮、磷化学计量特征
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摘要
该研究以科尔沁沙地半流动沙地4种典型灌木(小叶锦鸡儿、东北木蓼、黄柳、差巴嘎蒿)灌丛下的土壤为研究对象,分析不同灌木类型各土层碳、氮、磷含量及其生态化学计量比的垂直分布特征以及各指标间的相关关系,以阐明同一环境条件下不同灌木类型组成的植被对土壤营养元素的影响与反馈能力,为沙漠化治理和生态恢复提供指导。结果表明:(1)4种典型植物灌丛下0～80cm土层SOC、TN、TP平均含量分别在0.90～2.18g/kg、0.19～0.32g/kg、0.27～0.32g/kg之间,其中东北木蓼灌丛下0～80cm土壤SOC、TN、TP平均含量最高,且土壤SOC、TN含量与小叶锦鸡儿的差异不显著,但两者均显著高于其他植物灌丛;土壤TP平均含量在不同灌木类型间均不显著。(2)4种植物灌丛下土壤SOC、TN、TP含量随土壤深度增加而下降,表层(0～10cm)土层受植被类型影响显著(P<0.05),同一灌丛0～10cm土层与其他各土层间差异显著(P<0.05),且随着土层深度的增加土层间的差异减弱。(3)各灌木类型下的土壤SOC、TN呈"倒金字塔"的分布模式,但TP含量随土壤深度变化相对不明显,呈"圆柱体"的分布模式。(4)小叶锦鸡儿下各土层C∶N、C∶P平均比值最高,其次是东北木蓼、黄柳,差巴嘎蒿最低;C∶N、C∶P、N∶P的比值均随土壤深度增加而下降,不同灌木类型之间的差异也随土壤深度增加而减弱;其中各灌丛下土壤C∶P随着土壤深度呈急剧减小趋势,且土壤C∶P、N∶P垂直递减的速率比C∶N快。(5)相关分析表明,土壤SOC、TN、TP相互之间呈显著正相关关系,C∶N、C∶P比值主要受土壤SOC含量的影响,N∶P比值主要受到土壤SOC、TN含量的影响,C∶P比值对土壤C∶N、N∶P比值影响显著。研究发现,不同灌木对半流动沙地的土壤质量的改善修复作用差异显著,且东北木蓼和小叶锦鸡儿的适应性强、对土壤养分的积累更加明显。
Shrub type plays an essential role in ecosystem recovery and affects soil quality,especially soil carbon(C),nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)contents.Studies on the effects of different shrub types on soil C,N and P stoichiometry are beneficial to understand the processes and functions of the ecological system.C,N and P stoichiometry are estimated in four typical shrubs:Caragana microphylla,Atraphaxis manshurica,Salix flavidaand Artemisia halodendron.In order to elucidate the effect on ability of different shrub types on soil nutrient elements under the same environmental conditions and provide guidance for desertification control and ecological restoration,we measured soil organic carbon(SOC),total nitrogen(TN)and total phosphorus(TP)contents in depth of 0-80 cm,compared ecological stoichiometry characteristics in different shrubs and soil depths and explored the correlation between indicators.Results showed that:(1)the mean contents of SOC,TN and TP were 0.90-2.18 g/kg,0.19-0.32 g/kg and0.27-0.32 g/kg.The average concentrations of SOC,TN and TP in 0-80 cm soil layer of A.manshuricais the highest in all of them.SOC and TN of C.microphylla and A.manshurica were significantly higher than that in others,but there were no significant differences between C.microphyllaand A.manshurica.The average concentrations of TP in these four shrubs were no significant differences.(2)The contents of SOC,TN and TP in the surface layer(0-10 cm)of each shrub type were significantly affected by vegetation type.The surface layer(0-10 cm)of four shrubs was significantly higher than other layers.And they significantly declined with increasing soil depth.(3)The concentrations of SOC and TN decreased with the increase of soil depth in four shrubs,showed"inverted Pyramid"distribution pattern.However,the content of TP was no obviously change with the increase of soil depth,appeared"cylinder"distribution pattern.(4)The average ratios of C∶N,C∶P of A.manshurica were the highest,followed by A.manshuricaand S.flavida,the lowest was found in A.halodendron.The ratios of C∶N,C∶P,N∶P and their differences decreased with the increase of soil depth.Both soil N∶P and C∶P ratios significantly declined with increasing soil depth,whereas the vertical pattern of soil C∶N ratio has high stability.(5)The correlations between SOC,TN and TP were significant,the ratios of C∶N,C∶P were mostly influenced by the content of SOC,the N∶P ratio was mostly influenced by the content of SOC,TN,and the ratios of C∶N,N∶P were significantly influenced by the ratio of C∶P.In summary,the difference of the adaptability of the 4 kinds of planting species was significant.A.manshuricaand C.microphyllatake effects in increasing soil nutrients obviously.
Shrub type plays an essential role in ecosystem recovery and affects soil quality,especially soil carbon(C),nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)contents.Studies on the effects of different shrub types on soil C,N and P stoichiometry are beneficial to understand the processes and functions of the ecological system.C,N and P stoichiometry are estimated in four typical shrubs:Caragana microphylla,Atraphaxis manshurica,Salix flavidaand Artemisia halodendron.In order to elucidate the effect on ability of different shrub types on soil nutrient elements under the same environmental conditions and provide guidance for desertification control and ecological restoration,we measured soil organic carbon(SOC),total nitrogen(TN)and total phosphorus(TP)contents in depth of 0-80 cm,compared ecological stoichiometry characteristics in different shrubs and soil depths and explored the correlation between indicators.Results showed that:(1)the mean contents of SOC,TN and TP were 0.90-2.18 g/kg,0.19-0.32 g/kg and0.27-0.32 g/kg.The average concentrations of SOC,TN and TP in 0-80 cm soil layer of A.manshuricais the highest in all of them.SOC and TN of C.microphylla and A.manshurica were significantly higher than that in others,but there were no significant differences between C.microphyllaand A.manshurica.The average concentrations of TP in these four shrubs were no significant differences.(2)The contents of SOC,TN and TP in the surface layer(0-10 cm)of each shrub type were significantly affected by vegetation type.The surface layer(0-10 cm)of four shrubs was significantly higher than other layers.And they significantly declined with increasing soil depth.(3)The concentrations of SOC and TN decreased with the increase of soil depth in four shrubs,showed"inverted Pyramid"distribution pattern.However,the content of TP was no obviously change with the increase of soil depth,appeared"cylinder"distribution pattern.(4)The average ratios of C∶N,C∶P of A.manshurica were the highest,followed by A.manshuricaand S.flavida,the lowest was found in A.halodendron.The ratios of C∶N,C∶P,N∶P and their differences decreased with the increase of soil depth.Both soil N∶P and C∶P ratios significantly declined with increasing soil depth,whereas the vertical pattern of soil C∶N ratio has high stability.(5)The correlations between SOC,TN and TP were significant,the ratios of C∶N,C∶P were mostly influenced by the content of SOC,the N∶P ratio was mostly influenced by the content of SOC,TN,and the ratios of C∶N,N∶P were significantly influenced by the ratio of C∶P.In summary,the difference of the adaptability of the 4 kinds of planting species was significant.A.manshuricaand C.microphyllatake effects in increasing soil nutrients obviously.
引文
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[6]左小安,赵学勇,赵哈林,等.科尔沁沙质草地群落物种多样性、生产力与土壤特性的关系[J].环境科学,2007,28(5):18-24.ZUO X A,ZHAO X Y,ZHAO H L,et al.Changes of species diversity and productivity in relation to soil properties in sandy grassland in Horqin Sand Land[J].Environment Science,2007,28(5):18-24.
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[8]GUO Y R,ZHAO H L,ZUO X A,et al.Biological soil crust development and its topsoil properties in the process of dune stabilization,Inner Mongolia,China[J].Environmental Geology,2008,54:653-662.
[9]ZUO X A,ZHAO X Y,ZHAO H L,et al.Spatial heterogeneity of soil properties and vegetation soil relationships following vegetation restoration of mobile dunes in Horqin Sandy Land,Northern China[J].Plant and Soil,2009,318(1/2):153-167.
[10]LI Y Q,ZHAO H L,ZHAO X Y,et al.Biomass energy,carbon and nitrogen stores in different habitats along a desertification gradient in the semiarid Horqin Sandy Land[J].Arid Land Research and Management,2006,20(1):43-60.
[11]ACHAT D L,BAKKER M R,AUGUSTO L,et al.Phosphorus status of soils from contrasting forested ecosystems in southwestern Siberia:effects of microbiological and physicochemical properties[J].Biogeosciences,2013,10:733-752.
[12]王绍强,于贵瑞.生态系统碳氮磷生态化学计量特征[J].生态学报,2008,28(8):3 937-3 947.WANG S Q,YU G R.Ecological stoichiometry characteristics of ecosystem carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus elements[J].Acta Ecological Sinica,2008,28(8):3 937-3 947.
[13]曾全超,李鑫,董扬红,等.陕北黄土高原土壤性质及其生态化学计量的纬度变化特征[J].自然资源学报,2015,30(5):870-879.ZENG Q C,LI X,DONG Y H,et al.Ecological stoichiometry characteristics and physical-chemical properties of soils at different latitudes on the Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2015,30(5):870-879.
[14]周萍,刘国彬,侯喜禄.黄土丘陵区铁杆蒿群落植被特性及土壤养分特征研究[J].草业学报,2008,17(2):9-18.ZHOU P,LIU G B,HOU X L.Study on vegetation and soil nutrient characters of Artemisia sacrorum communities in hilly-gully region of the Loess Plateau[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2008,17(2):9-18.
[15]李强,周道玮,陈笑莹.地上枯落物的累积、分解及其在陆地生态系统中的作用[J].生态学报,2014,34(14):3 807-3 819.LI Q,ZHOU D W,CHEN X Y.The accumulation,decomposition and ecological effects of above-ground litter in terrestrial ecosystem[J].Acta Ecological Sinica,2014,34(14):3 807-3 819.
[16]SAYER E J.Using experimental manipulation to assess the roles of leaf litter in the functioning of forest ecosystems[J].Biological Reviews,2006,81(1):1-31.
[17]杜峰,梁宗锁,徐学选,等.陕北黄土丘陵区撂荒群落土壤养分与地上生物量空间异质性[J].生态学报,2008,28(1):13-22.DU F,LIANG Z S,XU X X,Spatial heterogeneity of soil nutrients and aboveground biomass in abandoned old-fields of Loess Hilly region in Northern Shaanxi,China[J].Acta Ecological Sinica,2008,28(1):13-22.
[18]BURKE I C,LAUENROTH W K,RIGGLE R,et al.Spatial variability in soil properties in the shortgrass steppe:the relative importance of topography,grazing,microsite,and plant species in controlling spatial patterns[J].Ecosystems,1999,2:422-438.
[19]SU Y Z,ZHANG T H,LI Y L,et al.Changes in soil properties after establishment of Artemisia halodendron and Caragana microphyllaon shifting sand dunes in semiarid Horqin Sandy Land,Northern China[J].Environ Manage,2005,36:272-281.
[20]李晓东,魏龙,张永超,等.土地利用方式对陇中黄土高原土壤理化性状的影响[J].草业学报,2009,18(4):103-110.LI X D,WEI L,ZHANG Y C,et al.Effects of land use regimes on soil physical and chemical properties in the Longzhong part of Loess plateau[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2009,18(4):103-110.
[21]王辽宏,邱莉萍,高海龙,等.农牧交错带本氏针茅坡地土壤-植物系统磷素分布特征[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2013,19(5):1 192-1 199.WANG L H,QIU L P,GAO H L,et al.Phosphorous distribution of plant-soil system in a Stipa bungeana slope land in the agro-pastoral transitional zone[J].Plant Nutrition Fertilizer Science,2013,19(5):1 192-1 199.
[22]TENGBERG A.Nebkhas dunes as indicators of wind erosion in the Sahel zone of Burkina Faso[J].Journal of Arid Environments,1995,30:265-282.
[23]岳兴玲,哈斯,庄燕美.沙质草原灌丛砂堆的研究综述[J].中国沙漠,2005,25(5):738-743.YUE X L,HASI,ZHUANG Y M,et al.Studies on sandy grassland nebkhas-a review[J].Journal of Desert Research,2005,25(5):738-743.
[24]赵哈林,赵学勇,张铜会,等.科尔沁沙地沙漠化过程及植被恢复机理[M].北京:海洋出版社,2004.
[25]MACARTHUR R,WILSON E O.Theory of Island Biogeography Princenton[M].Princenton:University Press,1967.
[26]SU Y Z,ZHAO H L,ZHANG T H.Influencing mechanism of several shrubs and subshrubs on soil fertility in Horqin Sandy Land[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2002,13(7):802-806.
[27]WEZEL A,RAJOT J L,HERBRIG C.Influence of shrubs on soil characteristics and their function in Sahelian agro-ecosystemsin semi-arid Niger[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2002,44:383-398.
[28]STERNER R W,ELSER J J.Ecological stoichiometry:The Biology of Elements from Molecules to the Biosphere[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press,2002:1-464.
[29]TIAN H,CHEN G,ZHANG C,et al.Pattern and variation of C∶N∶P ratios in China’s soils:a synthesis of observational data[J].Biogeochemistry,2010,98(1-3):139-151.
[30]CALLESEN I,RAULUND-RASMUSSEN K,WESTMANC J,et al.Nitrogen pools and C∶N ratios in well-drained Nordic forest soils related to climate change and soil texture[J].Boreal Environ Research,2007,12:681-692.
[31]LI H,LI J,HE Y L,et al.Changes in carbon,nutrients and stoichiometric relations under different soil depths,plant tissues and ages in black locust plantations[J].Acta Physiologiae Plant,2013,35(10):2 951-2 964.
[32]DAWUD S M,RAULUND-RASMUSSEN K,DOMISCHT,et al.Is tree species diversity or species identity the more important driver of soil carbon stocks,C/N ratio,and pH[J].Ecosystems,2016,19(4):654-660.
[2]ZUO X A,ZHAO H L,ZHAO X Y,et al.Spatial pattern and heterogeneity of soil properties in sand dunes under grazing and restoration in Horqin Sandy Land,Northern China[J].Soil Till Research,2008,99:202-212.
[3]SHIRATO Y,TANIYAMA I,ZHANG T H.Changes in soil properties after afforestation in Horqin Sandy Land,North China[J].Soil Science Plant Nutre,2004,50(4):537-543.
[4]SU Y Z,ZHAO H L,ZHANG T H.Influencing mechanism of several shrubs and subshrubs on soil fertility in Horqin Sandy Land[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2002,13(7):802-806.
[5]郭轶瑞,赵哈林,左小安,等.科尔沁沙地沙丘恢复过程中典型灌丛下结皮发育特征及表层土壤特性[J].环境科学,2008,29(4):1 027-1 034.GUO Y R,ZHAO H L,ZUO X A,et al.Crust development and subsurface soil properties under dominant shrubs in the process of dune restoration,Horqin Sand Land[J].Environment Science,2008,29(4):1 027-1 034.
[6]左小安,赵学勇,赵哈林,等.科尔沁沙质草地群落物种多样性、生产力与土壤特性的关系[J].环境科学,2007,28(5):18-24.ZUO X A,ZHAO X Y,ZHAO H L,et al.Changes of species diversity and productivity in relation to soil properties in sandy grassland in Horqin Sand Land[J].Environment Science,2007,28(5):18-24.
[7]赵哈林,赵学勇,张铜会,等.沙漠化的生物过程及退化植被的恢复机理[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.
[8]GUO Y R,ZHAO H L,ZUO X A,et al.Biological soil crust development and its topsoil properties in the process of dune stabilization,Inner Mongolia,China[J].Environmental Geology,2008,54:653-662.
[9]ZUO X A,ZHAO X Y,ZHAO H L,et al.Spatial heterogeneity of soil properties and vegetation soil relationships following vegetation restoration of mobile dunes in Horqin Sandy Land,Northern China[J].Plant and Soil,2009,318(1/2):153-167.
[10]LI Y Q,ZHAO H L,ZHAO X Y,et al.Biomass energy,carbon and nitrogen stores in different habitats along a desertification gradient in the semiarid Horqin Sandy Land[J].Arid Land Research and Management,2006,20(1):43-60.
[11]ACHAT D L,BAKKER M R,AUGUSTO L,et al.Phosphorus status of soils from contrasting forested ecosystems in southwestern Siberia:effects of microbiological and physicochemical properties[J].Biogeosciences,2013,10:733-752.
[12]王绍强,于贵瑞.生态系统碳氮磷生态化学计量特征[J].生态学报,2008,28(8):3 937-3 947.WANG S Q,YU G R.Ecological stoichiometry characteristics of ecosystem carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus elements[J].Acta Ecological Sinica,2008,28(8):3 937-3 947.
[13]曾全超,李鑫,董扬红,等.陕北黄土高原土壤性质及其生态化学计量的纬度变化特征[J].自然资源学报,2015,30(5):870-879.ZENG Q C,LI X,DONG Y H,et al.Ecological stoichiometry characteristics and physical-chemical properties of soils at different latitudes on the Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2015,30(5):870-879.
[14]周萍,刘国彬,侯喜禄.黄土丘陵区铁杆蒿群落植被特性及土壤养分特征研究[J].草业学报,2008,17(2):9-18.ZHOU P,LIU G B,HOU X L.Study on vegetation and soil nutrient characters of Artemisia sacrorum communities in hilly-gully region of the Loess Plateau[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2008,17(2):9-18.
[15]李强,周道玮,陈笑莹.地上枯落物的累积、分解及其在陆地生态系统中的作用[J].生态学报,2014,34(14):3 807-3 819.LI Q,ZHOU D W,CHEN X Y.The accumulation,decomposition and ecological effects of above-ground litter in terrestrial ecosystem[J].Acta Ecological Sinica,2014,34(14):3 807-3 819.
[16]SAYER E J.Using experimental manipulation to assess the roles of leaf litter in the functioning of forest ecosystems[J].Biological Reviews,2006,81(1):1-31.
[17]杜峰,梁宗锁,徐学选,等.陕北黄土丘陵区撂荒群落土壤养分与地上生物量空间异质性[J].生态学报,2008,28(1):13-22.DU F,LIANG Z S,XU X X,Spatial heterogeneity of soil nutrients and aboveground biomass in abandoned old-fields of Loess Hilly region in Northern Shaanxi,China[J].Acta Ecological Sinica,2008,28(1):13-22.
[18]BURKE I C,LAUENROTH W K,RIGGLE R,et al.Spatial variability in soil properties in the shortgrass steppe:the relative importance of topography,grazing,microsite,and plant species in controlling spatial patterns[J].Ecosystems,1999,2:422-438.
[19]SU Y Z,ZHANG T H,LI Y L,et al.Changes in soil properties after establishment of Artemisia halodendron and Caragana microphyllaon shifting sand dunes in semiarid Horqin Sandy Land,Northern China[J].Environ Manage,2005,36:272-281.
[20]李晓东,魏龙,张永超,等.土地利用方式对陇中黄土高原土壤理化性状的影响[J].草业学报,2009,18(4):103-110.LI X D,WEI L,ZHANG Y C,et al.Effects of land use regimes on soil physical and chemical properties in the Longzhong part of Loess plateau[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2009,18(4):103-110.
[21]王辽宏,邱莉萍,高海龙,等.农牧交错带本氏针茅坡地土壤-植物系统磷素分布特征[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2013,19(5):1 192-1 199.WANG L H,QIU L P,GAO H L,et al.Phosphorous distribution of plant-soil system in a Stipa bungeana slope land in the agro-pastoral transitional zone[J].Plant Nutrition Fertilizer Science,2013,19(5):1 192-1 199.
[22]TENGBERG A.Nebkhas dunes as indicators of wind erosion in the Sahel zone of Burkina Faso[J].Journal of Arid Environments,1995,30:265-282.
[23]岳兴玲,哈斯,庄燕美.沙质草原灌丛砂堆的研究综述[J].中国沙漠,2005,25(5):738-743.YUE X L,HASI,ZHUANG Y M,et al.Studies on sandy grassland nebkhas-a review[J].Journal of Desert Research,2005,25(5):738-743.
[24]赵哈林,赵学勇,张铜会,等.科尔沁沙地沙漠化过程及植被恢复机理[M].北京:海洋出版社,2004.
[25]MACARTHUR R,WILSON E O.Theory of Island Biogeography Princenton[M].Princenton:University Press,1967.
[26]SU Y Z,ZHAO H L,ZHANG T H.Influencing mechanism of several shrubs and subshrubs on soil fertility in Horqin Sandy Land[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2002,13(7):802-806.
[27]WEZEL A,RAJOT J L,HERBRIG C.Influence of shrubs on soil characteristics and their function in Sahelian agro-ecosystemsin semi-arid Niger[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2002,44:383-398.
[28]STERNER R W,ELSER J J.Ecological stoichiometry:The Biology of Elements from Molecules to the Biosphere[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press,2002:1-464.
[29]TIAN H,CHEN G,ZHANG C,et al.Pattern and variation of C∶N∶P ratios in China’s soils:a synthesis of observational data[J].Biogeochemistry,2010,98(1-3):139-151.
[30]CALLESEN I,RAULUND-RASMUSSEN K,WESTMANC J,et al.Nitrogen pools and C∶N ratios in well-drained Nordic forest soils related to climate change and soil texture[J].Boreal Environ Research,2007,12:681-692.
[31]LI H,LI J,HE Y L,et al.Changes in carbon,nutrients and stoichiometric relations under different soil depths,plant tissues and ages in black locust plantations[J].Acta Physiologiae Plant,2013,35(10):2 951-2 964.
[32]DAWUD S M,RAULUND-RASMUSSEN K,DOMISCHT,et al.Is tree species diversity or species identity the more important driver of soil carbon stocks,C/N ratio,and pH[J].Ecosystems,2016,19(4):654-660.