Nanoscale electropolishing of high-purity nickel with an ionic liquid
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摘要
High purity(>99.9% composition) nickel metal specimens were used in electropolishing treatments with an acid-free ionic liquid electrolyte prepared from quaternary ammonium salts as a green polishing solution. Voltammetry and chronoamperometry tests were conducted to determine the optimum conditions for electrochemical polishing. Atomic force microscopy(AFM) revealed nanoscale effectiveness of each polishing treatment. Atomic force microscopy provided an overall observation of the material interface between the treated and unpolished regions. Surface morphology comparisons summarized electrochemical polishing efficiency by providing root-mean-square roughness averages before and after electrochemical polishing to reveal a mirror finish six times smoother than the same nickel metal surface prior to electropolishing. This transition manifested in a marked change in root-mean-squared roughness from 112.58 nm to 18.64 nm and producing a smooth mirror finish. Finally, the mechanism of the ionic liquid during electropolishing revealed decomposition of choline in the form of a transient choline radical by acceptance of an electron from the nickel-working electrode to decompose to trimethylamine and ethanol.
High purity(>99.9% composition) nickel metal specimens were used in electropolishing treatments with an acid-free ionic liquid electrolyte prepared from quaternary ammonium salts as a green polishing solution. Voltammetry and chronoamperometry tests were conducted to determine the optimum conditions for electrochemical polishing. Atomic force microscopy(AFM) revealed nanoscale effectiveness of each polishing treatment. Atomic force microscopy provided an overall observation of the material interface between the treated and unpolished regions. Surface morphology comparisons summarized electrochemical polishing efficiency by providing root-mean-square roughness averages before and after electrochemical polishing to reveal a mirror finish six times smoother than the same nickel metal surface prior to electropolishing. This transition manifested in a marked change in root-mean-squared roughness from 112.58 nm to 18.64 nm and producing a smooth mirror finish. Finally, the mechanism of the ionic liquid during electropolishing revealed decomposition of choline in the form of a transient choline radical by acceptance of an electron from the nickel-working electrode to decompose to trimethylamine and ethanol.
High purity(>99.9% composition) nickel metal specimens were used in electropolishing treatments with an acid-free ionic liquid electrolyte prepared from quaternary ammonium salts as a green polishing solution. Voltammetry and chronoamperometry tests were conducted to determine the optimum conditions for electrochemical polishing. Atomic force microscopy(AFM) revealed nanoscale effectiveness of each polishing treatment. Atomic force microscopy provided an overall observation of the material interface between the treated and unpolished regions. Surface morphology comparisons summarized electrochemical polishing efficiency by providing root-mean-square roughness averages before and after electrochemical polishing to reveal a mirror finish six times smoother than the same nickel metal surface prior to electropolishing. This transition manifested in a marked change in root-mean-squared roughness from 112.58 nm to 18.64 nm and producing a smooth mirror finish. Finally, the mechanism of the ionic liquid during electropolishing revealed decomposition of choline in the form of a transient choline radical by acceptance of an electron from the nickel-working electrode to decompose to trimethylamine and ethanol.
引文
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[30]A.P.Abbott,G.Frisch,K.S.Ryder,Electroplating using ionic liquids,Ann.Rev.Mater.Res.,43(2013),No.1,p.335.
[31]R.X.Wu,Y.M.Dong,P.P.Jiang,G.L.Wang,Y.M.Chen,and X.M.Wu,Electrodeposited synthesis of self-supported Ni-P cathode for efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen generation,Prog.Nat.Sci.,26(2016),No.3,p.303.
[32]K.Haerens,E.Matthijs,A.Chmielarz,and B.Van der Bruggen,The use of ionic liquids based on choline chloride for metal deposition:a green alternative?,J.Environ.Manage.,90(2009),11,p.3245.
[33]K.Haerens,E.Matthijs,K.Binnemans,and B.Van der Bruggen,Electrochemical decomposition of choline chloride based ionic liquid analogues,Green Chem.,11(2009),No.9,p.1357.
[2]G.Palumbo and K.T.Aust,Structure-dependence of intergranular corrosion in high purity nickel,Acta Metall.Mater.,38(1990),No.11,p.2343.
[3]W.Han and F.Z.Fang,Fundamental aspects and recent developments in electropolishing,Int.J.Mach.Tools Manuf.,139(2019),p.1.
[4]M.Chen,W.L.Ao,C.S.Dai,T.Tao,and J.Yang,Synthesis and electrochemical properties of LiNi0.8Al0.2-xTixO2 cathode materials by an ultrasonic-assisted co-precipitation method,Int.J.Miner.Metall.Mater.,16(2009),No.4,p.452.
[5]C.Ding,K.W.Gao,and C.F.Chen,Effect of Ca2+on CO2corrosion properties of X65 pipeline steel,Int.J.Miner.Metall.Mater.,16(2009),No.6,p.661.
[6]A.I.Wixtrom,J.E.Buhler,C.E.Reece,and T.M.Abdel-Fattah,Electrochemical polishing applications and EIS of a vitamin B4-based ionic liquid,J.Electrochem.Soc.,160(2013),No.3,p.E22.
[7]T.M.Abdel-Fattah,J.D.Loftis,and A.Mahapatro,Nanoscale electrochemical polishing and preconditioning of biometallic nickel-titanium alloys,Nanosci.Nanotechnol.,5(2015),No.2,p.36.
[8]J.C.Rajaguru,M.Duke,and C.Au,Investigation of electroless nickel plating on rapid prototyping material of acrylic resin,Rapid Prototyping J.,22(2016),No.1,p.162.
[9]R.Ohara,C.H.Lan,and C.S.Hwang,Electrochemical and structural characterization of electroless nickel coating on Mg2Ni hydrogen storage alloy,J.Alloys Compd.,580(2013),p.S368.
[10]T.Kume,S.Egawa,G.Yamaguchi,and H.Mimura,Influence of residual stress of electrodeposited layer on shape replication accuracy in Ni electroforming,Procedia CIRP,42(2016),p.783.
[11]M.H.Liu,Y.Meng,Y.Zhao,F.H.Li,Y.L.Gong,and L.Feng,Electropolishing parameters optimization for enhanced performance of nickel coating electroplated on mild steel,Surf.Coat.Technol.,286(2016),p.285.
[12]A.I.Wixtrom,J.E.Buhler,C.E.Reece,and T.M.Abdel-Fattah,Reclamation of niobium compounds from ionic liquid electrochemical polishing of superconducting radio frequency cavities,J.Environ.Chem.Eng.,1(2013),No.1-2,p.18.
[13]T.M.Abdel-Fattah and J.D.Loftis,Surface characterization of high purity metals of silver and nickel electropolished with an ionic liquid,ECS Trans.,25(2010),No.39,p.57.
[14]T.M.Abdel-Fattah,J.D.Loftis,and A.Mahapatro,Nanosized controlled surface pretreatment of biometallic alloy 316Lstainless steel,J.Biomed.Nanotechnol.,7(2010),No.6,p.794.
[15]T.M.Abdel-Fattah,J.D.Loftis,and A.Mahapatro,Nanoscale surface pretreatment of biomedical Co-Cr alloy,J.Surf.Interfaces Mater.,3(2015),No.1,p.67.
[16]G.J.Janz,Molten Salts Handbook,Elsevier,2013,p.558.
[17]T.M.Abdel-Fattah and J.D.Loftis,Comparison of the electrochemical polishing of copper and aluminum in acid and acid-free media,ECS Trans.,25(2009),No.7,p.327.
[18]T.M.Abdel-Fattah,J.D.Loftis,and A.Mahapatro,Ionic liquid electropolishing of metal alloys for biomedical applications,ECS Trans.,25(2010),No.19,p.57.
[19]T.Dushatinski,C.Huff,and T.M.Abdel-Fattah,Characterization of electrochemically deposited films from aqueous and ionic liquid cobalt precursors toward hydrogen evolution reactions,Appl.Surf.Sci.,385(2016),p.282.
[20]A.P.Abbott and K.J.McKenzie,Application of ionic liquids to the electrodeposition of metals,Phys.Chem.Chem.Phys.,37(2006),No.8,p.4265.
[21]A.P.Abbott,G.Frisch,J.Hartley,W.O.Karim,and K.S.Ryder,Anodic dissolution of metals in ionic liquids,Prog.Nat.Sci.,25(2015),No.6,p.595.
[22]A.P.Abbott,A.Ballantyne,R.C.Harris,J.A.Juma,K.S.Ryder,and G.Forrest,A comparative study of nickel electrodeposition using deep eutectic solvents and aqueous solutions,Electrochim.Acta,176(2015),p.718.
[23]E.S.Gadelmawla,M.M.Koura,T.M.A.Maksoud,I.M.Elewa,and H.H.Soliman,Roughness parameters,J.Mater.Process.Technol.,123(2002),No.1,p.133.
[24]R.R.L.De Oliveira,D.A.C.Albuquerque,T.G.S.Cruz,F.M.Yamaji,and F.L.Leite,Measurement of the nanoscale roughness by atomic force microscopy:basic principles and applications,[in]Victor Bellitto eds.,Atomic Force Microscopy,Imaging,Measuring and Manipulating Surfaces at the Atomic Scale,InTech,Croatia,2012,p.147.
[25]J.D.Loftis and T.M.Abdel-Fattah,Nanoscale electropolishing of high purity silver with a deep eutectic solvent,Colloid Surf.A,551(2016),p.113.
[26]A.J.Bard and L.R.Faulkner,Electrochemical Methods:Fundamentals and Application,John Wiley and Sons Publishing,New York,1980,p.864.
[27]M.Lambrechts and W.M.C.Sansen,Biosensors:Microelectrochemical Devices,CRC Press,Leuven,Belgium,1992,p.1.
[28]J.Dufour,An Introduction to Metallurgy,5th ed.,Cameron,2006,p.23.
[29]O.Lebedeva,I.Kudryavtsev,D.Kultin,G.Dzhungurova,K.Kalmykov,and L.Kustov,Self-organized hexagonal nanostructures on nickel and steel formed by anodization in1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(triflate)imide ionic liquid,J.Phys.Chem.,118(2014),No.36,p.21293.
[30]A.P.Abbott,G.Frisch,K.S.Ryder,Electroplating using ionic liquids,Ann.Rev.Mater.Res.,43(2013),No.1,p.335.
[31]R.X.Wu,Y.M.Dong,P.P.Jiang,G.L.Wang,Y.M.Chen,and X.M.Wu,Electrodeposited synthesis of self-supported Ni-P cathode for efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen generation,Prog.Nat.Sci.,26(2016),No.3,p.303.
[32]K.Haerens,E.Matthijs,A.Chmielarz,and B.Van der Bruggen,The use of ionic liquids based on choline chloride for metal deposition:a green alternative?,J.Environ.Manage.,90(2009),11,p.3245.
[33]K.Haerens,E.Matthijs,K.Binnemans,and B.Van der Bruggen,Electrochemical decomposition of choline chloride based ionic liquid analogues,Green Chem.,11(2009),No.9,p.1357.