园林废弃物生态覆盖垫的制备及其水分特性
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摘要
【目的】以园林废弃物为原料制备生态覆盖垫,用于覆盖城市绿地裸露土壤,从而提高园林绿化水分利用效率,减少城市水土流失,探索出园林废弃物替代木材原料资源化利用的新途径。【方法】以两种粒径(小粒径0~1cm和大粒径1~3 cm)的园林废弃物为原料,使用环保型水性聚氨酯作为胶黏剂,选择5个施胶量(分别占园林废弃物质量的20%、25%、30%、35%和40%),通过模具压制的方法制备覆盖城市裸露土壤用的生态覆盖垫,并研究其基本性质、保水效果、透水能力和持水能力,选取最佳施胶量。【结果】结果表明:随着施胶量的增加,生态覆盖垫的密度偏差和吸水厚度膨胀率逐渐增大,但当施胶量达到40%时,吸水厚度膨胀率减小。随着施胶量的增加,生态覆盖垫的保水效果均逐渐增强,小粒径原料制备的生态覆盖垫保水效果整体好于大粒径原料制备的生态覆盖垫。而在透水能力方面,小粒径原料制备的生态覆盖垫施胶量不高于30%时,透水能力较好;大粒径原料制备的生态覆盖垫透水能力则不受施胶量影响。生态覆盖垫的持水量与浸泡时间均存在着显著的对数函数关系,吸水速率与浸泡时间呈显著的幂函数关系,小粒径和大粒径原料制备的生态覆盖垫的持水能力分别在施胶量达30%和35%时达到最强。【结论】综合分析,小粒径原料制备的生态覆盖垫施胶量30%较为合适,对于大粒径原料制备的生态覆盖垫,则优选35%的施胶量,小粒径和大粒径原料制备的生态覆盖垫分别更适用于覆盖干旱地区的裸露土壤和降雨较多地区的裸露土壤。
[Objective]The ecological mulching mats made from green waste were used to cover the bare soil in urban green space,so as to improve the water use efficiency of landscaping,reduce soil erosion and explore a new approach to the reuse of green waste. [Method] Ecological mulching mats manufactured by mold suppressing were made by two particle sizes' green waste( small particle size 0-1 cm and big particle size 1-3 cm) and five proportions of water-based polyurethane adhesive( mass ratio20%,25%, 30%, 35% and 40%), then the basic properties, water retention effect, water permeability and water holding capacity of ecological mulching mats were studied and used to choose thebest proportion of adhesive. [Result]The results showed that with the increasing of adhesive proportion,the density deviation and thickness swelling rate increased gradually,but when the adhesive proportion reached 40%,the thickness swelling rate decreased. And with the increasing of adhesive proportion,the water retention effect of ecological mulching mats was gradually enhanced,and the water retention effect of ecological mulching mats made from small particle size's green waste was better than those made from big particle size's green waste. The water permeability of ecological mulching mats made from small particle size's green waste was better when the adhesive proportion was less than 30%,and the adhesive proportion had no effect on the water permeability of ecological mulching mats made from big particle size's green waste. Water holding capacity of different ecological mulching mats changed logarithmically with soaking time,and the water absorption rate followed a power function,the water holding capacity of the ecological mulching mats made from small particle size's and large particle size's green waste was the strongest when the adhesive proportion was 30% and 35%,respectively. [Conclusion] In all,30%adhesive proportion was the best to manufacture ecological mulching mats which made from small particle size's green waste,and 35% was the best for another. The ecological mulching mats made from small particle size's and large particle size's green waste were more suitable to cover bare soil in arid regions and humid regions,respectively.
[Objective]The ecological mulching mats made from green waste were used to cover the bare soil in urban green space,so as to improve the water use efficiency of landscaping,reduce soil erosion and explore a new approach to the reuse of green waste. [Method] Ecological mulching mats manufactured by mold suppressing were made by two particle sizes' green waste( small particle size 0-1 cm and big particle size 1-3 cm) and five proportions of water-based polyurethane adhesive( mass ratio20%,25%, 30%, 35% and 40%), then the basic properties, water retention effect, water permeability and water holding capacity of ecological mulching mats were studied and used to choose thebest proportion of adhesive. [Result]The results showed that with the increasing of adhesive proportion,the density deviation and thickness swelling rate increased gradually,but when the adhesive proportion reached 40%,the thickness swelling rate decreased. And with the increasing of adhesive proportion,the water retention effect of ecological mulching mats was gradually enhanced,and the water retention effect of ecological mulching mats made from small particle size's green waste was better than those made from big particle size's green waste. The water permeability of ecological mulching mats made from small particle size's green waste was better when the adhesive proportion was less than 30%,and the adhesive proportion had no effect on the water permeability of ecological mulching mats made from big particle size's green waste. Water holding capacity of different ecological mulching mats changed logarithmically with soaking time,and the water absorption rate followed a power function,the water holding capacity of the ecological mulching mats made from small particle size's and large particle size's green waste was the strongest when the adhesive proportion was 30% and 35%,respectively. [Conclusion] In all,30%adhesive proportion was the best to manufacture ecological mulching mats which made from small particle size's green waste,and 35% was the best for another. The ecological mulching mats made from small particle size's and large particle size's green waste were more suitable to cover bare soil in arid regions and humid regions,respectively.
引文
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[2]龚小强,孙向阳,李燕,等.组配改良剂对园林废弃物堆肥基质理化性质及鸟巢蕨生长影响[J].西北林学院学报,2015,30(5):126-132.Gong X Q,Sun X Y,Li Y,et al.Effects of combined amendments on physicochemical properties of green waste compost substrates and growth of Asplenium nidus[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2015,30(5):126-132.
[3]魏乐,李素艳,李燕,等.园林废弃物堆肥替代泥炭用于天竺葵和金盏菊栽培[J].浙江农林大学学报,2016,33(5):849-854.Wei L,Li S Y,Li Y,et al.Growth of Pelargonium zonale and Calendula officinalis when utilizing green waste compost as a peat substitute[J].Journal of Zhejiang A&F University,2016,33(5):849-854.
[4]李燕,孙向阳,龚小强.园林废弃物堆肥替代泥炭用于红掌和鸟巢蕨栽培[J].浙江农林大学学报,2015,32(5):736-742.Li Y,Sun X Y,Gong X Q.Use of green waste compost as a peat surrogate in substrates for Anthurium andraeanum and Asplenium nidus cultivation[J].Journal of Zhejiang A&F University,2015,32(5):736-742.
[5]张璐,孙向阳,田赟.园林废弃物堆肥用于青苹果竹芋栽培研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2011,33(5):109--114.Zhang L,Sun X Y,Tian Y.Application of green waste compost for Calathea rotundifola cv.fasciata cultivation[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2011,33(5):109-114.
[6]龚小强,李素艳,李燕,等.绿化废弃物好氧堆肥和蚯蚓堆肥作为蔬菜育苗基质研究[J].浙江农林大学学报,2016,33(2):280--287.Gong X Q,Li S Y,Li Y,et al.Compost and vermicompost from green wastes as substrates for vegetable seedlings cultivation[J].Journal of Zhejiang A&F University,2016,33(2):280--287.
[7]沈文星,周定国.秸秆人造板的产业化问题[J].林业科学,2007,43(3):103-107.Shen W X,Zhou D G.A research to the industrialization of strawbased panel[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2007,43(3):103-107.
[8]刘德军,董彬,李文斌,等.无醛无毒防火秸秆人造板的制备与性能试验[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(1):301--307.Liu D J,Dong B,Li W B,et al.Preparation and performance test of formaldehyde-free innocuous and nonflammable straw particleboard[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2017,33(1):301-307.
[9]张峰,赵阳,张丽,等.椰丝生态复合片材制备及应用性能研究[J].安徽农业科学,2016,44(28):146-149.Zhang F,Zhao Y,Zhang L,et al.Manufacturing process of ecological composite sheet based on coconut and its application properties[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2016,44(28):146--149.
[10]张峰,张丽,漆楚生,等.预处理方法对玉米秸秆人造板性能的影响[J].北京林业大学学报,2017,39(9):112--118.Zhang F,Zhang L,Qi C S,et al.Effects of pretreatment methods on properties of corn straw board[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2017,39(9):112-118.
[11]王成,郄光发,彭镇华.有机地表覆盖物在城市林业建设中的应用价值[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(11):2213--2217.Wang C,Qie G F,Peng Z H.Application value of organic ground surface mulch in urban forestry construction[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2005,16(11):2213--2217.
[12]张骅,王心语,张骏达,等.北京地区五环内冬季园林绿地中裸土调研及其分布特征[J].中国水土保持科学,2017,15(2):79-84.Zhang H,Wang X Y,Zhang J D,et al.Investigation and distributions of the bare lands among gardens and greenbelts in winter within the 5th Ring of Beijing[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,15(2):79--84.
[13]Sinkeviciene A,Jodaugiene D,Pupaliene R,et al.The influence of organic mulches on soil properties and crop yield[J].Agronomy Research,2009,7(1):485--491.
[14]Maggard A O,Will R E,Hennessey T C,et al.Tree-based mulches influence soil properties and plant growth[J].Hort Technology,2012,22(3):353-361.
[15]沈娟,郭世荣.有机地表覆盖物在城市绿化建设中的作用[J].上海应用技术学院学报,2008,8(3):160-164.Shen J,Guo S R.Effect of organic ground surface mulch in urban landscaping construction[J].Journal of Shanghai Institute Technology,2008,8(3):160-164.
[16]时连辉,韩国华,张志国,等.秸秆腐解物覆盖对园林土壤理化性质的影响[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(1):113--117.Shi L H,Han G H,Zhang Z G,et al.Effect of mulching with straw composts on soil properties of landscape[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2010,26(1):113--117.
[17]Ni X,Song W,Zhang H,et al.Effects of mulching on soil properties and growth of tea olive(Osmanthus fragrans)[J/OL].Plo S One,2016,11(8):e0158228[2017--08--26].http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0158228.
[18]雷亚芳,常建民,杜朝刚.刨花与刨花板性能关系的研究现状[J].西北林学院学报,2005,20(3):169-172,192.Lei Y F,Chang J M,Du C G.Current research of relationship between particle and properties of particleboard[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2005,20(3):169-172,192.
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