中国北方一次强沙尘暴天气过程的大气污染效应
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摘要
利用常规环境监测的污染物浓度数据、NCEP/NCAR 0. 5°×0. 5°再分析资料以及常规气象观测资料,对2017年5月3—6日先后影响了我国13个省(自治区、直辖市)的强沙尘暴大气污染过程进行了研究。结果表明:主要受影响城市的PM10日平均浓度相对月平均浓度增长了2～10倍,PM2. 5日平均浓度相对月平均浓度增长了5～8倍。强沙尘暴爆发期间颗粒物浓度呈明显的上升趋势,且PM10浓度值较PM2. 5浓度值增幅更加明显,表明沙尘暴裹挟了大量的粗颗粒污染物;相反,沙尘暴发生期间,SO2、CO和NO2三种气态污染物的日平均浓度均呈下降趋势,表明沙尘暴对气态污染物有一定的扩散效应,而对O3浓度变化无显著影响。此外,沙尘暴爆发期间能见度低值区、PM10浓度高值区以及3 h正变压区的位置基本一致,都位于地面冷锋的后部地区,这为沙尘暴及其污染预报和预防提供了天气学依据。
In this study,the routine environmental monitoring of pollutant concentration data,NCEP/NCAR0.5°×0.5°reanalysis data and conventional meteorological observation data were used.The purpose of the study was to lucubrate the air pollution process of a strong sandstorm in 13 provinces(including autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government)in China from May 3 to 6,2017.The results showed that the average daily concentration of PM_(10)in the main cities suffering from the sandstorm was increased by 2-10 times relative to the monthly average.The average daily concentration of PM_(2.5)was increased by 5-8 times relative to the monthly average concentration.During the intense sandstorm,the concentration of particulate matter was in a clear upward trend,and the increase of PM_(10)concentration was more obvious than that of PM_(2.5),which indicated that the sandstorm carried a large amount of coarse particle pollutants.On the contrary,during the occurrence of sandstorm,the average daily concentrations of SO_2,CO and NO_2were in a decrease trend,which revealed that the sandstorm had a certain effect of diffusing O_3.In addition,the locations of the regions with low visibility,high PM_(10)concentration and 3 hour positive pressure were basically accorded with and located in the rear of ground cold front,which could provide a synoptic basis for predicting and preventing sandstorm and its pollution.
In this study,the routine environmental monitoring of pollutant concentration data,NCEP/NCAR0.5°×0.5°reanalysis data and conventional meteorological observation data were used.The purpose of the study was to lucubrate the air pollution process of a strong sandstorm in 13 provinces(including autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government)in China from May 3 to 6,2017.The results showed that the average daily concentration of PM_(10)in the main cities suffering from the sandstorm was increased by 2-10 times relative to the monthly average.The average daily concentration of PM_(2.5)was increased by 5-8 times relative to the monthly average concentration.During the intense sandstorm,the concentration of particulate matter was in a clear upward trend,and the increase of PM_(10)concentration was more obvious than that of PM_(2.5),which indicated that the sandstorm carried a large amount of coarse particle pollutants.On the contrary,during the occurrence of sandstorm,the average daily concentrations of SO_2,CO and NO_2were in a decrease trend,which revealed that the sandstorm had a certain effect of diffusing O_3.In addition,the locations of the regions with low visibility,high PM_(10)concentration and 3 hour positive pressure were basically accorded with and located in the rear of ground cold front,which could provide a synoptic basis for predicting and preventing sandstorm and its pollution.
引文
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[14]王汝佛,冯强,尚可政. 2010春季我国一次强沙尘暴过程分析[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(1):31-44.[Wang Rufu,Feng Qiang,Shang Kezheng. A severe sand-dust storm over China in the spring of 2010[J]. Arid Land Geography,2014,37(1):31-44.]
[2]叶笃正,丑纪范,刘纪远,等.关于我国华北沙尘天气的成因与治理对策[J].地理学报,2000,55(5):513-521.[Ye Duzheng,Chou Jifan,Liu Jiyuan,et al. Causes of sand-stormy weather in Northern China and contral measures[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,2000,55(5):513-521.]
[3]薛占金,秦作栋,孟宪文,等. 2010年3月我国沙尘天气的若干特征[J].干旱区研究,2011,28(4):694-698.[Xue Zhanjin,Qin Zuodong,Meng Xianwen,et al. Characteristics of sandstorm weather in China in March 2010[J]. Arid Zone Research,2011,28(4):694-698.]
[4]岳平,牛生杰,刘晓云.“7·12”特异沙尘暴成因研究[J].干旱区研究,2005,22(3):345-349.[Yue Ping,Niu Shengjie,Liu Xiaoyun. Study on the formation causes of the peculiar dust storm occurred on July 12,2004[J]. Arid Zone Research,2005,22(3):345-349.]
[5]牛生杰,孙继明,陈跃,等.贺兰山地区春季沙尘气溶胶质量浓度的观测分析[J].高原气象,2001,20(1):82-87.[Niu Shengjie,Sun Jiming,Chen Yue,et al. Observation and analysis of mass concentration of dust and sand aerosol in spring in Helanshan Area[J]. Plateau Meteorology,2001,20(1):82-87.]
[6]牛生杰,章澄昌,孙继明.贺兰山地区沙尘气溶胶粒子谱分布的观测研究[J].大气科学,2001,25(2):243-252.[Niu Shengjie,Zhang Chengchang,Sun Jiming. Observation and study of particle spectrum distribution of dust aerosol in Helan Mountain Area[J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2001,25(2):243-252.]
[7]刘景涛,钱正安,姜学恭,等.中国北方特强沙尘暴的天气系统类型分析[J].高原气象,2004,23(4):540-547.[Liu Jingtao,Qian Zheng'an,Jiang Xuegong,et al. A study on weather types of super severe dust storms in North China[J]. Plateau Meteorology,2004,23(4):540-547.]
[8]刘庆阳,刘艳菊,赵强,等. 2012年春季京津冀地区一次沙尘暴天气过程中颗粒物的污染特征分析[J].环境科学,2014,35(8):2 843-2 850.[Liu Qingyang,Liu Yanju,Zhao Qiang,et al.Chemical characteristics in airborne particulate matter(PM10)during a high pollution spring dust storm episode in Beijing,Tianjin and Zhangjiakou,China[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2014,35(8):2 843-2 850.]
[9]宁海文,王式功,杜继稳.西安沙尘天气特征及其对空气质量的影响[J].中国沙漠,2005,25(6):94-98.[Ning Haiwen,Wang Shigong,Du Jiwen. Characteristics of sand-dust events and their influence on air quality of Xi'an City[J]. Journal of Desert Research,2005,25(6):94-98.]
[10]Hu Y,Wang S,Song X,et al. Precipitation changes in the mid-latitudes of the Chinese mainland during 1960-2014[J]. Journal of Arid Land,2017,9(6):924-937.
[11]王菊,李娜,房春生.以长春为例研究环境空气中TSP、PM10、PM2. 5的相关性[J].中国环境监测,2009,25(2):19-22.[Wang Ju,Li Na,Fang Chunsheng. Take Changchun for example to study on correlation analysis of TSP,PM10and PM2. 5in Atmosphere[J]. Environmental Monitoring in China,2009,25(2):19-22.]
[12]武宝利,古晓娜,战景明,等.廉江某地区大气TSP、PM10、PM2. 5污染水平及相关性研究[J].环境科学与管理,2015,40(5):51-53.[Wu Baoli,Gu Xiaona,Zhan Jingming,et al. Atmospheric contaminants of TSP/PM10/PM2. 5and their correlation in atmosphere of Lianjiang Area[J]. Environmental Science and Management,2015,40(5):51-53.]
[13]郭勇涛,辛金元,李旭,等.沙尘对兰州市大气环境质量的影响[J].中国沙漠,2015,35(4):977-982.[Guo Yongtao,Xin Jinyuan,Li Xu,et al. Characteristics of dust events and their influence on air quality of Lanzhou,China[J]. Journal of Desert Research,2015,35(4):977-982.]
[14]王汝佛,冯强,尚可政. 2010春季我国一次强沙尘暴过程分析[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(1):31-44.[Wang Rufu,Feng Qiang,Shang Kezheng. A severe sand-dust storm over China in the spring of 2010[J]. Arid Land Geography,2014,37(1):31-44.]