冬作马铃薯商品有机肥适宜用量研究
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摘要
【目的】确定冬作马铃薯商品有机肥的适宜用量,为广东省冬作马铃薯生产过程中商品有机肥的合理施用提供技术支撑。【方法】以不施肥和不施有机肥为对照,设5个有机肥用量处理(处理1～5∶ 3 000～150 00 kg/hm~2),并在收获时测定块茎产量、经济效益和块茎的品质参数等。【结果】马铃薯产量随有机肥用量的增加而呈递增的趋势,处理5(15 000 kg/hm~2)产量最高达40 871 kg/hm~2;各处理干物质率的范围为18.63%～20.05%;处理3(9 000 kg/hm~2)综合经济效益最高达75 318.75元/hm~2,对经济效益与商品有机肥用量通过一元二次函数方程拟合,得到经济效益最大时商品有机肥的施用量为9 077.23 kg/hm~2,此时经济效益为74 872.31元/hm~2,方程拟合与实际生产情况相吻合;在品质方面,不同处理块茎干物质率、鲜薯Vc含量和淀粉含量之间没有显著差异;每100 kg商品有机肥增产量也是以处理3最高,达到47.56 kg。【结论】在供试条件下,适宜于冬作马铃薯高产高效的"1基0追"施肥模式为施用马铃薯专用肥1 500 kg/hm~2 +商品有机肥9 000 kg/hm~2。
【Objective】This study aimed at determining the appropriate amount of commercial organic fertilizer for winter potato production in order to provide technical support for the rational application of commercial organic fertilizers in the actual production process of winter potato in Guangdong Province.【Methods】With CK(no fertilizer application) and CF(only chemical fertilizer without commercial fertilizer application) as the control treatments, five different amounts of commercial organic fertilizers(Treatment 1-5:3000 to 15 000 kg/hm~2) were designed, and the tuber yield, economic benefits, and tuber quality parameters were measured at harvest time.【Results】The tuber yields of winter potato increased with the increment of the amount of commercial organic fertilizer, and the yield of Treatment5(15 000 kg/hm~2) was up to 40 871 kg/hm~2(maximum yield). The dry matter rate of each treatment ranged from 18.63% to20.05%. The comprehensive economic benefits of Treatment 3(9 000 kg/hm~2) was up to 75 318.75 yuan/hm~2. By using quadratic equation to simulate the regression relationship between the economic benefits and the application amount of commercial organic fertilizer, it was found that when the application amount of commercial organic fertilizer was 9 077.23 kg/hm~2, the economic benefit was maximum, reaching 74 872.31 yuan/hm~2, and the equation simulation was consistent with the actual production situation in the field experiment. In terms of the tuber quality, There was no significant difference with dry matter rate, Vc content of fresh potatos and starch content of tubers with different treatments. The increased yield per 100 kg of commercial organic fertilizer was also the highest in Treatment 3, reaching 47.56 kg.【Conclusion】Under the test conditions, the optimal fertilization pattern with "1 base manure+0 top dressing" for winter-cropping potatoes is 1 500 kg/hm~2 of potato special fertilizer plus 9 000 kg/hm~2 of commercial organic fertilizer in winter potato production.
【Objective】This study aimed at determining the appropriate amount of commercial organic fertilizer for winter potato production in order to provide technical support for the rational application of commercial organic fertilizers in the actual production process of winter potato in Guangdong Province.【Methods】With CK(no fertilizer application) and CF(only chemical fertilizer without commercial fertilizer application) as the control treatments, five different amounts of commercial organic fertilizers(Treatment 1-5:3000 to 15 000 kg/hm~2) were designed, and the tuber yield, economic benefits, and tuber quality parameters were measured at harvest time.【Results】The tuber yields of winter potato increased with the increment of the amount of commercial organic fertilizer, and the yield of Treatment5(15 000 kg/hm~2) was up to 40 871 kg/hm~2(maximum yield). The dry matter rate of each treatment ranged from 18.63% to20.05%. The comprehensive economic benefits of Treatment 3(9 000 kg/hm~2) was up to 75 318.75 yuan/hm~2. By using quadratic equation to simulate the regression relationship between the economic benefits and the application amount of commercial organic fertilizer, it was found that when the application amount of commercial organic fertilizer was 9 077.23 kg/hm~2, the economic benefit was maximum, reaching 74 872.31 yuan/hm~2, and the equation simulation was consistent with the actual production situation in the field experiment. In terms of the tuber quality, There was no significant difference with dry matter rate, Vc content of fresh potatos and starch content of tubers with different treatments. The increased yield per 100 kg of commercial organic fertilizer was also the highest in Treatment 3, reaching 47.56 kg.【Conclusion】Under the test conditions, the optimal fertilization pattern with "1 base manure+0 top dressing" for winter-cropping potatoes is 1 500 kg/hm~2 of potato special fertilizer plus 9 000 kg/hm~2 of commercial organic fertilizer in winter potato production.
引文
[1]刘洋,高明杰,何威明,张晴,罗其友.世界马铃薯生产发展基本态势及特点[J].中国农学通报,2014(20):78-86.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-4433.2014.05.026.LIU Y,GAO M J,HE W M,ZHANG Q,LUO Q Y.Analysis on the basic trend and characteristics of world potatoes production[J]Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2014(20):78-86.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-4433.2014.05.026.
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[3]陈万明,蔡瑞林,林琳.推进马铃薯主粮化的战略构想[J].贵州农业科学,2016,44(1):182-185.CHEN W M,CAI RL,LIN L.Strategic conception for boosting potato staple food normalization[J].Guizhou Agricultural Sciences,2016,44(1):182-185.
[4]何杰娣.广东省马铃薯产业发展概况与思考[J].农业科技通讯,2016(12):4-6.HE J D.Potato industry development in guangdong province[J].Agricultural Science and Technology Communication,2016(12):4-6.
[5]谭晓冬,董文光.商品有机肥中重金属含量状况调查[J].农业资源与环境学报,2006,23(1):50-51.TAN X D,D W G.Investigation of heavy metal content in commercial organic fertilizers[J].Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment,2006,23(1):50-51.
[6]刘秀梅,罗奇祥,冯兆滨,邹绍文,刘光荣,刘益仁.我国商品有机肥的现状与发展趋势调研报告[J].江西农业学报,2007,19(4):49-52.LIU X M,LUO Q Y,FENG Z B,ZOU S W,LIU G R,LIU Y R.Investigation report on current situation and development trend of commercial organic fertilizer in China[J].Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi,2007,19(4):49-52.
[7]宁川川,王建武,蔡昆争.有机肥对土壤肥力和土壤环境质量的影响研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2016,25(1):175-181.NING C C,WANG J W,CAI K Z.Research progress on the effects of organic fertilizer on soil fertility and soil environmental quality[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2016,25(1):175-181.
[8]陈健章,张新明,李水源,谭卫娜,官利兰,曹先维.大西洋马铃薯冬作优质高产栽培关键技术[J].安徽农学通报,2017,23(7):47-48.CHEN J Z,ZHANG X M,LI S Y,TAN W N,GUAN L L,CAO X W.Key winter-cultivation techniques with high-quality and high-yield of atlantic potato[J].Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin,2017,23(7):47-48.
[9]张新明,伍尤国,徐鹏举,官利兰,陈洪,曹先维.平衡施肥与常规施肥对冬作马铃薯肥效的比较[J].华南农业大学学报,2013(4):475-479.ZHANG X M,WU Y G,XU P J,GUAN L L,CHEN H,CAO X W.A comparrison of fertilizer between balanced and conventional fertilization on winter potato[J].Journal of South China Agricultural University,2013(4):475-479.
[10]王凯.冬作马铃薯氮磷钾营养特性与合理施肥的研究[D].广州:华南农业大学,2016.WANG K.The research of NPK nutrient characteristics and reasonable fertilization on winter potato[D].Guangzhou:South China Agricultural University,2016.
[11]陈惠阳,冯颖竹.不同栽培方式对冬种马铃薯产量和品质的影响[J].广东农业科学,2011,38(12):15-17.doi:10.16768/j.issn.1004-874X.2011.12.006CHEN H Y,FENG Y Z.Effect of the different cultivation methods on yield and quality of winter planting potato[J].Guangdong Agricultural Sciences,2011,38(12):15-17.doi:10.16768/j.issn.1004-874X.2011.12.006
[12]唐华俊.让农业回归绿色本色——评《农业面源污染治理的技术选择和制度安排》[J].农村工作通讯,2018(1):51.TANG H J.Let agriculture return to green nature-comment on Technical Choice and Institutional Arrangement of Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution Control[J].Rural Work Newsletter,2018(1):51.
[13]李晓宏,曹文元,刘琦,方勇,刘云霞,周永利,李洁.不同有机肥施用量对马铃薯产量的影响[J].现代农业科技,2014(19):78-79.LI X H,CAO W Y,LIU Q,FANG Y,LIU Y X,ZHOU Y L,LI J.Effects of different organic fertilizer application rates on potato yield[J].Modern Agricultural Science and Technology,2014(19):78-79.
[14]张学让.生物有机肥应用于马铃薯不同用量效应效益试验[J].北京农业,2014(30):168.ZHANG X R.Benefit test of bio-organic fertilizer applied to potato with different dosage[J].Beijing Agriculture,2014(30):168.
[15]李刚,田伟,杨志慧,汪贞,张爱国,刘明庆,张纪兵.有机肥施用量对马铃薯品质和土壤环境的影响[J].浙江农业学报,2014,26(6):1573-1577.LI G,TIAN W,YANG Z H,WANG Z,ZHANG A G,LIU M Q,ZHANG J B.Effects of compost applicaton on potato quality and soil environment.[J].Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis,2014,26(6):1573-1577.
[16]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].第3版.北京:中国农业出版社,2000.BAO S D.Soil Agricultural Analysis[M].3 Edition.Beijing:China Agricultural Press,2000.
[17]张永成,田丰.马铃薯试验研究方法[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2007.ZHANG Y C,TIAN F.Research Methods of Potato Experiment[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2007.
[18]TANG Q Y,ZHANG C X.Data Processing System(DPS)software with experimental design,statistical analysis and data mining developed for use in entomological research[J].Insect Science,2013,20(2):254-260.
[19]芶久兰,何佳芳,周瑞荣,肖厚军,孙锐锋.缓释肥与有机肥配施对马铃薯产量及养分吸收的影响[J].贵州农业科学,2011,39(12):151-153.doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-3601.2011.12.044.GOU J L,HE J F,ZHOU R R,XIAO H J,SUN R F.Effects of mixed application of slow-release fertilizer and organic manure on yield and nutrient absorption of potato[J].Guizhou Agricultural Sciences,2011,39(12):151-153.doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-3601.2011.12.044.
[20]付兴发.磷钾肥和有机肥对马铃薯品质和产量影响的研究[D].雅安:四川农业大学,2012.FU X F.Study on the effects of phosphorus,potassium and organic fertilizers on the quality and yield of potato[D].Ya'an:Sichuan Agricultural University,2012.
[21]元新娣,姚满生.不同施肥水平对马铃薯产量和品质的影响[J].山西农业大学学报(自然科学版),2014,34(4):345-347.YUAN X D,YAO M S.Effect of different levels of fertilization on yield and quality of potato[J].Journal of Shanxi Agricultural University(Natural Science Edition),2014,34(4):345-347.
[22]丁文,王海勤.城市污泥有机肥对马铃薯产量和品质及重金属吸收的影响[J].中国农学通报,2005,21(12):254-256.DING W,WANG H Q.Effect of municipal sludge organic fertilizer on potato yield,quality and heavy and heavy meavy metal uptake[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2005,21(12):254-256.
[2]屈冬玉,金黎平,谢开云.中国马铃薯产业10年回顾[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2010.QU D Y,JIN L P,XIE K Y.10-year review of potato industry in China[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2010.
[3]陈万明,蔡瑞林,林琳.推进马铃薯主粮化的战略构想[J].贵州农业科学,2016,44(1):182-185.CHEN W M,CAI RL,LIN L.Strategic conception for boosting potato staple food normalization[J].Guizhou Agricultural Sciences,2016,44(1):182-185.
[4]何杰娣.广东省马铃薯产业发展概况与思考[J].农业科技通讯,2016(12):4-6.HE J D.Potato industry development in guangdong province[J].Agricultural Science and Technology Communication,2016(12):4-6.
[5]谭晓冬,董文光.商品有机肥中重金属含量状况调查[J].农业资源与环境学报,2006,23(1):50-51.TAN X D,D W G.Investigation of heavy metal content in commercial organic fertilizers[J].Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment,2006,23(1):50-51.
[6]刘秀梅,罗奇祥,冯兆滨,邹绍文,刘光荣,刘益仁.我国商品有机肥的现状与发展趋势调研报告[J].江西农业学报,2007,19(4):49-52.LIU X M,LUO Q Y,FENG Z B,ZOU S W,LIU G R,LIU Y R.Investigation report on current situation and development trend of commercial organic fertilizer in China[J].Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi,2007,19(4):49-52.
[7]宁川川,王建武,蔡昆争.有机肥对土壤肥力和土壤环境质量的影响研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2016,25(1):175-181.NING C C,WANG J W,CAI K Z.Research progress on the effects of organic fertilizer on soil fertility and soil environmental quality[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2016,25(1):175-181.
[8]陈健章,张新明,李水源,谭卫娜,官利兰,曹先维.大西洋马铃薯冬作优质高产栽培关键技术[J].安徽农学通报,2017,23(7):47-48.CHEN J Z,ZHANG X M,LI S Y,TAN W N,GUAN L L,CAO X W.Key winter-cultivation techniques with high-quality and high-yield of atlantic potato[J].Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin,2017,23(7):47-48.
[9]张新明,伍尤国,徐鹏举,官利兰,陈洪,曹先维.平衡施肥与常规施肥对冬作马铃薯肥效的比较[J].华南农业大学学报,2013(4):475-479.ZHANG X M,WU Y G,XU P J,GUAN L L,CHEN H,CAO X W.A comparrison of fertilizer between balanced and conventional fertilization on winter potato[J].Journal of South China Agricultural University,2013(4):475-479.
[10]王凯.冬作马铃薯氮磷钾营养特性与合理施肥的研究[D].广州:华南农业大学,2016.WANG K.The research of NPK nutrient characteristics and reasonable fertilization on winter potato[D].Guangzhou:South China Agricultural University,2016.
[11]陈惠阳,冯颖竹.不同栽培方式对冬种马铃薯产量和品质的影响[J].广东农业科学,2011,38(12):15-17.doi:10.16768/j.issn.1004-874X.2011.12.006CHEN H Y,FENG Y Z.Effect of the different cultivation methods on yield and quality of winter planting potato[J].Guangdong Agricultural Sciences,2011,38(12):15-17.doi:10.16768/j.issn.1004-874X.2011.12.006
[12]唐华俊.让农业回归绿色本色——评《农业面源污染治理的技术选择和制度安排》[J].农村工作通讯,2018(1):51.TANG H J.Let agriculture return to green nature-comment on Technical Choice and Institutional Arrangement of Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution Control[J].Rural Work Newsletter,2018(1):51.
[13]李晓宏,曹文元,刘琦,方勇,刘云霞,周永利,李洁.不同有机肥施用量对马铃薯产量的影响[J].现代农业科技,2014(19):78-79.LI X H,CAO W Y,LIU Q,FANG Y,LIU Y X,ZHOU Y L,LI J.Effects of different organic fertilizer application rates on potato yield[J].Modern Agricultural Science and Technology,2014(19):78-79.
[14]张学让.生物有机肥应用于马铃薯不同用量效应效益试验[J].北京农业,2014(30):168.ZHANG X R.Benefit test of bio-organic fertilizer applied to potato with different dosage[J].Beijing Agriculture,2014(30):168.
[15]李刚,田伟,杨志慧,汪贞,张爱国,刘明庆,张纪兵.有机肥施用量对马铃薯品质和土壤环境的影响[J].浙江农业学报,2014,26(6):1573-1577.LI G,TIAN W,YANG Z H,WANG Z,ZHANG A G,LIU M Q,ZHANG J B.Effects of compost applicaton on potato quality and soil environment.[J].Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis,2014,26(6):1573-1577.
[16]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].第3版.北京:中国农业出版社,2000.BAO S D.Soil Agricultural Analysis[M].3 Edition.Beijing:China Agricultural Press,2000.
[17]张永成,田丰.马铃薯试验研究方法[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2007.ZHANG Y C,TIAN F.Research Methods of Potato Experiment[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2007.
[18]TANG Q Y,ZHANG C X.Data Processing System(DPS)software with experimental design,statistical analysis and data mining developed for use in entomological research[J].Insect Science,2013,20(2):254-260.
[19]芶久兰,何佳芳,周瑞荣,肖厚军,孙锐锋.缓释肥与有机肥配施对马铃薯产量及养分吸收的影响[J].贵州农业科学,2011,39(12):151-153.doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-3601.2011.12.044.GOU J L,HE J F,ZHOU R R,XIAO H J,SUN R F.Effects of mixed application of slow-release fertilizer and organic manure on yield and nutrient absorption of potato[J].Guizhou Agricultural Sciences,2011,39(12):151-153.doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-3601.2011.12.044.
[20]付兴发.磷钾肥和有机肥对马铃薯品质和产量影响的研究[D].雅安:四川农业大学,2012.FU X F.Study on the effects of phosphorus,potassium and organic fertilizers on the quality and yield of potato[D].Ya'an:Sichuan Agricultural University,2012.
[21]元新娣,姚满生.不同施肥水平对马铃薯产量和品质的影响[J].山西农业大学学报(自然科学版),2014,34(4):345-347.YUAN X D,YAO M S.Effect of different levels of fertilization on yield and quality of potato[J].Journal of Shanxi Agricultural University(Natural Science Edition),2014,34(4):345-347.
[22]丁文,王海勤.城市污泥有机肥对马铃薯产量和品质及重金属吸收的影响[J].中国农学通报,2005,21(12):254-256.DING W,WANG H Q.Effect of municipal sludge organic fertilizer on potato yield,quality and heavy and heavy meavy metal uptake[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2005,21(12):254-256.