冬季黄渤海DMS、DMSP和CH_4的分布及影响因素
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摘要
于2017年12月～2018年1月现场测定了黄、渤海表层海水中二甲基硫(DMS)、二甲巯基丙酸内盐(DMSP)以及溶解甲烷(CH_4)的含量,对DMS、DMSP及CH_4的浓度分布和相互关系进行了研究.通过培养实验探究了DMSP降解对DMS和CH_4生成的影响,并估算了DMS及CH_4的海-气通量.结果表明,表层海水中DMS、DMSPd、DMSPp及CH_4的平均浓度分别为(1.39±1.21),(2.87±1.54),(5.59±4.64),(6.91±2.77)nmol/L.DMS、DMSP与Chl-a水平分布基本一致,均呈现近岸高、远海低的趋势.垂直分布上,DMS、DMSP浓度最大值均出现在浅水层,而CH_4浓度则随深度的增加而增大,至底层达到最大值.相关性分析表明,DMS、DMSPp与Chl-a存在显著的正相关关系,CH_4与DMSPd、DMSPp浓度均存在一定的正相关性(P<0.05).培养实验结果表明,海水中本底DMSPd的浓度越高,DMS的生产速率越大.冬季黄、渤海DMS和CH_4海-气通量的平均值分别为(2.73±3.18),(8.14±7.68)μmol/(m~2·d),表明冬季黄、渤海是大气中DMS、CH_4重要的源.
The concentrations of dimethylsulfide(DMS), dimethylsulfoniopropionate(DMSP) and dissolved methane(CH_4) were measured in situ in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea from December 2017 to January 2018 to study their distributions, correlations and the air-sea fluxes of DMS and CH_4. In addition, the influences of DMSP degradation on the productions of DMS and CH_4 were also studied through incubation experiments. The average concentrations of DMS, DMSPd, DMSPp and CH_4 were(1.39±1.21),(2.87±1.54),(5.59±4.64) and(6.91±2.77) nmol/L in the surface water, respectively. The horizontal distributions of DMS, DMSP, and chlorophyll a(Chl-a) exhibited the same pattern of decreasing from inshore to offshore. The vertical profiles of DMS and DMSP showed that the maximum concentrations both appeared in the upper mixed layer, whereas, the concentration of CH_4 increased with depth and reached the maximum at the bottom. Significant correlations were observed between DMS, DMSPp and Chl-a, positive correlations between DMSPd, DMSPp and CH_4 were also found(P<0.05). DMSP degradation experiments showed that higher initial concentration of DMSP in seawater, the higher production rate of DMS was. The average air-sea fluxes of DMS and CH_4 were estimated to be(2.73±3.18) and(8.14±7.68) μmol/(m~2·d) during this investigation, suggesting that the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea acted as an important source for atmospheric DMS and CH_4 in winter.
The concentrations of dimethylsulfide(DMS), dimethylsulfoniopropionate(DMSP) and dissolved methane(CH_4) were measured in situ in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea from December 2017 to January 2018 to study their distributions, correlations and the air-sea fluxes of DMS and CH_4. In addition, the influences of DMSP degradation on the productions of DMS and CH_4 were also studied through incubation experiments. The average concentrations of DMS, DMSPd, DMSPp and CH_4 were(1.39±1.21),(2.87±1.54),(5.59±4.64) and(6.91±2.77) nmol/L in the surface water, respectively. The horizontal distributions of DMS, DMSP, and chlorophyll a(Chl-a) exhibited the same pattern of decreasing from inshore to offshore. The vertical profiles of DMS and DMSP showed that the maximum concentrations both appeared in the upper mixed layer, whereas, the concentration of CH_4 increased with depth and reached the maximum at the bottom. Significant correlations were observed between DMS, DMSPp and Chl-a, positive correlations between DMSPd, DMSPp and CH_4 were also found(P<0.05). DMSP degradation experiments showed that higher initial concentration of DMSP in seawater, the higher production rate of DMS was. The average air-sea fluxes of DMS and CH_4 were estimated to be(2.73±3.18) and(8.14±7.68) μmol/(m~2·d) during this investigation, suggesting that the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea acted as an important source for atmospheric DMS and CH_4 in winter.
引文
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[13] Yang G P. Spatial distributions of dimethylsulfide in the South China Sea[J]. Deep-Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers,2000,47(2):177-192.
[14] Yang G, Song Y, Zhang H, et al. Seasonal variation and biogeochemical cycling of dimethylsulfide(DMS)and dimethylsulfoniopropionate(DMSP)in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans, 2015,119(12):8897-8915.
[15] Hu M,Tang X Y,Li J L,et al. Distributions of dimethylsulfide in the Bohai sea and Yellow Sea of China.[J]. Journal of Environmental Science, 2003,15(6):762-767.
[16] Zhang G L. Distributions and fluxes of methane in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea in spring[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2004,109(C7):C07011.
[17] Zhang G, Zhang J, Liu S, et al. Methane in the Changjiang(Yangtze River)Estuary and its adjacent marine area:riverine input, sediment release and atmospheric fluxes[J]. Biogeosciences,7,11(2010-11-09),2010,91(1):71-84.
[18] Zhang G, Zhang J, Ren J,et al. Distributions and sea-to-air fluxes of methane and nitrous oxide in the North East China Sea in summer[J].Marine Chemistry, 2008,110(1):42-55.
[19] Bates T S, Kelly K C, Johnson J E, et al. Regional and seasonal variations in the flux of oceanic Dimethylsulfide to the atmosphere[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2012,100(D 11):23093-23101.
[20]杨桂朋,康志强,景伟文,等.海水中痕量DMS和DMSP分析方法的研究[J].海洋与湖沼,2007,38(4):322-328.Yang G P, Kang Z Q, Jing W W, et al. An analytical method of determining trace quantities of dimethylsulfide and dimethylsulfoniopropionate in seawater[J]. Oceanologia ET Limnologia Sinica, 2007,38(4):322-328.
[21] Kiene R P, Service S K. The influence of Glycine Betaine on Dimethyl Sulfide and Dimethylsulfoniopropionate concentrations in seawater[M]. Biogeochemistry of Global Change, 1993:654-671.
[22]张桂玲,张经.海洋中溶存甲烷研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2001,16(6):829-835.Zhang G L, Zhang J. Advances in studies of dissolved methane in seawater[J]. Advance in Earth Sciences, 2001,16(6):829-835.
[23]张桂玲.中国近海部分海域溶解甲烷和氧化亚氮的生物地球化学研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2004.Zhang G L. Studies on biogeochemistry of dissolved methane and nitrous oxide in the coastal waters of China[D]. Qingdao:Ocean University of China, 2004.
[24]张洪海,杨桂朋.胶州湾及青岛近海微表层与次表层中二甲基硫(DMS)与二甲巯基丙酸(DMSP)的浓度分布[J].海洋与湖沼,2010,41(5):683-691.Zhang H H, Yang G P. Distribution of dimethylsulfide(DMS)anddimethylsulphoniopropionate(DMSP)in the microlayer and subsurface water in Jiaozhou bay and Qingdao coastal water[J].Oceanlogia ET Limnologia Sinica, 2010,41(5):683-691.
[25]王保栋,王桂云,郑昌洙,等.南黄海冬季生源要素的分布特征[J].黄渤海海洋,1999,(1):40-45.Wang B D, Wang J Y, Zheng C Z, et al. Distribution features of bioactive elements in seawater in the Southern Yellow Sea in Winter[J]. Journal of Oceanography of Huanghai and Bohai seas, 1999,(1):40-45.
[26]杨剑.中国东部陆架海生源硫的分布、通量及其对气溶胶中非海盐硫酸盐的贡献[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2014.Yang J. Distribution and sea-to-air flux of biogenic sulfur from the eastern China continental seas and its contribution to the non-sea-salt sulfate in aerosol.[D]. Qingdao:Ocean University of China, 2014.
[27]宋以柱.中国黄海、渤海OMS和DMSP的浓度分布及影响因素研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2014.Song Y Z. Studies on the distribution of DMS and DMSP and influencing factors in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea, China[D].Qingdao:Ocean University of China, 2014.
[28] Zhang J. Nutrient elements in large Chinese estuaries[J]. Continental Shelf Research, 1996,16(8):1023-1045.
[29] Chen J F,Roald S. Hydrographic condition and variability in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea during winter[J]. Progress in Fishery Sciences, 2001(4):21-28.
[30] Wei H,Su J, Wan R J, et al. Tidal front and the convergence of anchovy(Engraulis japonicus)eggs in the Yellow Sea[J]. Fisheries Oceanography, 2010,12(4/5):434-442.
[31] Uzuka N, Watanabe S, Tsunogai S. Dimethylsulfide in coastal zone of the East China Sea[J]. Journal of Oceanography,1996,52(3):313-321.
[32]王俊.渤海近岸浮游植物种类组成及其数量变动的研究[J].海洋水产研究,2003,24(4):44-50.Wang J. Species composition and quantity variation of phytoplankton in inshore waters of the Bohai Sea[J]. Marine Fisheries Research,2003,24(4):44-50.
[33] Damm E, Helmke E, Thoms S, et al. Methane production in aerobic oligo trophic surface water in the central Arctic Ocean[J].Biogeosciences, 2010,7(3):46-48.
[34] Kiene R P, Linn L J, Bruton J A. New and important roles for DMSP in marine microbial communities[J]. Journal of Sea Research,2000,43(3/4):209-224.
[35] Liss P S, Merlivat L. Air-sea gas exchange rates:introduction and synthesis[J]. The Role of Air-Sea Exchange in Geochemical Cycling,1986,185:113-127.
[36] Nightingale P D, Malin G, Law C S, et al. In situ evaluation of air-sea gas exchange parameterizations using novel conservative and volatile tracers[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2000,14(1):373-387.
[37]曹兴朋,张桂玲,马啸,等.春季东、黄海溶解甲烷的分布和海气交换通量[J].环境科学,2013,34(7):2565-2573.Cao X P, Zhang G L, M X, et al. Distribution and air-sea fluxes of methane in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea in spring[J].Environmental Science, 2013,34(7):2565-2573.
[38] Wiesenburg D A, JN L G. Equilibrium solubilities of methane, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen in water and seawater[J]. Journal of Chemical&Engineering Data, 1979,24(4):356.
[2]李和阳,王大志,林益明,等.海洋二甲基硫的研究进展[J].厦门大学学报(自然版),2001,40(3):715-725.Li H Y, Wang D Z, Lin Y M, et al. Progress in study of marine dimethylsulfide[J]. Journal of Xiamen University(Natural Science),2001,40(3):715-725.
[3] Stefels J, Steinke M, Turner S, et al. Environmental constraints on the production and removal of the climatically active gas dimethylsulphide(DMS)and implications for ecosystem modeling[J].Biogeo chemistry, 2007,83(1-3):245-275.
[4] Visscher P T, Taylor B F. Demethylation of dimethylsulfoniopropionate to3-mercaptopropionate by an aerobic marine bacterium.[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1994,60(12):4617-4619.
[5] Crutzen P J. Methane's sinks and sources[J]. Nature.1991,350(6317):380-381.
[6] Zhou H, Yin X, Yang Q, et al. Distribution, source and flux of methane in the western Pearl River Estuary and northern South China Sea[J].Marine Chemistry,2009,117(1-4):21-31.
[7] Bange H W, Bartell U H, Rapsomanikis S, et al. Methane in the Baltic and North Seas and a reassessment of the marine emissions of methane[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 1994,8(4):465-480.
[8] Bange H. Air-sea exchange of nitrous oxide and methane in the Arabian Sea:A simple model of the seasonal variability[J]. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 2004,33(1):77-83.
[9] Karl D M, Beversdorf L, Bjorkman K M, et al. Aerobic production of methane in the sea[J]. Nature Geoscience, 2008,1(7):473-478.
[10] Damm E, Kiene R P, Schwarz J, et al. Methane cycling in Arctic shelf water and its relationship with phytoplankton biomass and DMSP[J].Marine Chemistry, 2008,109(1/2):45-59.
[11] Zindler C, Bracher A, Marandino C A,et al. Sulphur compounds,methane, and phytoplankton:interactions along a north-south transit in the western Pacific Ocean[J]. Biogeosciences, 2013,10(5):3297-3311.
[12] Yang G P, Li L, Qi J L, et al. Dimethylsulfide in the surface water of the East China Sea[J]. Continental Shelf Research, 2000,20(1):69-82.
[13] Yang G P. Spatial distributions of dimethylsulfide in the South China Sea[J]. Deep-Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers,2000,47(2):177-192.
[14] Yang G, Song Y, Zhang H, et al. Seasonal variation and biogeochemical cycling of dimethylsulfide(DMS)and dimethylsulfoniopropionate(DMSP)in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans, 2015,119(12):8897-8915.
[15] Hu M,Tang X Y,Li J L,et al. Distributions of dimethylsulfide in the Bohai sea and Yellow Sea of China.[J]. Journal of Environmental Science, 2003,15(6):762-767.
[16] Zhang G L. Distributions and fluxes of methane in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea in spring[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2004,109(C7):C07011.
[17] Zhang G, Zhang J, Liu S, et al. Methane in the Changjiang(Yangtze River)Estuary and its adjacent marine area:riverine input, sediment release and atmospheric fluxes[J]. Biogeosciences,7,11(2010-11-09),2010,91(1):71-84.
[18] Zhang G, Zhang J, Ren J,et al. Distributions and sea-to-air fluxes of methane and nitrous oxide in the North East China Sea in summer[J].Marine Chemistry, 2008,110(1):42-55.
[19] Bates T S, Kelly K C, Johnson J E, et al. Regional and seasonal variations in the flux of oceanic Dimethylsulfide to the atmosphere[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2012,100(D 11):23093-23101.
[20]杨桂朋,康志强,景伟文,等.海水中痕量DMS和DMSP分析方法的研究[J].海洋与湖沼,2007,38(4):322-328.Yang G P, Kang Z Q, Jing W W, et al. An analytical method of determining trace quantities of dimethylsulfide and dimethylsulfoniopropionate in seawater[J]. Oceanologia ET Limnologia Sinica, 2007,38(4):322-328.
[21] Kiene R P, Service S K. The influence of Glycine Betaine on Dimethyl Sulfide and Dimethylsulfoniopropionate concentrations in seawater[M]. Biogeochemistry of Global Change, 1993:654-671.
[22]张桂玲,张经.海洋中溶存甲烷研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2001,16(6):829-835.Zhang G L, Zhang J. Advances in studies of dissolved methane in seawater[J]. Advance in Earth Sciences, 2001,16(6):829-835.
[23]张桂玲.中国近海部分海域溶解甲烷和氧化亚氮的生物地球化学研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2004.Zhang G L. Studies on biogeochemistry of dissolved methane and nitrous oxide in the coastal waters of China[D]. Qingdao:Ocean University of China, 2004.
[24]张洪海,杨桂朋.胶州湾及青岛近海微表层与次表层中二甲基硫(DMS)与二甲巯基丙酸(DMSP)的浓度分布[J].海洋与湖沼,2010,41(5):683-691.Zhang H H, Yang G P. Distribution of dimethylsulfide(DMS)anddimethylsulphoniopropionate(DMSP)in the microlayer and subsurface water in Jiaozhou bay and Qingdao coastal water[J].Oceanlogia ET Limnologia Sinica, 2010,41(5):683-691.
[25]王保栋,王桂云,郑昌洙,等.南黄海冬季生源要素的分布特征[J].黄渤海海洋,1999,(1):40-45.Wang B D, Wang J Y, Zheng C Z, et al. Distribution features of bioactive elements in seawater in the Southern Yellow Sea in Winter[J]. Journal of Oceanography of Huanghai and Bohai seas, 1999,(1):40-45.
[26]杨剑.中国东部陆架海生源硫的分布、通量及其对气溶胶中非海盐硫酸盐的贡献[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2014.Yang J. Distribution and sea-to-air flux of biogenic sulfur from the eastern China continental seas and its contribution to the non-sea-salt sulfate in aerosol.[D]. Qingdao:Ocean University of China, 2014.
[27]宋以柱.中国黄海、渤海OMS和DMSP的浓度分布及影响因素研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2014.Song Y Z. Studies on the distribution of DMS and DMSP and influencing factors in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea, China[D].Qingdao:Ocean University of China, 2014.
[28] Zhang J. Nutrient elements in large Chinese estuaries[J]. Continental Shelf Research, 1996,16(8):1023-1045.
[29] Chen J F,Roald S. Hydrographic condition and variability in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea during winter[J]. Progress in Fishery Sciences, 2001(4):21-28.
[30] Wei H,Su J, Wan R J, et al. Tidal front and the convergence of anchovy(Engraulis japonicus)eggs in the Yellow Sea[J]. Fisheries Oceanography, 2010,12(4/5):434-442.
[31] Uzuka N, Watanabe S, Tsunogai S. Dimethylsulfide in coastal zone of the East China Sea[J]. Journal of Oceanography,1996,52(3):313-321.
[32]王俊.渤海近岸浮游植物种类组成及其数量变动的研究[J].海洋水产研究,2003,24(4):44-50.Wang J. Species composition and quantity variation of phytoplankton in inshore waters of the Bohai Sea[J]. Marine Fisheries Research,2003,24(4):44-50.
[33] Damm E, Helmke E, Thoms S, et al. Methane production in aerobic oligo trophic surface water in the central Arctic Ocean[J].Biogeosciences, 2010,7(3):46-48.
[34] Kiene R P, Linn L J, Bruton J A. New and important roles for DMSP in marine microbial communities[J]. Journal of Sea Research,2000,43(3/4):209-224.
[35] Liss P S, Merlivat L. Air-sea gas exchange rates:introduction and synthesis[J]. The Role of Air-Sea Exchange in Geochemical Cycling,1986,185:113-127.
[36] Nightingale P D, Malin G, Law C S, et al. In situ evaluation of air-sea gas exchange parameterizations using novel conservative and volatile tracers[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2000,14(1):373-387.
[37]曹兴朋,张桂玲,马啸,等.春季东、黄海溶解甲烷的分布和海气交换通量[J].环境科学,2013,34(7):2565-2573.Cao X P, Zhang G L, M X, et al. Distribution and air-sea fluxes of methane in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea in spring[J].Environmental Science, 2013,34(7):2565-2573.
[38] Wiesenburg D A, JN L G. Equilibrium solubilities of methane, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen in water and seawater[J]. Journal of Chemical&Engineering Data, 1979,24(4):356.