美国公立高校少数族裔学生录取政策的历史演进与思考——以德克萨斯大学为例
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摘要
以典型公立高校为案例研究对象分析少数族裔学生录取政策的历史演进,能够深度观察美国高等教育入学机会平等观念的发展过程。德克萨斯大学多次触发美国高等教育历史上具有标志性的受教育权利诉讼,在这一研究问题上具有代表性。在对历史档案、学术文献、司法判决、媒体报道进行文本分析的基础上,德克萨斯大学少数族裔学生录取政策的发展演进可以分为五个阶段,每个阶段在政策演进与法律推论的角度均呈现不同的脉络特征。研究结论表明,美国高等教育在促进入学机会平等方面逐步凸显关注目的与效果、追求实质平等、重视过程导向、完善教育法治等方面的观念变迁,对我国完善高等教育录取政策具有重要的借鉴价值。
Analysis on historical evolution of minority student admission policy,taking typical public university as case study target,would further observe the development process of equality concept on higher education admission in United States.University of Texas,with multiple involvement in significant lawsuits on right to education in U.S higher education history,bears the representation.On the basis of textual analysis to historical archives, academic literatures,judicial decisions and media reports,development of minority student admission policy in University of Texas can be divided into five stages,which respectively carry distinct contextual characters with perspective of policy evolution and legal jurisprudence.The research concludes that,with focus on promoting equality of access,higher education in U.S.gradually highlights attention on purpose & result,pursuing substantive equality,appreciating process-orientation and improving educational judicial system.The development of equality concept provides valuable reference to higher education admission policy reform in China.
Analysis on historical evolution of minority student admission policy,taking typical public university as case study target,would further observe the development process of equality concept on higher education admission in United States.University of Texas,with multiple involvement in significant lawsuits on right to education in U.S higher education history,bears the representation.On the basis of textual analysis to historical archives, academic literatures,judicial decisions and media reports,development of minority student admission policy in University of Texas can be divided into five stages,which respectively carry distinct contextual characters with perspective of policy evolution and legal jurisprudence.The research concludes that,with focus on promoting equality of access,higher education in U.S.gradually highlights attention on purpose & result,pursuing substantive equality,appreciating process-orientation and improving educational judicial system.The development of equality concept provides valuable reference to higher education admission policy reform in China.
引文
(1)劳凯声:《教育机会平等:实践反思与价值追求》,《北京师范大学学报(社会科学版)》2011年第2期。
(2)许庆豫、朱永新:《美国教育法规基本精神评介》,《教育研究》2006年第7期。
(3)Yin,Robert K.Case Study Research:Design and Methods.Thousand Oaks:SAGE Publications,2008,31.
(4)德克萨斯大学系统(University of Texas System)目前拥有8所分校大学和6所医学中心,位于州府的奥斯汀分校因创建时间最早而被冠以“德克萨斯大学”之名,本文中的“德克萨斯大学”均指“德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校”。
(5)Glasrud,Bruce A.“Jim Crows Emergence in Texas.”American Studies 15,no.1(Spring 1974):47-66.
(6)Humes,Karen,Nicholas A.Jones,and Roberto R.Ramirez.“Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin.”https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-02.pdf.2013-06-08.
(7)U.S.News&World Report.“University of Texas-Austin.”https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/university-of-texas-3658.2016-09-12.
(8)Cashin,Sheryll.“Place,Not Race:Affirmative Action and the Geography of Educational Opportunity.”University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform 47,no.4(Summer 2014):935-965.
(9)Dickson,Lisa M.“Does Ending Affirmative Action in College Admissions Lower the Percent of Minority Students Applying to College?”Economics of Education Review 25,no.1(February 2006):109-119.
(10)Potter,Halley.“What Can We Learn from States that Ban Affirmative Action.”https://tcf.org/content/commentary/what-can-we-learn-from-states-that-ban-affirmative-action.2014-06-26.
(11)Scanlan,Laura C.“Hopwood v.Texas:A Backward Look at Affirmative Action in Education.”New York University Law Review71,no.6(December 1996):1580-1633.
(12)Goldstone,Dwonna.“Heman Sweatt and the Racial Integration of the University of Texas School of Law.”The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education,no.54(Winter2006):88-97.
(13)任东来,胡晓进:《在宪政的舞台上——美国最高法院的历史轨迹》,北京:中国法制出版社,2007年,第290页。
(14)Bullock,Henry Allen.“Negro Higher and Professional Education in Texas.”The Journal of Negro Education 17,no.3(Summer 1948):373-381.
(15)祝贺、张斌贤:《20世纪上半叶美国黑人争取教育平等权利的历程》,《社会科学战线》2013年第5期。
(16)Ogletree,Charles J.All Deliberate Speed:Reflections on the First Half Century of Brown v.Board of Education.New York:W.W.Norton&Company,2004,10.
(17)Shabazz,Amilcar.Advancing Democracy:African Americans and the Struggle for Access and Equity in Higher Education in Texas.Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,2004,142.
(18)Jones,William H.“The Status of Educational Desegregation in Texas.”The Journal of Negro Education25,no.3(Summer 1956):334-344.
(19)张冉:《布朗诉教育委员会案的微观分析》,《全球教育展望》2012年第41期。
(20)(23)(25)Goldstone,Dwonna Naomi.Integrating the 40Acres:The Fifty-Year Struggle for Racial Equality at the University of Texas.Athens:University of Georgia Press,2006,41,46,147.
(21)Lavergne,Gary M.Before Brown:Heman Marion Sweatt,Thurgood Marshall,and the Long Road to Justice.Austin:University of Texas Press,2010,280-282.
(22)Duren,Almetris Marsh.Overcoming:A History of Black Integration at the University of Texas at Austin.Austin:University of Texas Press,1979,5.
(24)Jones,Douglas L.“Sweatt Case and the Development of Legal Education for Negroes in Texas.”Texas Law Review 47,no.4(March 1969):677-693.
(26)Barrera,Lisa Lizette.“Minorities and the University of Texas School of Law(1950-1980).”Texas Hispanic Journal of Law and Policy4,(Spring 1998):99-109.
(27)Stefkovich,Jacqueline A.,and Terrence Leas.“A Legal History of Desegregation in Higher Education.”The Journal of Negro Education 63,no.3(Summer 1994):406-420.
(28)薛二勇:《美国促进教育公平发展的政策体系——基于法律演化的视角》,《高等教育研究》2010年第4期。
(29)Laycock,Douglas.“The Broader Case for Affirmative Action:Desegregation,Academic Excellence,and Future Leadership.”Tulane Law Review 78,no.6(June2004):1767-2329.
(30)Hook,Sidney,and Miro Todorovich.“The Tyranny of Reverse Discrimination.”Change 7,no.10(Winter1975):42-43.
(31)Aldave,Barbara Bader.“Affirmative Action:Reminiscences,Reflections and Ruminations.”Southern University Law Review 23,no.2(Winter 1996):121-131.
(32)Torres,Gerald.“Grutter v.Bollinger/Gratz v.Bollinger:View from a Limestone Ledge.”Columbia Law Review 103,no.6(October 2003):1596-1609.
(33)Holley,Danielle,and Delia Spencer.“The Texas Ten Percent Plan.”Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 34,no.1(Winter 1999):245-278.
(34)Fitzpatrick,Brian T.“Strict Scrutiny of Facially Race—Neutral State Action and the Texas Ten Percent Plan.”Baylor Law Review53,no.2(Spring 2001):289-348.
(35)周海涛:《美国公立大学录取政策变革:百分比计划》,《清华大学教育研究》2007年第6期。
(36)Laycock,Douglas.“The Broader Case for Affirmative Action:Desegregation,Academic Excellence,and Future Leadership.”Tulane Law Review 78,no.6(June2004):1767-2329.
(37)Asbury,Bret D.“The Fisher Oral Argument:Why Affirmative Action Might Endure.”Stanford Journal of Civil Rights&Civil Liberties 9,no.1(January 2013):107-119.
(38)Long,Mark C.“Affirmative Action and Its Alternatives in Public Universities:What Do We Know?”Public Administration Review67,no.2(March 2007):315-330.
(39)UT News.“The University of Texas at Austin Proposes Inclusion of Race as a Factor in Admissions Process.”https://news.utexas.edu/2003/11/24/nr_admission.2003-11-24.
(40)Robinson,Kimberly Jenkins.“Fishers Cautionary Tale and the Urgent Need for Equal Access to an Excellent Education.”Harvard Law Review 130,no.1(November2016):185-240.
(41)秦惠民:《平等的受教育机会——解读一个重要的教育法原则》,劳凯声编:《中国教育法制评论(第3辑)》,北京:教育科学出版社,2004年,第1-40页。
(42)石中英:《教育机会均等的内涵及其政策意义》,《北京大学教育评论》2007年第4期。
(43)哈贝马斯:《在事实与规范之间:关于法律和民主法治国的商谈理论》,童世骏译,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2003年,第485页。
(44)覃红霞、刘海峰:《美国弱势群体入学政策的法律审视与启示》,《高等教育研究》2015年第3期。
(45)米基·英伯、泰尔·范·吉尔:《美国教育法》,李晓燕、申素平译,北京:教育科学出版社,2011年,第1-9页。
(46)沈宗灵:《当代中国的判例——一个比较法研究》,《中国法学》1992年第1期。
(47)勒内达维:《当代主要法律体系》,漆竹生译,上海:上海译文出版社,1984年,第378页。
(2)许庆豫、朱永新:《美国教育法规基本精神评介》,《教育研究》2006年第7期。
(3)Yin,Robert K.Case Study Research:Design and Methods.Thousand Oaks:SAGE Publications,2008,31.
(4)德克萨斯大学系统(University of Texas System)目前拥有8所分校大学和6所医学中心,位于州府的奥斯汀分校因创建时间最早而被冠以“德克萨斯大学”之名,本文中的“德克萨斯大学”均指“德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校”。
(5)Glasrud,Bruce A.“Jim Crows Emergence in Texas.”American Studies 15,no.1(Spring 1974):47-66.
(6)Humes,Karen,Nicholas A.Jones,and Roberto R.Ramirez.“Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin.”https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-02.pdf.2013-06-08.
(7)U.S.News&World Report.“University of Texas-Austin.”https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/university-of-texas-3658.2016-09-12.
(8)Cashin,Sheryll.“Place,Not Race:Affirmative Action and the Geography of Educational Opportunity.”University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform 47,no.4(Summer 2014):935-965.
(9)Dickson,Lisa M.“Does Ending Affirmative Action in College Admissions Lower the Percent of Minority Students Applying to College?”Economics of Education Review 25,no.1(February 2006):109-119.
(10)Potter,Halley.“What Can We Learn from States that Ban Affirmative Action.”https://tcf.org/content/commentary/what-can-we-learn-from-states-that-ban-affirmative-action.2014-06-26.
(11)Scanlan,Laura C.“Hopwood v.Texas:A Backward Look at Affirmative Action in Education.”New York University Law Review71,no.6(December 1996):1580-1633.
(12)Goldstone,Dwonna.“Heman Sweatt and the Racial Integration of the University of Texas School of Law.”The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education,no.54(Winter2006):88-97.
(13)任东来,胡晓进:《在宪政的舞台上——美国最高法院的历史轨迹》,北京:中国法制出版社,2007年,第290页。
(14)Bullock,Henry Allen.“Negro Higher and Professional Education in Texas.”The Journal of Negro Education 17,no.3(Summer 1948):373-381.
(15)祝贺、张斌贤:《20世纪上半叶美国黑人争取教育平等权利的历程》,《社会科学战线》2013年第5期。
(16)Ogletree,Charles J.All Deliberate Speed:Reflections on the First Half Century of Brown v.Board of Education.New York:W.W.Norton&Company,2004,10.
(17)Shabazz,Amilcar.Advancing Democracy:African Americans and the Struggle for Access and Equity in Higher Education in Texas.Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,2004,142.
(18)Jones,William H.“The Status of Educational Desegregation in Texas.”The Journal of Negro Education25,no.3(Summer 1956):334-344.
(19)张冉:《布朗诉教育委员会案的微观分析》,《全球教育展望》2012年第41期。
(20)(23)(25)Goldstone,Dwonna Naomi.Integrating the 40Acres:The Fifty-Year Struggle for Racial Equality at the University of Texas.Athens:University of Georgia Press,2006,41,46,147.
(21)Lavergne,Gary M.Before Brown:Heman Marion Sweatt,Thurgood Marshall,and the Long Road to Justice.Austin:University of Texas Press,2010,280-282.
(22)Duren,Almetris Marsh.Overcoming:A History of Black Integration at the University of Texas at Austin.Austin:University of Texas Press,1979,5.
(24)Jones,Douglas L.“Sweatt Case and the Development of Legal Education for Negroes in Texas.”Texas Law Review 47,no.4(March 1969):677-693.
(26)Barrera,Lisa Lizette.“Minorities and the University of Texas School of Law(1950-1980).”Texas Hispanic Journal of Law and Policy4,(Spring 1998):99-109.
(27)Stefkovich,Jacqueline A.,and Terrence Leas.“A Legal History of Desegregation in Higher Education.”The Journal of Negro Education 63,no.3(Summer 1994):406-420.
(28)薛二勇:《美国促进教育公平发展的政策体系——基于法律演化的视角》,《高等教育研究》2010年第4期。
(29)Laycock,Douglas.“The Broader Case for Affirmative Action:Desegregation,Academic Excellence,and Future Leadership.”Tulane Law Review 78,no.6(June2004):1767-2329.
(30)Hook,Sidney,and Miro Todorovich.“The Tyranny of Reverse Discrimination.”Change 7,no.10(Winter1975):42-43.
(31)Aldave,Barbara Bader.“Affirmative Action:Reminiscences,Reflections and Ruminations.”Southern University Law Review 23,no.2(Winter 1996):121-131.
(32)Torres,Gerald.“Grutter v.Bollinger/Gratz v.Bollinger:View from a Limestone Ledge.”Columbia Law Review 103,no.6(October 2003):1596-1609.
(33)Holley,Danielle,and Delia Spencer.“The Texas Ten Percent Plan.”Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 34,no.1(Winter 1999):245-278.
(34)Fitzpatrick,Brian T.“Strict Scrutiny of Facially Race—Neutral State Action and the Texas Ten Percent Plan.”Baylor Law Review53,no.2(Spring 2001):289-348.
(35)周海涛:《美国公立大学录取政策变革:百分比计划》,《清华大学教育研究》2007年第6期。
(36)Laycock,Douglas.“The Broader Case for Affirmative Action:Desegregation,Academic Excellence,and Future Leadership.”Tulane Law Review 78,no.6(June2004):1767-2329.
(37)Asbury,Bret D.“The Fisher Oral Argument:Why Affirmative Action Might Endure.”Stanford Journal of Civil Rights&Civil Liberties 9,no.1(January 2013):107-119.
(38)Long,Mark C.“Affirmative Action and Its Alternatives in Public Universities:What Do We Know?”Public Administration Review67,no.2(March 2007):315-330.
(39)UT News.“The University of Texas at Austin Proposes Inclusion of Race as a Factor in Admissions Process.”https://news.utexas.edu/2003/11/24/nr_admission.2003-11-24.
(40)Robinson,Kimberly Jenkins.“Fishers Cautionary Tale and the Urgent Need for Equal Access to an Excellent Education.”Harvard Law Review 130,no.1(November2016):185-240.
(41)秦惠民:《平等的受教育机会——解读一个重要的教育法原则》,劳凯声编:《中国教育法制评论(第3辑)》,北京:教育科学出版社,2004年,第1-40页。
(42)石中英:《教育机会均等的内涵及其政策意义》,《北京大学教育评论》2007年第4期。
(43)哈贝马斯:《在事实与规范之间:关于法律和民主法治国的商谈理论》,童世骏译,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2003年,第485页。
(44)覃红霞、刘海峰:《美国弱势群体入学政策的法律审视与启示》,《高等教育研究》2015年第3期。
(45)米基·英伯、泰尔·范·吉尔:《美国教育法》,李晓燕、申素平译,北京:教育科学出版社,2011年,第1-9页。
(46)沈宗灵:《当代中国的判例——一个比较法研究》,《中国法学》1992年第1期。
(47)勒内达维:《当代主要法律体系》,漆竹生译,上海:上海译文出版社,1984年,第378页。