北京城区绿地土壤重金属污染评价与空间分析
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摘要
为了揭示北京城区绿地土壤重金属污染状况、影响因素和空间结构特征,从而为北京市环境保护和绿地土壤重金属污染防治提供理论依据,采集北京地区公园绿地、道旁绿地、附属绿地和居住绿地等多个绿地类型中的151个表层土壤(0~20 cm)样品,测定了样品中的重金属(Pb、Cd、Ni、Hg、As)含量,综合运用内梅罗污染指数法及地统计分析方法对5种重金属污染状况、影响因素及空间分布特征进行研究。结果表明:北京城区绿地土壤重金属Pb、Cd、Ni、Hg、As质量分数分别为29.89、0.33、23.89、1.42和7.54 mg?kg~(-1)。5种重金属内梅罗综合污染指数为1.19,属于轻度污染,其中Hg单项污染指数为1.54,污染等级为轻度污染,其余4种重金属单项污染指数均在0.7以下,污染等级为安全级。公园绿地土壤重金属污染内梅罗指数为1.81,属于轻度污染,并且存在轻度的Hg污染,污染指数为1.37,道旁绿地、居住绿地和附属绿地均未受到重金属污染。半变异函数拟合结果表明,5种重金属均存在中等强度的空间自相关性,其中Pb和Cd拟合于球状模型,块基比值分别为65.03%和43.12%;Hg拟合于高斯模型,块金比值为41.3%;Ni和As拟合于指数模型,块金比值分别为44.35%和49.96%。另外,Pb、Cd和As表现为各向异性,Hg和Ni表现为各向同性。Ni和As高值区主要分布在北部地区;Pb和Hg高值区分布主要集中在中部,呈现出从中部向外围递减的趋势;Cd高值区分布比较零散,呈不规则斑块状分布。5种重金属污染及空间结构受到随机因素和结构因素的共同影响,受随机因素影响的程度为Pb>As>Ni>Cd>Hg。
In order to reveal the pollution degrees, influence factors and spatial structure characteristics of greenbelt soils heavy metals in Beijing urban area, as well as provide a theoretical basis for Beijing to protect the environment and prevent greenbelt soil polluted by heavy metals. The concentrations of Pb, Cd, Ni, Hg and As in 151 greenbelt surface(0~20 cm) soil samples, which were collected from Park green area, Street green area, Residential green area and Affiliate green area, were detected. Then the influence factors and degrees of pollution and spatial structure characteristics of heavy metals in the soils were analyzed by applying the Nemerow integrated pollution index and Geo-statistics. The results showed that average values of total Pb, Cd, Ni, Hg and As were 29.89, 0.33, 23.89, 1.42 and 7.54 mg?kg~(-1), respectively. The greenbelt soil was polluted slightly, and the Nemerow integrated pollution index of the four heavy metals was 1.19. Single-factor pollution index of Hg was 1.54, which indicated low pollution level, while all of other four heavy metals posed no pollution and the single-factor pollution index of was all less than 0.7. Park green area was polluted slightly, and the Nemerow integrated pollution index of the four heavy metals was 1.81. Single-factor pollution index of Hg was 1.37, which indicated low pollution level, while none of other three green area had been polluted by heavy metals. According to the semivariogram fitting, the spatial autocorrelation of these four heavy metals was moderate. Pb and Cd fit the spherical model and the ratios of nugget and still were 65.03% and 43.12%, respectively. Hg fit to Gaussian model and the ratios of nugget and still was 41.3%. Ni and As fit the exponential model and the ratios of nugget and still were about 44.35% and 49.96%, Pb, Cd and As were isotropy, Hg and Ni were anisotropy. High-value areas of Ni and As were in the north region, high-value areas of Pb Hg was in the central region, and showed a trend of decreasing in the area, and distribution of Cd was fragmented and looked irregular. The pollution and spatial structure of these five heavy metals were both influenced by structural and random factors, and the degrees of being influenced by random factors were in the order of Pb>As>Ni>Cd>Hg.
In order to reveal the pollution degrees, influence factors and spatial structure characteristics of greenbelt soils heavy metals in Beijing urban area, as well as provide a theoretical basis for Beijing to protect the environment and prevent greenbelt soil polluted by heavy metals. The concentrations of Pb, Cd, Ni, Hg and As in 151 greenbelt surface(0~20 cm) soil samples, which were collected from Park green area, Street green area, Residential green area and Affiliate green area, were detected. Then the influence factors and degrees of pollution and spatial structure characteristics of heavy metals in the soils were analyzed by applying the Nemerow integrated pollution index and Geo-statistics. The results showed that average values of total Pb, Cd, Ni, Hg and As were 29.89, 0.33, 23.89, 1.42 and 7.54 mg?kg~(-1), respectively. The greenbelt soil was polluted slightly, and the Nemerow integrated pollution index of the four heavy metals was 1.19. Single-factor pollution index of Hg was 1.54, which indicated low pollution level, while all of other four heavy metals posed no pollution and the single-factor pollution index of was all less than 0.7. Park green area was polluted slightly, and the Nemerow integrated pollution index of the four heavy metals was 1.81. Single-factor pollution index of Hg was 1.37, which indicated low pollution level, while none of other three green area had been polluted by heavy metals. According to the semivariogram fitting, the spatial autocorrelation of these four heavy metals was moderate. Pb and Cd fit the spherical model and the ratios of nugget and still were 65.03% and 43.12%, respectively. Hg fit to Gaussian model and the ratios of nugget and still was 41.3%. Ni and As fit the exponential model and the ratios of nugget and still were about 44.35% and 49.96%, Pb, Cd and As were isotropy, Hg and Ni were anisotropy. High-value areas of Ni and As were in the north region, high-value areas of Pb Hg was in the central region, and showed a trend of decreasing in the area, and distribution of Cd was fragmented and looked irregular. The pollution and spatial structure of these five heavy metals were both influenced by structural and random factors, and the degrees of being influenced by random factors were in the order of Pb>As>Ni>Cd>Hg.
引文
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刘晓林,李文峰,杨林楠,等.2012.基于Arc GIS地统计分析模块的土壤养分空间变异分析--以云南省建水县为例[J].土壤通报,43(6):1432-1437.
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上海市绿化和市容管理局,上海市园林科学研究所,上海市园林绿化工程安全质量监督站,广州市园林科学研究所,北京园林科学研究所.2011.CJ/T 340-2011,绿化种植土壤[S].行业标准-城建(CN-CJ).
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史文娇,魏丹,汪景宽,等.2007.双城市土壤重金属空间分异及影响因子分析[J].水土保持学报,21(1):59-64.
谭陈恬,陈钜辉,陈俊,等.2015.基于Arc GIS地统计分析模块的土壤全磷空间变异与评价--以长沙市为例[J].衡阳师范学院学报,36(3):72-75.
王济,白玲玉,张浩.2011.贵阳城市土壤重金属污染研究[M].北京:气象出版社,(7):62.
王幼奇,白一茹,王建宇.2014.引黄灌区不同尺度农田土壤重金属空间分布及污染评价:以银川市兴庆区为例[J].环境科学,35(7):2714-2720.
徐建华.2002.现代地理学中的数学方法[M].北京:高等教育出版社.
徐娅,陈红华.2015.基于GIS的表层土壤重金属污染及空间特征研究--以玄武湖景区为例[J].环境工程学报,9(8):4083-4089.
杨勇,刘爱军,朝鲁孟其其格,等.2016.锡林郭勒露天煤矿矿区草原土壤重金属分布特征[J].生态环境学报,25(5):885-892.
臧亮,张贵军,张慧,等.2017.黄骅市土壤重金属空间变异特征及污染评价[J].水土保持研究,24(5):337-342.
张仁铎.2000.空间变异理论及应用[M].北京:科学出版社.
郑袁明,陈煌,陈同斌,等.2003.北京市土壤中Cr,Ni含量的空间结构与分布特征[J].第四纪研究,23(4):436-445.
中华人民共和国建设部.2002.CJJ/T 85-2002,城市绿地分类标准[S].
REN B Z,CHEN Y B,ZHU G C,et al.2016.Spatial Variability and Distribution of the Metals in Surface Runoff in a Nonferrous Metal Mine[J].Journal of Automated Methods&Management in Chemistry,DOI:10.1155/2016/4515673.
USA.2007.USEPA Method 6020A Inductive coupled plasma-mass spectrometry[S].
WUANAR A,OKIEIMEN F E.2011.Heavy Metals in Contaminated Soils:A Review of Sources,Chemistry,Risks and Best Available Strategies for Remediation[J].International Scholarly Research Notices,DOI:10.5402/2011/402647.
ZHONG S,GENG H,ZHANG F,et al.2015.Risk Assessment and Prediction of Heavy Metal Pollution in Groundwater and River Sediment:A Case Study of a Typical Agricultural Irrigation Area in Northeast China[J].International Journal of Analytical Chemistry,DOI:10.1155/2015/921539.
北京市统计局:北京统计年鉴.2016.[EB/OL].[2016-10].http://www.bjstats.gov.cn/nj/main/2016-tjnj/zk/indexch.htm.
陈立新,赵淑苹,段文标.2007.哈尔滨市不同绿地功能区土壤重金属污染及评价[J].林业科学,43(增刊):65-71.
陈同斌,郑袁明,陈煌,等.2004.北京市土壤重金属含量背景值的系统研究[J].环境科学,25(1):117-122.
方晓波,史坚,廖欣峰,等.2015.临安市雷竹林土壤重金属污染特征及生态风险评价[J].应用生态学报,26(6):1883-1891.
龚佃选,秦法宝,张梓婷,等.2016.城市表层土壤重金属污染分析[J].资源节约与环保,(4):183-184.
郭天华.2016.上海某区工业调整场地土壤重金属污染现状及开发风险研究[D].上海:华东师范大学.
国家标准化管理委员会,国家质量监督检验检疫总局.2008.GB/T22105.1-2008,土壤质量总汞、总砷、总铅的测定原子荧光法第1部分:土壤中总汞的测定[S].
国家环境保护局.1995.GB 15618-1995,土壤环境质量标准[S].
何健,陈海珍,程世芬,等.2014.广州主城区土壤重金属Pb污染特征及健康风险评价[J].现代预防医学,41(2):212-215,218.
胡碧峰,王佳昱,傅婷婷,等.2017.空间分析在土壤重金属污染研究中的应用[J].土壤通报,48(4):1014-1024.
李小平.2016.西部河谷型城市土壤重金属环境行为、暴露风险及生物修复[M].北京:科学出版社:2-3.
李艳霞,徐理超,熊雄,等.2007.典型矿业城市农田土壤重金属含量的空间结构特征--以辽宁省阜新市为例[J].环境科学学报,27(4):679-687.
刘晓林,李文峰,杨林楠,等.2012.基于Arc GIS地统计分析模块的土壤养分空间变异分析--以云南省建水县为例[J].土壤通报,43(6):1432-1437.
刘艳.2009.北京市崇文区绿地表层土壤质量研究与评价[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院.
罗成科,毕江涛,肖国举,等.2017.宁东基地不同工业园区周边土壤重金属污染特征及其评价[J].生态环境学报,26(7):1221-1227.
上海市绿化和市容管理局,上海市园林科学研究所,上海市园林绿化工程安全质量监督站,广州市园林科学研究所,北京园林科学研究所.2011.CJ/T 340-2011,绿化种植土壤[S].行业标准-城建(CN-CJ).
盛蒂,朱兰保,戚晓明,等.2015.蚌埠市区土壤重金属积累特征及生态风险评价[J].土壤通报,46(3):715-720.
史文娇,魏丹,汪景宽,等.2007.双城市土壤重金属空间分异及影响因子分析[J].水土保持学报,21(1):59-64.
谭陈恬,陈钜辉,陈俊,等.2015.基于Arc GIS地统计分析模块的土壤全磷空间变异与评价--以长沙市为例[J].衡阳师范学院学报,36(3):72-75.
王济,白玲玉,张浩.2011.贵阳城市土壤重金属污染研究[M].北京:气象出版社,(7):62.
王幼奇,白一茹,王建宇.2014.引黄灌区不同尺度农田土壤重金属空间分布及污染评价:以银川市兴庆区为例[J].环境科学,35(7):2714-2720.
徐建华.2002.现代地理学中的数学方法[M].北京:高等教育出版社.
徐娅,陈红华.2015.基于GIS的表层土壤重金属污染及空间特征研究--以玄武湖景区为例[J].环境工程学报,9(8):4083-4089.
杨勇,刘爱军,朝鲁孟其其格,等.2016.锡林郭勒露天煤矿矿区草原土壤重金属分布特征[J].生态环境学报,25(5):885-892.
臧亮,张贵军,张慧,等.2017.黄骅市土壤重金属空间变异特征及污染评价[J].水土保持研究,24(5):337-342.
张仁铎.2000.空间变异理论及应用[M].北京:科学出版社.
郑袁明,陈煌,陈同斌,等.2003.北京市土壤中Cr,Ni含量的空间结构与分布特征[J].第四纪研究,23(4):436-445.
中华人民共和国建设部.2002.CJJ/T 85-2002,城市绿地分类标准[S].