不同排放标准公交车燃用生物柴油颗粒物排放特性
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摘要
基于重型底盘测功机,对比研究了满足国Ⅲ、国Ⅳ、国Ⅴ排放标准的柴油公交车分别燃用生物柴油与柴油混合燃料B0/B5/B10在中国典型城市公交车循环下的颗粒物排放特性.结果表明燃用B0/B5/B10时,国Ⅴ车相对国Ⅲ车总颗粒数量和质量排放分别降低约68.1%、56.2%、57.5%和52.7%、64.8%、88.5%,相对国Ⅳ车,总颗粒质量排放分别降低了约43.0%、47.3%和42.1%,但数量排放分别上升了约4.0%、7.6%和14.7%.国Ⅲ车核态颗粒排放主要来自高速行驶工况,而国Ⅳ、国Ⅴ车主要来自中低速行驶工况;国Ⅲ、国Ⅳ、国Ⅴ车聚集态颗粒排放主要都来自中低速行驶工况.其中在车速较低时,国Ⅴ、国Ⅳ车相对国Ⅲ车核态颗粒数量和质量排放明显降低,聚积态颗粒也有降低,但国Ⅴ车相对国Ⅳ车改善不明显,核态颗粒数量和质量排放反而增加,且随着生物柴油掺混比例的上升,增幅越明显.在高速时,国Ⅲ车核态颗粒数量和质量排放急剧增加,国Ⅴ、国Ⅳ车略有增加,且国Ⅳ车聚集态颗粒数量和质量排放明显大于国Ⅴ车和国Ⅲ车.燃用生物柴油掺混比例较大的B10时,国Ⅲ车较大粒径颗粒排放急剧恶化,聚集态颗粒数量和质量排放大幅增加,不适合推广应用较大生物柴油掺混比燃油.
Based on heavy chassis dynamometer,an experimental study was conducted in diesel buses compliant with China Ⅲ,Ⅳ,Ⅴemissions standards respectively,fueled with three different blends of petroleum diesel/biodiesel(0%,5% and 10%,V/V biodiesel blends),which investigated the characteristics of particulate matter(PM) emission under CCBC driving cycle. Results of study showed that the total PM number and mass emission from China Ⅴ bus respectively decreased by 68. 1%,56. 2%,57. 5% and52. 7%,64. 8%,88. 5% compared to China Ⅲ bus. When compared to China Ⅳ bus,the PM mass emission decreased by 43. 0%,47. 3% and 42. 1%,while the number increased by 4. 0%,7. 6% and 14. 7%. The nucleation mode PM emission of China Ⅲ bus was mainly from high-speed driving condition,while China Ⅳ and Ⅴ buses were from middle-low speed. The accumulation mode PM emissions of China Ⅲ,Ⅳ and V buses were all mainly from middle-low speed driving conditions. In relatively lower speed conditions,compared to China Ⅲ bus,the nucleation mode PM emissions of China Ⅳ and Ⅴ buses obviously decreased,so was accumulation mode PM. Compared to China Ⅳ bus,emission of China Ⅴ bus did not improve obviously and the nucleation mode PM emission even increased. In high-speed driving condition,the nucleation mode PM emission from China Ⅲ bus increased dramatically,while those from China Ⅴ and Ⅳ buses slightly increased. Meanwhile,the accumulation PM number and mass emission of China Ⅳ bus was obviously higher than those of China Ⅴ and Ⅲ buses. When fueled with B10,the relatively bigger sizes PM emission of China Ⅲ bus deteriorated rapidly,indicating that China Ⅲ bus was not suitable for fuel with high blending ratio of biodiesel.
Based on heavy chassis dynamometer,an experimental study was conducted in diesel buses compliant with China Ⅲ,Ⅳ,Ⅴemissions standards respectively,fueled with three different blends of petroleum diesel/biodiesel(0%,5% and 10%,V/V biodiesel blends),which investigated the characteristics of particulate matter(PM) emission under CCBC driving cycle. Results of study showed that the total PM number and mass emission from China Ⅴ bus respectively decreased by 68. 1%,56. 2%,57. 5% and52. 7%,64. 8%,88. 5% compared to China Ⅲ bus. When compared to China Ⅳ bus,the PM mass emission decreased by 43. 0%,47. 3% and 42. 1%,while the number increased by 4. 0%,7. 6% and 14. 7%. The nucleation mode PM emission of China Ⅲ bus was mainly from high-speed driving condition,while China Ⅳ and Ⅴ buses were from middle-low speed. The accumulation mode PM emissions of China Ⅲ,Ⅳ and V buses were all mainly from middle-low speed driving conditions. In relatively lower speed conditions,compared to China Ⅲ bus,the nucleation mode PM emissions of China Ⅳ and Ⅴ buses obviously decreased,so was accumulation mode PM. Compared to China Ⅳ bus,emission of China Ⅴ bus did not improve obviously and the nucleation mode PM emission even increased. In high-speed driving condition,the nucleation mode PM emission from China Ⅲ bus increased dramatically,while those from China Ⅴ and Ⅳ buses slightly increased. Meanwhile,the accumulation PM number and mass emission of China Ⅳ bus was obviously higher than those of China Ⅴ and Ⅲ buses. When fueled with B10,the relatively bigger sizes PM emission of China Ⅲ bus deteriorated rapidly,indicating that China Ⅲ bus was not suitable for fuel with high blending ratio of biodiesel.
引文
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[24]楼狄明,陈峰,胡志远,等.公交车燃用生物柴油的颗粒物排放特性[J].环境科学,2013,34(10):3749-3754.Lou D M,Chen F,Hu Z Y,et al.Particle emission characteristics of diesel bus fueled with bio-diesel[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(10):3749-3754.
[25]王沛,张长岭,张峥,等.电控单体泵喷油量不一致性修正的试验研究[J].汽车工程,2015,37(11):1260-1264,1283.Wang P,Zhang C L,Zhang Z,et al.An experimental study on the inconsistency correction of cycle fuel injection quantity for electronic unit pump[J].Automotive Engineering,2015,37(11):1260-1264,1283.
[2]Xu J,Jin T S,Miao Y N,et al.Individual and population intake fractions of diesel particulate matter(DPM)in bus stop microenvironments[J].Environmental Pollution,2015,207:161-167.
[3]Wierzbicka A,Nilsson P T,Rissler J,et al.Detailed diesel exhaust characteristics including particle surface area and lung deposited dose for better understanding of health effects in human chamber exposure studies[J].Atmospheric Environment,2014,86:212-219.
[4]楼狄明,徐宁,范文佳,等.国Ⅴ柴油机燃用丁醇-柴油混合燃料颗粒粒径分布特性试验研究[J].环境科学,2014,35(2):526-532.Lou D M,Xu N,Fan W J,et al.Particulate distribution characteristics of Chinese phrase V diesel engine based on butanol-diesel blends[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(2):526-532.
[5]Kittelson D B.Engines and nanoparticles:a review[J].Journal of Aerosol Science,1998,29(5-6):575-588.
[6]Tan P Q,Hu Z Y,Deng K Y,et al.Particulate matter emission modelling based on soot and SOF from direct injection diesel engines[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2007,48(2):510-518.
[7]谭丕强,胡志远,楼狄明.车用发动机燃用生物柴油的颗粒数量排放[J].汽车安全与节能学报,2010,1(1):83-88.Tan P Q,Hu Z Y,Lou D M.Particle number emission from a vehicle diesel engine with biodiesel fuel[J].Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy,2010,1(1):83-88.
[8]王常文,崔方方,宋宇.生物柴油的研究现状及发展前景[J].中国油脂,2014,39(5):44-48.Wang C W,Cui F F,Song Y.Research situation and development prospect of biodiesel[J].China Oils and Fats,2014,39(5):44-48.
[9]Liew W H,Hassim M H,Ng D K S.Review of evolution,technology and sustainability assessments of biofuel production[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2014,71:11-29.
[10]楼狄明,谭丕强.柴油机使用生物柴油的研究现状和展望[J].汽车安全与节能学报,2016,7(2):123-134.Lou D M,Tan P Q.Present and future of the studies for diesel engines using biodiesel fuel[J].Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy,2016,7(2):123-134.
[11]Jaat M,Khalid A,Manshoor B,et al.An experimental study on the performance and emissions of diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel derived from palm oil[J].Applied Mechanics and Materials,2014,699:654-659.
[12]zener O,Yüksek L,Ergen9 A T,et al.Effects of soybean biodiesel on a DI diesel engine performance,emission and combustion characteristics[J].Fuel,2014,115:875-883.
[13]刘玉梅,张敬师,崔丽,等.台架试验的生物柴油发动机使用特性[J].哈尔滨工程大学学报,2014,35(2):189-194.Liu Y M,Zhang J S,Cui L,et al.The engine performance of biodiesel based on bench test[J].Journal of Harbin Engineering University,2014,35(2):189-194.
[14]Tüccar G,Tosun E,zgür T,et al.Diesel engine emissions and performance from blends of citrus sinensis biodiesel and diesel fuel[J].Fuel,2014,132:7-11.
[15]Can.Combustion characteristics,performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine fueled with a waste cooking oil biodiesel mixture[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2014,87:676-686.
[16]Abedin M J,Masjuki H H,Kalam M A,et al.Performance,emissions,and heat losses of palm and jatropha biodiesel blends in a diesel engine[J].Industrial Crops and Products,2014,59:96-104.
[17]何金戈,童开,肖明伟,等.地沟油生物柴油-柴油混合燃料燃烧特性和排放特性的试验研究[J].科学技术与工程,2014,14(14):261-265.He J G,Tong K,Xiao M W,et al.An experimental study of combustion characteristics and exhaust emission characteristics on diesel engine fueled with different blending ratio of biodiesel[J].Science Technology and Engineering,2014,14(14):261-265.
[18]Na K,Biswas S,Robertson W,et al.Impact of biodiesel and renewable diesel on emissions of regulated pollutants and greenhouse gases on a 2000 heavy duty diesel truck[J].Atmospheric Environment,2015,107:307-314.
[19]Sandhu G S,Frey H C,Bartelt-Hunt S,et al.In-use activity,fuel use,and emissions of heavy-duty diesel roll-off refuse trucks[J].Journal of the Air&Waste Management Association,2015,65(3):306-323.
[20]李腾腾,秦孔建,钟绍华.不同测试循环混合动力客车排放特性对比[J].武汉理工大学学报(信息与管理工程版),2011,33(1):62-65.Li T T,Qin K J,Zhong S H.Comparison of emission characteristic of hybrid electric bus under different driving cycles[J].Journal of Wuhan University of Technology(Information&Management Engineering),2011,33(1):62-65.
[21]Johnson K C,Durbin T D,Jung H,et al.Evaluation of the European PMP methodologies during on-road and chassis dynamometer testing for DPF equipped heavy-duty diesel vehicles[J].Aerosol Science and Technology,2009,43(10):962-969.
[22]楼狄明,贺南,谭丕强,等.DOC/CCRT老化对柴油公交车气态物排放特性的影响[J].环境科学,2016,37(6):2059-2064.Lou D M,He N,TAN P Q,et al.Effect of DOC/CCRT aging on gaseous emission characteristics of an in-used diesel engine bus[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(6):2059-2064.
[23]胡志远,谢亚飞,谭丕强,等.在用国Ⅳ公交车燃用B5生物柴油的排放特性[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版),2016,44(4):625-631.Hu Z Y,Xie Y F,Tan P Q,et al.Emission characteristics of an in-use China four diesel bus fueled with B5[J].Journal of Tongji University(Natural Science),2016,44(4):625-631.
[24]楼狄明,陈峰,胡志远,等.公交车燃用生物柴油的颗粒物排放特性[J].环境科学,2013,34(10):3749-3754.Lou D M,Chen F,Hu Z Y,et al.Particle emission characteristics of diesel bus fueled with bio-diesel[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(10):3749-3754.
[25]王沛,张长岭,张峥,等.电控单体泵喷油量不一致性修正的试验研究[J].汽车工程,2015,37(11):1260-1264,1283.Wang P,Zhang C L,Zhang Z,et al.An experimental study on the inconsistency correction of cycle fuel injection quantity for electronic unit pump[J].Automotive Engineering,2015,37(11):1260-1264,1283.