北京市五环内绿地土壤4种重金属的形态特征及其生物有效性
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摘要
[目的]了解北京市五环内绿地表层(0—20cm)土壤重金属(Cu,Cd,Pb和Zn)的形态特征及其生物有效性,为北京市绿地土壤重金属污染防治提供比较可靠的参考依据。[方法]在建成时间为2~400a的绿化区内共采集表层土壤样品151个,运用改进BCR提取法分析样品中重金属的赋存形态,而后通过风险评价编码法(RAC)和次生相与原生相分布比值法(RSP)对重金属生物有效性进行评估。[结果]样品中重金属Cu,Cd,Pb和Zn的含量分别为31.42,0.29,29.89,76.78 mg/kg,Cu,Zn在中部和东北部含量较高,Pb在中部地区含量较高,Cd在西北部、东北部和南部存在少量高值区。Cu,Cd,Pb和Zn形态分布的总体规律均为:残渣态>可氧化态>弱酸溶态>可还原态,稳定态含量均远高于有效态,有效态含量比例表明重金属生物有效性大小顺序为:Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb风险评价编码法(RAC)表明,Cd和Zn环境风险程度为低风险,Cu和Pb无环境风险。次生相与原生相分布比值法(RSP)显示,Cu,Cd,Pb和Zn元素RSP值分别为0.06,0.49,0.18,0.13,土壤整体上未受到重金属污染,但是有少部分地区存在被污染现象。[结论]北京市五环内绿地土壤总体上不存在重金属Cu,Cd,Pb和Zn污染,环境风险较低,但应对重金属赋存形态保持关注。
[Objective]To understand the characteristics of speciation and bioavailability of heavy metals(Cu,Cd,Pb,and Zn)in greenbelt surface(0—20 cm)soil within the 5 th ring road of Beijing City in order to provide reliable information for soil heavy metal pollution control in Beijing City.[Methods]A total of 151 surface soil samples were collected from greenbelt land built 2~400 years ago.A modified BCR extraction technique was used to analyze the chemical forms of heavy metals from the collected samples.Risk assessment code(RAC)and the ratio of secondary phase and primary phase(RSP)were used to evaluate the bioavailability of the heavy metals.[Results]The average content of total Cu,Cd,Pb,and Zn in soil samples were 31.42,0.29,29.89 and 76.78 mg/kg,respectively.The content of total Cu and Zn were higher in the northeast and central region,Pb was higher in central region,and there were a few high-Cd areas existed in the northwest,northeast,and south region.The speciation distribution of Cu,Cd,Pb,and Zn were ranked as:residual>oxidizable>weak acid soluble>reducible,and the concentrations of stable heavy metals were much higherthan available heavy metals.The bioavailability was ranked as:Cd>Zn>Cu> Pb.Risk assessment code(RAC)showed that Cd and Zn was at low environmental risk level,and Cu and Pb was no environmental risk.The ratio of secondary phase and primary phase(RSP)showed that the RSP values of Cu,Cd,Pb,and Zn was 0.06,0.49,0.18 and 0.13,respectively,most of the soil samples were not polluted by heavy metals.[Conclusion]The environmental risk and pollution of heavy metals(Cu,Cd,Pb,and Zn)of greenbelt soil within the 5 th ring road of Beijing City are at a low level,but enough attentions need to be paid on heavy mental occurrence form.
[Objective]To understand the characteristics of speciation and bioavailability of heavy metals(Cu,Cd,Pb,and Zn)in greenbelt surface(0—20 cm)soil within the 5 th ring road of Beijing City in order to provide reliable information for soil heavy metal pollution control in Beijing City.[Methods]A total of 151 surface soil samples were collected from greenbelt land built 2~400 years ago.A modified BCR extraction technique was used to analyze the chemical forms of heavy metals from the collected samples.Risk assessment code(RAC)and the ratio of secondary phase and primary phase(RSP)were used to evaluate the bioavailability of the heavy metals.[Results]The average content of total Cu,Cd,Pb,and Zn in soil samples were 31.42,0.29,29.89 and 76.78 mg/kg,respectively.The content of total Cu and Zn were higher in the northeast and central region,Pb was higher in central region,and there were a few high-Cd areas existed in the northwest,northeast,and south region.The speciation distribution of Cu,Cd,Pb,and Zn were ranked as:residual>oxidizable>weak acid soluble>reducible,and the concentrations of stable heavy metals were much higherthan available heavy metals.The bioavailability was ranked as:Cd>Zn>Cu> Pb.Risk assessment code(RAC)showed that Cd and Zn was at low environmental risk level,and Cu and Pb was no environmental risk.The ratio of secondary phase and primary phase(RSP)showed that the RSP values of Cu,Cd,Pb,and Zn was 0.06,0.49,0.18 and 0.13,respectively,most of the soil samples were not polluted by heavy metals.[Conclusion]The environmental risk and pollution of heavy metals(Cu,Cd,Pb,and Zn)of greenbelt soil within the 5 th ring road of Beijing City are at a low level,but enough attentions need to be paid on heavy mental occurrence form.
引文
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[20]林淑芬,李辉信,胡锋.蚯蚓粪对黑麦草吸收污染土壤重金属铜的影响[J].土壤学报,2006,43(6):911-918.
[21]郝汉舟,靳孟贵,李瑞敏,等.耕地土壤铜、镉、锌形态及生物有效性研究[J].生态环境学报,2010,19(1):92-96.
[22]霍文毅,黄风茹,陈静生,等.河流颗粒物重金属污染评价方法比较研究[J].地理科学,1997,17(1):82-87.
[23]林承奇,胡恭任,于瑞莲.九龙江和厦门西港近岸表层沉积物中汞的赋存形态及生态风险评价[J].环境化学,2016,35(4):749-756.
[24]安永龙,黄勇,刘清俊,等.北京城区表层土壤多元素分布特征及重金属元素污染评价[J].地质通报,2016,35(12):2111-2120.
[25]吴金莲.北京城市流域底泥重金属形态特征及其生态风险评价[J].水土保持研究,2017,24(5):321-328.
[26]刘艳.北京市崇文区绿地表层土壤质量研究与评价[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2009.
[27]于君宝,王金达,刘景双,等.典型黑土pH值变化对微量元素有效态含量的影响研究[J].水土保持学报,2002,16(2):93-95.
[28]青长乐,牟树森,蒲富永,等.论土壤重金属毒性临界值[J].农业环境科学学报,1992,11(2):51-56.
[2]李小平.西部河谷型城市土壤重金属环境行为、暴露风险及生物修复[M].北京:科学出版社,2016.
[3]龚佃选,秦法宝,张梓婷,等.城市表层土壤重金属污染分析[J].资源节约与环保,2016,173(4):183-184.
[4]王济,白玲玉,张浩.贵阳城市土壤重金属污染研究[M].北京:气象出版社,2011.
[5]郑袁明,陈煌,陈同斌,等.北京市土壤中Cr,Ni含量的空间结构与分布特征[J].第四纪研究,2003,23(4):436-445.
[6]陈立新,赵淑苹,段文标.哈尔滨市不同绿地功能区土壤重金属污染及评价[J].林业科学,2007,43(S1):65-71.
[7]铁梅,宋琳琳,惠秀娟,等.污泥与施污土壤重金属生物活性及生态风险评价[J].土壤通报,2013,262(1):215-221.
[8]Abollino O,Giacomino A,Malandrino M,et al.Assessment of metal availability in a contaminated soil by sequential extraction[J].Water Air and Soil Pollution,2006,173(1/2/3/4):315-338.
[9]叶宏萌,李国平,郑茂钟,等.武夷山茶园土壤中五种重金属的化学形态和生物有效性[J].环境化学,2016,35(10):2071-2078.
[10]王鹏,贾学秀,涂明,等.北京某道路外侧土壤重金属形态特征与污染评价[J].环境科学与技术,2012,35(6):165-172.
[11]陈同斌,郑袁明,陈煌,等.北京市土壤重金属含量背景值的系统研究[J].环境科学,2004,25(1):117-122.
[12]国家环境保护局南京环境科学研究所.GB15618-1995土壤环境质量标准[S/OL].(1995-07-13)[1996-03-01].http:∥www.sac.gov.cn/,1996.
[13]盛蒂,朱兰保,戚晓明,等.蚌埠市区土壤重金属积累特征及生态风险评价[J].土壤通报,2015,46(3):715-720.
[14]Zeng Zhengzhong,Wang Xiaoli,Gou J F,et al.Effects on Ni and Cd speciation in sewage sludge during composting and co-composting with steel slag[J].Waste Management&Research,2014,32(3):179.
[15]杨泉,陈明,胡兰文,等.赣州市土壤重金属形态分布特征及污染评价[J].有色金属科学与工程,2017,8(4):118-124.
[16]Jain C K.Metal fractionation study on bed sediments of River Yamuna,India[J].Water Research,2004,38(3):569-578.
[17]孔明,董增林,晁建颖,等.巢湖表层沉积物重金属生物有效性与生态风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(4):1223-1229.
[18]钱翌,张玮,冉德超.青岛城市土壤重金属的形态分布及影响因素分析[J].环境化学,2011,30(3):652-657.
[19]刘霞,刘树庆,王胜爱.河北主要土壤中Cd和Pb的形态分布及其影响因素[J].土壤学报,2003,22(3):393-400.
[20]林淑芬,李辉信,胡锋.蚯蚓粪对黑麦草吸收污染土壤重金属铜的影响[J].土壤学报,2006,43(6):911-918.
[21]郝汉舟,靳孟贵,李瑞敏,等.耕地土壤铜、镉、锌形态及生物有效性研究[J].生态环境学报,2010,19(1):92-96.
[22]霍文毅,黄风茹,陈静生,等.河流颗粒物重金属污染评价方法比较研究[J].地理科学,1997,17(1):82-87.
[23]林承奇,胡恭任,于瑞莲.九龙江和厦门西港近岸表层沉积物中汞的赋存形态及生态风险评价[J].环境化学,2016,35(4):749-756.
[24]安永龙,黄勇,刘清俊,等.北京城区表层土壤多元素分布特征及重金属元素污染评价[J].地质通报,2016,35(12):2111-2120.
[25]吴金莲.北京城市流域底泥重金属形态特征及其生态风险评价[J].水土保持研究,2017,24(5):321-328.
[26]刘艳.北京市崇文区绿地表层土壤质量研究与评价[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2009.
[27]于君宝,王金达,刘景双,等.典型黑土pH值变化对微量元素有效态含量的影响研究[J].水土保持学报,2002,16(2):93-95.
[28]青长乐,牟树森,蒲富永,等.论土壤重金属毒性临界值[J].农业环境科学学报,1992,11(2):51-56.