蒸渗仪测定滴灌枣树不同时间尺度下腾发强度特征
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摘要
为精确测定、准确模拟阿克苏地区滴灌枣树腾发过程,基于大型称重式蒸渗仪测定枣树全生育期逐时及逐日腾发强度(ET),利用水量平衡方程、PM公式及经典统计原理,分析不同时间尺度下叶面积指数(LAI)、气象因素[温度(I)、风速(V)、净辐射(Rn)]、表层土壤含水率(W)与枣树腾发强度的相关关系并建立预测模型。结果表明:枣树日内腾发强度呈单峰型变化趋势,夜间变化幅度较小且腾发贡献率低。枣树全生育期逐日腾发强度变化呈先增大后减小的趋势,花期的腾发强度最大,为4.42 mm·d?1;全生育期腾发总量为640.83 mm,其中花期和果实生长发育期耗水量占比较大,分别为38.61%和32.72%。在小时和日时间尺度上,影响腾发强度的主要因素不完全相同,且影响程度有所差异。综合考虑各影响因素,以萌芽期、花期、果实发育期为基础,分别建立以小时、日尺度下估算腾发强度的经验模型ET1(h)=0.153+0.004T+0.012V+0.176Rn+0.002W+0.067LAI、ET2(d)=?3.325+0.081T+0.163Rn+0.069W+2.089LAI,拟合度R2均在0.7以上,以果实发育期与成熟期数据对模型进行检验,纳什效率系数分别达0.63、0.80。经偏相关检验,冠层净辐射(Rn)对两种尺度的腾发强度均影响最显著,因此以枣树全生育期数据量为基础,仅建立冠层净辐射(Rn)与腾发强度的回归模型ET1(h)=?0.063 3Rn2+0.361 2Rn-0.003 7、ET2(d)=?0.018 3Rn2+0.684 7Rn–1.642 1, R2分别为0.704 7与0.743 6,可满足缺少数据支撑情况下的腾发过程估算。这些模型明确了阿克苏地区滴灌枣树腾发机制及影响程度,可为水分管理精准化提供计算基础。
Measuring field evapotranspiration can provide important information needed for estimating soil moisture and crop water stress and premature drying out, and such information is essential for irrigation formulation. Evapotranspiration can be measured using large lysimeters that have the advantage of confining soil boundaries, flexible measuring intervals, and high precision. Most of studies of evapotranspiration have been done for annual crops such as wheat and maize, and the present study was conducted to measure evapotranspiration of jujubes. Jujube trees of four years were transplanted into lysimeters and evapotranspiration was measured at 30-min intervals for complete growth season. The correlation between evapotranspiration rate and leaf area index, meteorological factors, and surface soil moisture content was analyzed based on water balance and the PM formula. The daily evapotranspiration of jujube was unimodal, taking place mainly in the daytime; the contribution of was small and stable. Evapotranspiration peaked at flowering stage, reaching 4.42 mm·d?1, and then declined gradually. The total evapotranspiration during growth season was640.83 mm, a large proportion of which occurred during flowering and fruit development stages that accounted for 38.61% and32.72%, respectively. The observation suggested that there is a need for flowering and fruit stages to be emphasized in irrigation of jujube trees. Hourly and daily evapotranspiration rates of jujube were different in their affecting factors. The wind speed(V) affected hourly evapotranspiration only. The most sensitive factor for evapotranspiration was canopy net radiation(Rn), followed by air temperature(T), wind speed(V), leaf area index(LAI), and surface soil moisture content(W), as summarized in the following empirical equations for hourly and daily evapotranspiration, respectively: ET1(h) = 0.153 + 0.004 T + 0.012 V + 0.176 Rn + 0.002 W + 0.067 LAI,and ET2(d) = ?3.325 + 0.081 T + 0.163 Rn + 0.069 W + 2.089 LAI. Because canopy net radiation had the largest and most significant impact(the partial correlation coefficient was 0.562** and 0.468** for the hourly and daily equation, respectively), the regression was simplified as ET1(h) = 0.232 6 Rn + 0.018, R2 = 0.719 6, and ET2(d) = 0.321 2 Rn-0.141 8, R2=0.719 6. These equations were tested to be accurate and could be used to estimate the evapotranspiration rate of jujube for developing drip irrigation in arid areas when input data were complete or partially complete.
Measuring field evapotranspiration can provide important information needed for estimating soil moisture and crop water stress and premature drying out, and such information is essential for irrigation formulation. Evapotranspiration can be measured using large lysimeters that have the advantage of confining soil boundaries, flexible measuring intervals, and high precision. Most of studies of evapotranspiration have been done for annual crops such as wheat and maize, and the present study was conducted to measure evapotranspiration of jujubes. Jujube trees of four years were transplanted into lysimeters and evapotranspiration was measured at 30-min intervals for complete growth season. The correlation between evapotranspiration rate and leaf area index, meteorological factors, and surface soil moisture content was analyzed based on water balance and the PM formula. The daily evapotranspiration of jujube was unimodal, taking place mainly in the daytime; the contribution of was small and stable. Evapotranspiration peaked at flowering stage, reaching 4.42 mm·d?1, and then declined gradually. The total evapotranspiration during growth season was640.83 mm, a large proportion of which occurred during flowering and fruit development stages that accounted for 38.61% and32.72%, respectively. The observation suggested that there is a need for flowering and fruit stages to be emphasized in irrigation of jujube trees. Hourly and daily evapotranspiration rates of jujube were different in their affecting factors. The wind speed(V) affected hourly evapotranspiration only. The most sensitive factor for evapotranspiration was canopy net radiation(Rn), followed by air temperature(T), wind speed(V), leaf area index(LAI), and surface soil moisture content(W), as summarized in the following empirical equations for hourly and daily evapotranspiration, respectively: ET1(h) = 0.153 + 0.004 T + 0.012 V + 0.176 Rn + 0.002 W + 0.067 LAI,and ET2(d) = ?3.325 + 0.081 T + 0.163 Rn + 0.069 W + 2.089 LAI. Because canopy net radiation had the largest and most significant impact(the partial correlation coefficient was 0.562** and 0.468** for the hourly and daily equation, respectively), the regression was simplified as ET1(h) = 0.232 6 Rn + 0.018, R2 = 0.719 6, and ET2(d) = 0.321 2 Rn-0.141 8, R2=0.719 6. These equations were tested to be accurate and could be used to estimate the evapotranspiration rate of jujube for developing drip irrigation in arid areas when input data were complete or partially complete.
引文
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[2]郑珍,蔡焕杰,虞连玉,等.CERES-Wheat模型中两种蒸发蒸腾量估算方法比较研究[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(8):179-191ZHENG Z,CAI H J,YU L Y,et al.Comparison of two crop evapotranspiration calculating approaches in CSM-CERES-Wheat model[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(8):179-191
[3]JI J M,CAI H J,HE J Q,et al.Performance evaluation of CERES-Wheat model in Guanzhong Plain of Northwest China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2014,144:1-10
[4]HE J Q,CAI H J,BAI J P.Irrigation scheduling based on CERES-Wheat model for spring wheat production in the Minqin Oasis in Northwest China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2013,128:19-31
[5]郑强卿,陈奇凌,李铭,等.南疆枣树种植模式改造对骏枣生长发育的影响[J].西南农业学报,2015,28(4):1564-1568ZHENG Q Q,CHEN Q L,LI M,et al.Effect of cultivation mode on growth and development of Jun-jujube from south of Xinjiang[J].Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2015,28(4):1564-1568
[6]马建鹏,董建国,汪有科,等.黄土丘陵区枣林地土壤水分时空变化研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2015,23(7):851-859MA J P,DONG J G,WANG Y K,et al.Temporal and spatial variations in soil moisture under jujube forests in the loess hilly region[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2015,23(7):851-859
[7]王则玉,谢香文,刘国宏,等.干旱区绿洲滴灌成龄枣树耗水规律及作物系数[J].新疆农业科学,2015,52(4):675-680WANG Z Y,XIE X W,LIU G H,et al.Jujube drip irrigation water consumption and its crop coefficient in oasis of arid areas[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,2015,52(4):675-680
[8]曹俊.陕北山地微灌土壤水分入渗特性与枣树耗水规律试验研究[D].西安:西安理工大学,2010:52-70CAO J.Study on the characteristics of mico-irrigation soil water infiltration and jujube of water-consuming law in northern Shaanxi mountain[D].Xi’an:Xi’an University of Technology,2010:52-70
[9]王怡宁,朱月灵.蒸渗仪国内外应用现状及研究趋势[J].水文,2018,38(1):81-85WANG Y N,ZHU Y L.Application status and research trend of domestic and foreign Lysimeter[J].Journal of China Hydrology,2018,38(1):81-85
[10]KNAPPE S,HAFERKORN U,MATTUSCH J,et al.Water and solute balances in recultivated lignite mining dump soils-field data and lysimeter experiments[J].Water Air and Soil Pollution,2004,157(1/4):85-105
[11]刘晓英,李玉中,钟秀丽,等.基于称重式蒸渗仪实测日值评价16种参考作物蒸散量(ET0)模型[J].中国农业气象,2017,38(5):278-291LIU X Y,LI Y Z,ZHONG X L,et al.Evaluation of 16 models for reference crop evapotranspiration(ET0)based on daily values of weighing lysimeter measurements[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2017,38(5):278-291
[12]张乐昕,丛振涛.基于FAO-Blaney-Criddle方法的河套灌区参考作物蒸散发量估算[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(16):95-101ZHANG L X,CONG Z T.Calculation of reference evapotranspiration based on FAO-Blaney-Criddle method in Hetao irrigation district[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2016,32(16):95-101
[13]黄仲冬,齐学斌,樊向阳,等.土壤水分有效性及其影响因素定量分析[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(5):71-76HUANG Z D,QI X B,FAN X Y,et al.Quantitative analysis of soil water availability and its influencing factors[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,28(5):71-76
[14]汪秀敏,申双和,韩晓梅,等.大型称重式蒸渗仪测定的冬小麦农田的蒸散规律研究[J].气象与环境科学,2011,34(4):14-18WANG X M,SHEN S H,HAN X M,et al.Study on evapotranspiration of the winter wheat measured by large-scale weighting lysimeter[J].Meteorological and Environmental Sciences,2011,34(4):14-18
[15]杨光超,朱忠礼,谭磊,等.怀来地区蒸渗仪测定玉米田蒸散发分析[J].高原气象,2015,34(4):1095-1106YANG G C,ZHU Z L,TAN L,et al.Analysis on evapotranspiration of maize field measured by lysimetersin in Huailai[J].Plateau Meteorology,2015,34(4):1095-1106
[16]洪明,朱航威,穆哈西,等.不同滴头流量及灌水定额下红枣树耗水规律[J].干旱地区农业研究,2014,32(1):72-77HONG M,ZHU H W,MU H X,et al.The water consumption rule of jujube trees under different emitter flow rate and irrigation quota[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2014,32(1):72-77
[17]ALLAN R G,PEREIRA L S,RAES D,et al.Crop evapotranspiration-guidelines for computing crop water requirements-FAO irrigation and drainage paper 56[R].Rome:FAO,1998:56
[18]DING R S,KANG S Z,LI F S,et al.Evaluating eddy covariance method by large-scale weighing lysimeter in a maize field of northwest China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2010,98(1):87-95
[19]季辰,朱忠礼,徐自为.高精度称量式蒸渗仪数据处理方法研究[J].北京师范大学学报:自然科学版,2016,52(5):628-634JI C,ZHU Z L,XU Z W.Data processing of high precision weighing lysimeter[J].Journal of Beijing Normal University:Natural Science,2016,52(5):628-634
[20]ALLEN R G,WALTER I A,ELLIOTT R L,et al.The ASCEstandardized reference evapotranspiration equation[R].Reston:American Society of Civil Engineers,2005
[21]ITENFISU D,ELLIOTT R L,ALLEN R G,et al.Comparison of reference evapotranspiration calculations as part of the ASCE standardization effort[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering,2003,129(6):440-448
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