实现气动-弹性耦合模拟的风机模拟器
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摘要
由于风机模拟器(wind turbine simulator,WTS)一般采用简化气动模型(即Cp-λ-β曲面)模拟风轮的气动特性。这不仅会影响气动转矩的计算准确性,而且无法再现大型风机具有的气动-弹性耦合特性。为此,针对美国国家可再生能源实验室(NREL)开发的开源风机仿真软件FAST(fatigue,aerodynamics,structures,and turbulence),剖析了其运行原理和程序结构,在此基础上将FAST中的气动计算代码提取、封装,并结合WTS的实测转速信号,在WTS上实现了基于FAST代码的风轮气动-弹性耦合模拟。这使得WTS能够更加逼真地输出风轮气动转矩,而且可以提供更丰富的气动载荷数据。NREL CART-3600 k W风机的动模实验表明,移植FAST代码的WTS能够实现更真实、全面的气动模拟效果。
The Wind turbine simulator( WTS) generally uses a simplified aerodynamic model( i. e. Cp-λ-βcurved surface) to simulate the aerodynamic characteristics of the rotor,which will not only affect the accuracy of aerodynamic torque,but also cannot reproduce the aero-elastic coupling characteristics of a large wind turbine. This paper analyzes the operating principle and program structure of FAST( Fatigue,Aerodynamics,Structures,and Turbulence),which is an open source wind turbine simulation software developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory( NREL). Then,the pneumatic calculation code in FAST is extracted and packaged,combined with the speed measured from WTS,the aero-elastic coupling simulation based on FAST is finally realized on WTS. As a result,the aerodynamic torque given by WTS is more credible and more data about aerodynamic loads can be achieved. At the end of this paper,experiments show that the WTS combined with FAST code can achieve a more realistic and comprehensive aerodynamic simulation.
The Wind turbine simulator( WTS) generally uses a simplified aerodynamic model( i. e. Cp-λ-βcurved surface) to simulate the aerodynamic characteristics of the rotor,which will not only affect the accuracy of aerodynamic torque,but also cannot reproduce the aero-elastic coupling characteristics of a large wind turbine. This paper analyzes the operating principle and program structure of FAST( Fatigue,Aerodynamics,Structures,and Turbulence),which is an open source wind turbine simulation software developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory( NREL). Then,the pneumatic calculation code in FAST is extracted and packaged,combined with the speed measured from WTS,the aero-elastic coupling simulation based on FAST is finally realized on WTS. As a result,the aerodynamic torque given by WTS is more credible and more data about aerodynamic loads can be achieved. At the end of this paper,experiments show that the WTS combined with FAST code can achieve a more realistic and comprehensive aerodynamic simulation.
引文
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[2]LI Weijie,YIN Minghui,CHEN Zaiyu,et al.Inertia compensation scheme for wind turbine simulator based on deviation mitigation[J].Journal of Modern Power Systems&Clean Energy,2016:1-11.
[3]徐洋超,殷明慧,陈载宇,等.风力机模拟器的阻尼补偿策略与实验验证[J].电力工程技术,2017,36(6):46-52.XU Yangchao,YIN Minghui,CHEN Zaiyu,et al.Damping compensation strategy of wind turbine simulator and its experimental verification[J].Electric Power Engineering Technology,2017,36(6):46-52.
[4]LI Weijie,YIN Minghui,ZHOU Rui,et al.Investigating instability of the wind turbine simulator with the conventional inertia emulation scheme[C]∥IEEE Energy Conversion Congress&Exposition,2015:983-989.
[5]徐洋超.基于风力机模拟器的风机机械动态模拟的准确性分析与改进[D].南京:南京理工大学,2017.XU Yangchao.Accuracy analysis and improvement of mechanical dynamic simulation based on wind turbine simulator[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University of Science and Technology,2017.
[6]任建锋,丁亚伟,付磊,等.基于相位角原理的特高压电网失步解列改进方案[J].电力系统自动化,2011,35(10):104"107.REN Jianfeng,DING Yawei,FU Lei,et al.An improved outof-step solution for UHV power grid based on phase angle principle[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2011 35(10):104-107.
[7]ZHANG Jianping,PAN Lingling.Three-dimensional modeling and aeroelastic coupling analysis for the wind turbine blade[C]∥IEEE World Non-Grid-Connected Wind Power and Energy Conference.,2009:1-4.
[8]MO Wenwei,LI Deyuan,WANG Xianneng,et al.Aeroelastic coupling analysis of the flexible blade of a wind turbine[J].Energy,2015,89:1001-1009.
[9]刘尚孟.基于风力机模拟器的气动—弹性耦合特性的模拟与实验[D].南京:南京理工大学,2017.LIU Shangmeng.The simulation and experiments of aero-elasticperformance based on wind turbine simulator[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University of Science and Technology,2017.
[10]JONKMAN J M,BUHL M L.FAST user’s guide[R].National Renewable Energy Lab,Golden,CO.NREL/EL-500-38230,Aug.2005.
[11]殷明慧,蒯狄正,李群,等.风机最大功率点跟踪的失效现象[J].中国电机工程学报,2011,31(18):40-47.YIN Minghui,KUAI Dizheng,LI Qun,et al.A phenomenon of maximum power point tracking invalidity of wind turbine[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2011,31(18):40-47.
[12]申洪.变速恒频风电机组并网运行模型研究及其应用[D].北京:中国电力科学研究院,2003.SHEN Hong.Research and application of grid-connected operation model of variable speed wind turbine[D].Beijng:China Electric Power Research Institute,2003.
[13]MANJOCK A.Evaluation report:design codes FAST and ADAMS for load calculation of onshore wind turbines,Report No.72024[R].Humburg Germany:Germanischer Lloyd Wind Energie Gmbh,May 26,2005.
[14]JOHNSON K E,PAO L Y,BALAS M J,et al.Control of variable-speed wind turbines:standard and adaptive techniques for maximizing energy capture[J].IEEE Control Systems,2006,26(3):70-81.
[15]CHINCHILLA M,ARNALTES S,BURGOS J C.Control of permanent-magnet generators applied to variable-speed windenergy systems connected to the grid[J].Energy Conversion IEEE Transactions on,2006,21(1):130-135.
[16]TAN K,ISLAM S.Optimum control strategies in energy conversion of PMSG wind turbine system without mechanical sensors[J].IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,2004,19(2):392-399.
[17]ZELLAGUI M.Using maximum power point tracker(MPPT)for harmonic mitigation in small wind turbines generator[J].International Journal of Electrical and Power Engineering,2008,2(5):345-352.
[18]JOHNSON K E,FINGERSH L J,BALAS M J,et al.Methods for increasing region 2 power capture on a variable-speed wind turbine[J].Journal of Solar Energy Engineering,2004,126(4):1092-1100.