益生菌在老年人中的应用研究现状
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摘要
在世界上几乎每一个国家,60周岁以上的人口增长速度比其他任何年龄组都要快,随着老年人数量的增多,其健康问题愈加得到全世界的关注。而益生菌在老年人的健康中显现出其特有的适用性。本文对益生菌的作用机制和在老年人中的应用进行文献综述,以期为研究人员及临床工作人员提供参考。
In almost every country in the world, the population above the age of 60 is growing faster than any other age group.With the increase of the number of elderly people, their health problems have attracted more and more attention all over the world. Probiotics show their unique applicability in the health of the elderly. This study reviews the literature on the mechanism of action of probiotics and its use in the elderly, with a view to providing reference for researchers and clinical staff.
In almost every country in the world, the population above the age of 60 is growing faster than any other age group.With the increase of the number of elderly people, their health problems have attracted more and more attention all over the world. Probiotics show their unique applicability in the health of the elderly. This study reviews the literature on the mechanism of action of probiotics and its use in the elderly, with a view to providing reference for researchers and clinical staff.
引文
[1]世界卫生组织.老龄化与健康[EB/OL].(2018-02-05)[2018-06-29].http://www.who.int/zh/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health.
[2]中华人民共和国国家统计局.2016年国民经济和社会发展统计公报[EB/OL].(2017-02-28)[2018-06-29].http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb./201702/t20170228_1467424.html.
[3]RONDANELLI M,GIACOSA A,FALIVA MA,et al.Review on microbiota and effectiveness of probiotics use in older[J].World J Clin Cases,2015,3(2):156-162.
[4]PETERSON CT,SHARMA V,ELMEN L,et al.Immune homeostasis,dysbiosis and therapeutic modulation of the gutmicrobiota[J].Clin Exp Immunol,2015,179(3):363-377.
[5]OHSHIMA T,KOJIMA Y,SENEVIRATNE CJ,et al.Therapeutic Application of Synbiotics,a Fusion of Probiotics and Prebiotics,and Biogenics as a New Concept for Oral Candida Infections:A Mini Review[J/OL].Front Microbiol,2016,7:10.[2018-08-03].http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgicmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=26834728&query_hl=1.DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00010.
[6]周敏,尹华华,朱京慈.益生菌对重型颅脑损伤大鼠胃肠动力及胃肠激素分泌的影响[J].中华现代护理杂志,2011,17(9):993-996.
[7]DUNCAN SH,FLINT HJ.Probiotics and prebiotics and health in ageing populations[J].Maturitas,2013,75(1):44-50.
[8]郑志昌,陈映彤,郭娟娟,等.益生元对早产儿、肥胖及老年群体肠道菌群调节机制的研究现状[J].食品科学,2018,39(1):297-304.
[9]YOU J,DONG H,MANN ER,et al.Probiotic modulation of dendritic cell function is influenced by ageing[J].Immunobiology,2014,219(2):138-148.
[10]魏长浩,邓泽元.益生菌及其应用研究进展[J].乳业科学与技术,2018,41(1):26-32.
[11]MARIE L,SILVIA MR,GABRIELLE R,et al.Probiotic strain Bacillus subtilis CU1 stimulates immune system of elderly during common infectious disease period:a randomized,double-blind placebo-controlled study[J].Immun Ageing,2015,12(1):24.
[12]SUJIRA M,LEHTINEN MJ,CHILDS CE,et al.Consumption of Bifidobacterium lactis Bi-07 by healthy elderly adults enhances phagocytic activity of monocytes and granulocytes[J/OL].J Nutr Sci,2013,2:e44.[2018-08-03].http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgicmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=25191600&query_hl=1.DOI:10.1017/jns.2013.31.
[13]LIU Y,GIBSON GR,WALTON GE.An In Vitro Approach to Study Effects of Prebiotics and Probiotics on the Faecal Microbiota and Selected Immune Parameters Relevant to the Elderly[J].PLOS ONE,2016,11(9):e0162604.
[14]CAZORLA SI,MALDONADO-GALDEANO C,WEILL R,et al.Oral Administration of Probiotics Increases Paneth Cells and Intestinal AntimicrobialActivity[J/OL].Front Microbiol,2018,9:736.[2018-08-03].http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgicmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=29713315&query_hl=1.DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00736.
[15]MANCUSKOVA T,MEDVED'OVA A,OZBOLT M,et al.The Medical Functions of Probiotics and Their Role in Clinical Nutrition[J].Curr Nutr Food Sci,2018,14(1):3-10.
[16]吴英韬,袁杰利.益生菌在肠道疾病治疗中的应用[J].传染病信息,2015,28(4):245-250.
[17]徐娜娜,范文廷,毕茹茹,等.功能性便秘患者肠道菌群分析及肠道菌群调节作用的研究进展[J].临床检验杂志,2018,36(1):34-36.
[18]AI R,WEI J,MA D,et al.A meta-analysis of randomized trials assessing the effects of probiotic preparations on oral candidiasis in the elderly[J/OL].Arch Oral Biol,2017,83:187-192.[2018-08-05].http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=28783552&query_hl=1.DOI:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.04.030.
[19]HATAKKA K,AHOLA A J,YLI-KNUUTTILA H,et al.Probiotics reduce the prevalence of oral candida in the elderly-a randomized controlled trial[J].J Dent Res,2007,86(2):125-130.
[20]KRAFT-BODI E,JORGENSEN MR,KELLER MK,et al.Effect of Probiotic Bacteria on Oral Candida in Frail Elderly[J].J Dent Res,2015,942(9):181S-186S.
[21]MENDONCA FHBP,SANTOS SSFD,FARIA IDSD,et al.Effects of probiotic bacteria on Candida presence and IgA anti-Candida in the oral cavity of elderly[J].Braz Dent J,2012,23(5):534-538.
[22]SONG YG,LEE SH.Inhibitory effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus casei on Candida biofilm of denture surface[J/OL].Arch Oral Biol,2017,76:1-6.[2018-08-25].http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.cgicmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=28063305&query_hl=1.DOI:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.12.014.
[23]VAN DEN NIEUWBOER M,KLOMP-HOGETERP A,VERDOORNS,et al.Improving the bowel habits of elderly residents in a nursing home using probiotic fermented milk[J].Benef Microbes,2015,6(4):397-403.
[24]AN HM,BAEK EH,JANG S,et al.Efficacy of Lactic Acid Bacteria(LAB)supplement in management of constipation among nursing home residents[J/OL].Nutr J,2010,9:5.[2018-08-25].http:/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgicmd=Retrievedb=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=20137076&query_hl=1.DOI:10.1186/1475-2891-9-5.
[25]MARTINEZ-MARTINEZ MI,CALABUIG-TOLSA R,CAULI O.The effect of probiotics as a treatment for constipation in elderly people:A systematic review[J/OL].Arch Gerontol Geriatr,2017,71:142-149.[2018-08-25].http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entre z/query.fcgicmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=28467916&query_hl=1.DOI:10.1016/j.archger.2017.04.004.
[26]OUWEHAND AC,LAGSTROM H,SUOMALAINEN T,et al.Effect of probiotics on constipation,fecal azoreductase activity and fecal mucin content in the elderly[J].Ann Nutr Metab,2002,46(3-4):159-162.
[27]YEUN Y,LEE J.Effect of a double-coated probiotic formulation on functional constipation in the elderly:a randomized,double blind,controlled study[J].Arch Pharm Res,2015,38(7):1345-1350.
[28]GERRITSEN C,ORMEL G.Probiotics to prevent upper respiratory tract infections[J].Agro Food Indus Try Hitech,2016,27(5):14-17.
[29]PU F,GUO Y,LI M,et al.Yogurt supplemented with probiotics can protect the healthy elderly from respiratory infections:A randomized controlled open-label trial[J/OL].Clin Interv Aging,2017,12:1223-1231.[2018-08-25].http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=28848330&query_hl=1.DOI:10.2147/CIA.S141518.
[30]FUJITA R,IIMURO S,SHINOZAKI T,et al.Decreased duration of acute upper respiratory tract infections with daily intake of fermented milk:a multicenter,double-blinded,randomized comparative study in users of day care facilities for the elderly population[J].Am J Infect Control,2013,41(12):1231-1235.
[31]BARTLETT JG.Clinical practice.Antibiotic-associated diarrhea[J].N Engl J Med,2002,346(5):334-339.
[32]张冬梅,许斌斌,余砾,等.布拉酵母菌预防住院老年患者抗生素相关性腹泻的前瞻性随机对照研究[J].中华内科杂志,2017,56(6):398-401.
[33]PANIC N,TUFEGDZIC M,MARINO M,et al.Prophylactic Use of Saccharomyces boulardii Probiotics in Preventing Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea:A Single Center Hospital-Based Case-Control Study in Serbia.Gastroenterology,2016,150(4):S697-S697.
[34]PELLINO G,SCIAUDONE G,CANDILIO G,et al.Early postoperative administration of probiotics versus placebo in elderly patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery:a double-blind randomized controlled trial[J/OL].BMC Surg,2013,13:S57.[2018-11-02].https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1471-2482-13-S2-S57.DOI:10.1186/1471-2482-13-S2-S57.
[35]JAFARNEJAD S,SHAB-BIDAR S,SPEAKMAN JR,et al.Probiotics Reduce the Risk of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea in Adults(18-64Years)but Not the Elderly(>65 Years):A meta-analysis[J].Nutr Clin Pract,2016,31(4):502-513.
[36]XIE C,LI J,WANG K,et al.Probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in older patients:A systematic review[J].Travel Med Infect di,2015,13(2):128-134.
[37]MALLINA R,CRAIK J,BRIFFA N,et al.Probiotic containing Lactobacillus casei,Lactobacillus bulgaricus,and Streptococcus thermophiles(ACTIMEL)for the prevention of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea in the elderly with proximal femur fractures[J].J Infect Public Health,2018,11(1):85-88.
[38]DUDZICZ S,ADAMCZAK M,WIECEK A.Clostridium Difficile Infection in the Nephrology Ward[J].Kidney Blood Press R,2017,42(5):844-852.
[39]CHOI J,HUR T,HONG Y.Influence of Altered Gut Microbiota Composition on Aging and Aging-Related Diseases[J].J Lifestyle Med,2018,8(1):1-7.
[40]MANCUSO C,SANTANGELO R.Alzheimer's disease and gut microbiota modifications:The long way between preclinical studies and clinical evidence[J/OL].Pharmacol Res,2018,129:329-336.[2018-11-02].https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29233677.DOI:10.1016/j.phrs.2017.12.009.
[41]JEONG JJ,KIM KA,HWANG YJ,et al.Anti-inflammaging effects of Lactobacillus brevis OW38 in aged mice[J].Benef Microbes,2016,7(5):707-718.
[42]LEI M,HUA LM,WANG DW.The effect of probiotic treatment on elderly patients with distal radius fracture:a prospective doubleblind,placebo-controlled randomised clinical trial[J].Benef Microbes,2016,7(5):631-637.
[43]RAMPELLI S,CANDELA M,SEVERGNINI M,et al.A probioticscontaining biscuit modulates the intestinal microbiota in the elderly[J].J Nutr Health Aging,2013,17(2):166-172.
[44]AOYAGI Y,PARK S,MATSUBARA S,et al.Habitual intake of fermented milk products containing Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota and a reduced risk of hypertension in older people[J].Benef Microbes,2017,8(1):23-29.
[45]SALAS-SALVADO J,GUASCH-FERRE M,DIAZ-LOPEZ A,et al.Yogurt and Diabetes:Overview of Recent Observational Studies[J].J Nutr,2017,147(7):1452S-1461S.
[46]EREN Z,GUROL Y,SONMEZOGLU M,et al.Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia in an elderly patient following probiotic treatment[J].Mikrobiyol Bul,2014,48(2):351-355.
[47]DAUBY N.Risks of Saccharomyces boulardii-Containing Probiotics for the Prevention of Clostridium difficile Infection in the Elderly[J].Gastroenterology,2017,153(5):1450-1451.
[2]中华人民共和国国家统计局.2016年国民经济和社会发展统计公报[EB/OL].(2017-02-28)[2018-06-29].http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb./201702/t20170228_1467424.html.
[3]RONDANELLI M,GIACOSA A,FALIVA MA,et al.Review on microbiota and effectiveness of probiotics use in older[J].World J Clin Cases,2015,3(2):156-162.
[4]PETERSON CT,SHARMA V,ELMEN L,et al.Immune homeostasis,dysbiosis and therapeutic modulation of the gutmicrobiota[J].Clin Exp Immunol,2015,179(3):363-377.
[5]OHSHIMA T,KOJIMA Y,SENEVIRATNE CJ,et al.Therapeutic Application of Synbiotics,a Fusion of Probiotics and Prebiotics,and Biogenics as a New Concept for Oral Candida Infections:A Mini Review[J/OL].Front Microbiol,2016,7:10.[2018-08-03].http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgicmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=26834728&query_hl=1.DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00010.
[6]周敏,尹华华,朱京慈.益生菌对重型颅脑损伤大鼠胃肠动力及胃肠激素分泌的影响[J].中华现代护理杂志,2011,17(9):993-996.
[7]DUNCAN SH,FLINT HJ.Probiotics and prebiotics and health in ageing populations[J].Maturitas,2013,75(1):44-50.
[8]郑志昌,陈映彤,郭娟娟,等.益生元对早产儿、肥胖及老年群体肠道菌群调节机制的研究现状[J].食品科学,2018,39(1):297-304.
[9]YOU J,DONG H,MANN ER,et al.Probiotic modulation of dendritic cell function is influenced by ageing[J].Immunobiology,2014,219(2):138-148.
[10]魏长浩,邓泽元.益生菌及其应用研究进展[J].乳业科学与技术,2018,41(1):26-32.
[11]MARIE L,SILVIA MR,GABRIELLE R,et al.Probiotic strain Bacillus subtilis CU1 stimulates immune system of elderly during common infectious disease period:a randomized,double-blind placebo-controlled study[J].Immun Ageing,2015,12(1):24.
[12]SUJIRA M,LEHTINEN MJ,CHILDS CE,et al.Consumption of Bifidobacterium lactis Bi-07 by healthy elderly adults enhances phagocytic activity of monocytes and granulocytes[J/OL].J Nutr Sci,2013,2:e44.[2018-08-03].http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgicmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=25191600&query_hl=1.DOI:10.1017/jns.2013.31.
[13]LIU Y,GIBSON GR,WALTON GE.An In Vitro Approach to Study Effects of Prebiotics and Probiotics on the Faecal Microbiota and Selected Immune Parameters Relevant to the Elderly[J].PLOS ONE,2016,11(9):e0162604.
[14]CAZORLA SI,MALDONADO-GALDEANO C,WEILL R,et al.Oral Administration of Probiotics Increases Paneth Cells and Intestinal AntimicrobialActivity[J/OL].Front Microbiol,2018,9:736.[2018-08-03].http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgicmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=29713315&query_hl=1.DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00736.
[15]MANCUSKOVA T,MEDVED'OVA A,OZBOLT M,et al.The Medical Functions of Probiotics and Their Role in Clinical Nutrition[J].Curr Nutr Food Sci,2018,14(1):3-10.
[16]吴英韬,袁杰利.益生菌在肠道疾病治疗中的应用[J].传染病信息,2015,28(4):245-250.
[17]徐娜娜,范文廷,毕茹茹,等.功能性便秘患者肠道菌群分析及肠道菌群调节作用的研究进展[J].临床检验杂志,2018,36(1):34-36.
[18]AI R,WEI J,MA D,et al.A meta-analysis of randomized trials assessing the effects of probiotic preparations on oral candidiasis in the elderly[J/OL].Arch Oral Biol,2017,83:187-192.[2018-08-05].http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=28783552&query_hl=1.DOI:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.04.030.
[19]HATAKKA K,AHOLA A J,YLI-KNUUTTILA H,et al.Probiotics reduce the prevalence of oral candida in the elderly-a randomized controlled trial[J].J Dent Res,2007,86(2):125-130.
[20]KRAFT-BODI E,JORGENSEN MR,KELLER MK,et al.Effect of Probiotic Bacteria on Oral Candida in Frail Elderly[J].J Dent Res,2015,942(9):181S-186S.
[21]MENDONCA FHBP,SANTOS SSFD,FARIA IDSD,et al.Effects of probiotic bacteria on Candida presence and IgA anti-Candida in the oral cavity of elderly[J].Braz Dent J,2012,23(5):534-538.
[22]SONG YG,LEE SH.Inhibitory effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus casei on Candida biofilm of denture surface[J/OL].Arch Oral Biol,2017,76:1-6.[2018-08-25].http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.cgicmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=28063305&query_hl=1.DOI:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.12.014.
[23]VAN DEN NIEUWBOER M,KLOMP-HOGETERP A,VERDOORNS,et al.Improving the bowel habits of elderly residents in a nursing home using probiotic fermented milk[J].Benef Microbes,2015,6(4):397-403.
[24]AN HM,BAEK EH,JANG S,et al.Efficacy of Lactic Acid Bacteria(LAB)supplement in management of constipation among nursing home residents[J/OL].Nutr J,2010,9:5.[2018-08-25].http:/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgicmd=Retrievedb=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=20137076&query_hl=1.DOI:10.1186/1475-2891-9-5.
[25]MARTINEZ-MARTINEZ MI,CALABUIG-TOLSA R,CAULI O.The effect of probiotics as a treatment for constipation in elderly people:A systematic review[J/OL].Arch Gerontol Geriatr,2017,71:142-149.[2018-08-25].http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entre z/query.fcgicmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=28467916&query_hl=1.DOI:10.1016/j.archger.2017.04.004.
[26]OUWEHAND AC,LAGSTROM H,SUOMALAINEN T,et al.Effect of probiotics on constipation,fecal azoreductase activity and fecal mucin content in the elderly[J].Ann Nutr Metab,2002,46(3-4):159-162.
[27]YEUN Y,LEE J.Effect of a double-coated probiotic formulation on functional constipation in the elderly:a randomized,double blind,controlled study[J].Arch Pharm Res,2015,38(7):1345-1350.
[28]GERRITSEN C,ORMEL G.Probiotics to prevent upper respiratory tract infections[J].Agro Food Indus Try Hitech,2016,27(5):14-17.
[29]PU F,GUO Y,LI M,et al.Yogurt supplemented with probiotics can protect the healthy elderly from respiratory infections:A randomized controlled open-label trial[J/OL].Clin Interv Aging,2017,12:1223-1231.[2018-08-25].http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=28848330&query_hl=1.DOI:10.2147/CIA.S141518.
[30]FUJITA R,IIMURO S,SHINOZAKI T,et al.Decreased duration of acute upper respiratory tract infections with daily intake of fermented milk:a multicenter,double-blinded,randomized comparative study in users of day care facilities for the elderly population[J].Am J Infect Control,2013,41(12):1231-1235.
[31]BARTLETT JG.Clinical practice.Antibiotic-associated diarrhea[J].N Engl J Med,2002,346(5):334-339.
[32]张冬梅,许斌斌,余砾,等.布拉酵母菌预防住院老年患者抗生素相关性腹泻的前瞻性随机对照研究[J].中华内科杂志,2017,56(6):398-401.
[33]PANIC N,TUFEGDZIC M,MARINO M,et al.Prophylactic Use of Saccharomyces boulardii Probiotics in Preventing Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea:A Single Center Hospital-Based Case-Control Study in Serbia.Gastroenterology,2016,150(4):S697-S697.
[34]PELLINO G,SCIAUDONE G,CANDILIO G,et al.Early postoperative administration of probiotics versus placebo in elderly patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery:a double-blind randomized controlled trial[J/OL].BMC Surg,2013,13:S57.[2018-11-02].https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1471-2482-13-S2-S57.DOI:10.1186/1471-2482-13-S2-S57.
[35]JAFARNEJAD S,SHAB-BIDAR S,SPEAKMAN JR,et al.Probiotics Reduce the Risk of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea in Adults(18-64Years)but Not the Elderly(>65 Years):A meta-analysis[J].Nutr Clin Pract,2016,31(4):502-513.
[36]XIE C,LI J,WANG K,et al.Probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in older patients:A systematic review[J].Travel Med Infect di,2015,13(2):128-134.
[37]MALLINA R,CRAIK J,BRIFFA N,et al.Probiotic containing Lactobacillus casei,Lactobacillus bulgaricus,and Streptococcus thermophiles(ACTIMEL)for the prevention of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea in the elderly with proximal femur fractures[J].J Infect Public Health,2018,11(1):85-88.
[38]DUDZICZ S,ADAMCZAK M,WIECEK A.Clostridium Difficile Infection in the Nephrology Ward[J].Kidney Blood Press R,2017,42(5):844-852.
[39]CHOI J,HUR T,HONG Y.Influence of Altered Gut Microbiota Composition on Aging and Aging-Related Diseases[J].J Lifestyle Med,2018,8(1):1-7.
[40]MANCUSO C,SANTANGELO R.Alzheimer's disease and gut microbiota modifications:The long way between preclinical studies and clinical evidence[J/OL].Pharmacol Res,2018,129:329-336.[2018-11-02].https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29233677.DOI:10.1016/j.phrs.2017.12.009.
[41]JEONG JJ,KIM KA,HWANG YJ,et al.Anti-inflammaging effects of Lactobacillus brevis OW38 in aged mice[J].Benef Microbes,2016,7(5):707-718.
[42]LEI M,HUA LM,WANG DW.The effect of probiotic treatment on elderly patients with distal radius fracture:a prospective doubleblind,placebo-controlled randomised clinical trial[J].Benef Microbes,2016,7(5):631-637.
[43]RAMPELLI S,CANDELA M,SEVERGNINI M,et al.A probioticscontaining biscuit modulates the intestinal microbiota in the elderly[J].J Nutr Health Aging,2013,17(2):166-172.
[44]AOYAGI Y,PARK S,MATSUBARA S,et al.Habitual intake of fermented milk products containing Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota and a reduced risk of hypertension in older people[J].Benef Microbes,2017,8(1):23-29.
[45]SALAS-SALVADO J,GUASCH-FERRE M,DIAZ-LOPEZ A,et al.Yogurt and Diabetes:Overview of Recent Observational Studies[J].J Nutr,2017,147(7):1452S-1461S.
[46]EREN Z,GUROL Y,SONMEZOGLU M,et al.Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia in an elderly patient following probiotic treatment[J].Mikrobiyol Bul,2014,48(2):351-355.
[47]DAUBY N.Risks of Saccharomyces boulardii-Containing Probiotics for the Prevention of Clostridium difficile Infection in the Elderly[J].Gastroenterology,2017,153(5):1450-1451.