论英国维多利亚小说中的阶级与财富
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摘要
英国18世纪的社会阶级划分鲜明,上层为贵族,重视世袭和出身。进入19世纪后,伴随维多利亚时期工业革命的开始,各个阶层的财富收入变化较大,进而影响到维多利亚时期阶层概念的演变,阶层划分不再等级森严,呈现流动变化,各个阶层开始交叉融合。一般而言,维多利亚时期社会阶层划分为三个,分别为上层、中层和底层;三个阶层的概念、构成、经济状况、典型人物、阶层流动及变迁也有极大不同。作为描画维多利亚社会众生相的小说,真实体现了维多利亚各个阶层的真实面貌。
In the 18th century,the British social class was clearly divided. The upper class was aristocracy,attaching great importance to inheritance and birth. With the beginning of the industrial revolution in the 19th century,the wealth and income of all classes changed enormously,which further influenced the evolution of the concept of Victorian class. The class division was no longer rigidly stratified and flowingly transformed,and the classes began to cross and integrate. Generally speaking,Victorian society was divided into three classes: upper,middle and lower classes. The concept,constitution,economic condition,representatives,changes of the three stratums are greatly different. The Victorian novels,depicting the social life of society,reveal the real picture of various classes.
In the 18th century,the British social class was clearly divided. The upper class was aristocracy,attaching great importance to inheritance and birth. With the beginning of the industrial revolution in the 19th century,the wealth and income of all classes changed enormously,which further influenced the evolution of the concept of Victorian class. The class division was no longer rigidly stratified and flowingly transformed,and the classes began to cross and integrate. Generally speaking,Victorian society was divided into three classes: upper,middle and lower classes. The concept,constitution,economic condition,representatives,changes of the three stratums are greatly different. The Victorian novels,depicting the social life of society,reveal the real picture of various classes.
引文
[1]Harold Perkin.The Origins of Modern English Society 1780-1880[M].Toronto:Routledge&Kegan Paul,1972.
[2]Asa Briggs.A Social History of England[M].New York:Viking Press,1983.
[3]Alexis de Tocqueville.Journeys to England and Ireland[M].New York:Doubleday,1968.
[4]E.P.Thompson.The Making of the English Working Class[M].London:Victor Gollancz Ltd,1963.
[5]K.S.Inglis.Churches and the Working Classes in Victorian[M].London:Routledge&Kegan Paul PLC,1963.
[6]G.E.Mingay.The Gentry:The Rise and Fall of a Ruling Class[M].London:Longman Group United Kingdom,1978.
[7]E.H.Phelps Brown,Sheila V Hopkins.“Seven Centuries of Building Wages”and“Seven Centuries of the Prices of Consumables,Compared with BuildersWage-Rates”[A].Essays in Economic History[C].New York,1966,Vol.II.
[8]G.M.Young,ed.Early Victorian England 1830-1865[M].London:Oxford University Press,1934,Vol.I.
[9]Lawrence Stone.The Crisis of the Aristocracy,1558-1641[M].London:Oxford University Press,1967.
[10](英)狄更斯.小杜丽[M].金绍禹译.上海:上海译文出版社,1998.
[11]Alexis de Tocqueville.Democracy in America[M].Penguin Classics,2003.
[12]R.K.Webb.Modern England from the 18th Century to the Present[M].New York and Toronto,1968.
[13](英)简·奥斯丁.傲慢与偏见[M].张玲译.北京:人民文学出版社,2008.
[14]Lionel Trilling.Manners,Morals and the Novel[J].The Kenyon Review.June,2017.
[15](英)狄更斯.艰难时世[M].全增嘏,胡文淑译.上海:上海译文出版社,1985.
[16](英)狄更斯.我们共同的朋友[M].智量译.上海:上海译文出版社,1986.
[17]Michael Wood.In Search of the Trojan War[M].California:University of California Press,1985.
[18]Julia Prewitt Brown.Jane Austens Novels:Social Change and Literary Form[M].Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard U-niversity Press,1979.
[19]Jeanne Delbaere-Garant.Henry James:The Vision of France[M].Paris:Lettres Liege,1970.
(1)约翰·斯图尔特·密尔(John Stuart Mill),也译作约翰·斯图尔特·穆勒,英国著名哲学家和经济学家,19世纪影响力很大的古典自由主义思想家。边沁后功利主义的最重要代表人物之一。
[2]Asa Briggs.A Social History of England[M].New York:Viking Press,1983.
[3]Alexis de Tocqueville.Journeys to England and Ireland[M].New York:Doubleday,1968.
[4]E.P.Thompson.The Making of the English Working Class[M].London:Victor Gollancz Ltd,1963.
[5]K.S.Inglis.Churches and the Working Classes in Victorian[M].London:Routledge&Kegan Paul PLC,1963.
[6]G.E.Mingay.The Gentry:The Rise and Fall of a Ruling Class[M].London:Longman Group United Kingdom,1978.
[7]E.H.Phelps Brown,Sheila V Hopkins.“Seven Centuries of Building Wages”and“Seven Centuries of the Prices of Consumables,Compared with BuildersWage-Rates”[A].Essays in Economic History[C].New York,1966,Vol.II.
[8]G.M.Young,ed.Early Victorian England 1830-1865[M].London:Oxford University Press,1934,Vol.I.
[9]Lawrence Stone.The Crisis of the Aristocracy,1558-1641[M].London:Oxford University Press,1967.
[10](英)狄更斯.小杜丽[M].金绍禹译.上海:上海译文出版社,1998.
[11]Alexis de Tocqueville.Democracy in America[M].Penguin Classics,2003.
[12]R.K.Webb.Modern England from the 18th Century to the Present[M].New York and Toronto,1968.
[13](英)简·奥斯丁.傲慢与偏见[M].张玲译.北京:人民文学出版社,2008.
[14]Lionel Trilling.Manners,Morals and the Novel[J].The Kenyon Review.June,2017.
[15](英)狄更斯.艰难时世[M].全增嘏,胡文淑译.上海:上海译文出版社,1985.
[16](英)狄更斯.我们共同的朋友[M].智量译.上海:上海译文出版社,1986.
[17]Michael Wood.In Search of the Trojan War[M].California:University of California Press,1985.
[18]Julia Prewitt Brown.Jane Austens Novels:Social Change and Literary Form[M].Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard U-niversity Press,1979.
[19]Jeanne Delbaere-Garant.Henry James:The Vision of France[M].Paris:Lettres Liege,1970.
(1)约翰·斯图尔特·密尔(John Stuart Mill),也译作约翰·斯图尔特·穆勒,英国著名哲学家和经济学家,19世纪影响力很大的古典自由主义思想家。边沁后功利主义的最重要代表人物之一。