形名组合的出现率:词长搭配和“的”字隐现
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摘要
形名组合指形容词直接修饰名词的定中结构。词长搭配主要指2+2、2+1、1+2、1+1这四种形式。"的"字隐现指"的"字可有可无且基本同义的情况,如"特殊(的)问题"、"正确(的)方向"等。关于形名组合出现率的量化研究不多。祁峰和端木三(2015)对四种形名词长搭配进行了量化考察,但是没有考虑"的"字隐现问题,结果不够精确。文章以"兰卡斯特汉语语料库"为语料来源,通过"的"字隐现的语感实验,对"的"字隐现情况进行了明确定义。然后,排除"的"字隐现情况,重新进行了统计。研究发现,在真正无"的"的四种词长搭配中,2+1的出现率(类频)不到5%,与前人看法相似,而2+2的出现率不到2%,大大低于前人估计。研究表明,和2+1一样,真正无"的"的2+2形名组合在汉语中不是能产的结构,而是受限制的结构。
We use[AN]to refer to nominal structures in which an adjective directly modifies a noun.We consider four length patterns 2+2,2+1,1+2,and 1+1,where 1 is a monosyllable and 2 a disyllable.We use hidden"de"(的)(where"de"is a grammatical particle)to refer to cases where[AN]and[A "de"N]are interchangeable and synonymous.Qi and Duanmu(2015)examined the frequencies of the four length patterns of[AN],without considering the effect of hidden "de",which has affected the accuracy of their results.We offer a new study of the four length patterns of[AN],using the Lancaster Corpus of Mandarin Chinese.Our study includes an experiment to gather judgment data on the distribution patterns of hidden "de"in various cases.Our results show that,when hidden"de"is excluded,the frequency of 2+1 is below 5%,in agreement with previous observations.On the other hand,the frequency of 2+2 is below 2%,far lower than previous estimates.We conclude that both 2+1 and 2+2[AN]are unproductive and highly restricted structures in Chinese.
We use[AN]to refer to nominal structures in which an adjective directly modifies a noun.We consider four length patterns 2+2,2+1,1+2,and 1+1,where 1 is a monosyllable and 2 a disyllable.We use hidden"de"(的)(where"de"is a grammatical particle)to refer to cases where[AN]and[A "de"N]are interchangeable and synonymous.Qi and Duanmu(2015)examined the frequencies of the four length patterns of[AN],without considering the effect of hidden "de",which has affected the accuracy of their results.We offer a new study of the four length patterns of[AN],using the Lancaster Corpus of Mandarin Chinese.Our study includes an experiment to gather judgment data on the distribution patterns of hidden "de"in various cases.Our results show that,when hidden"de"is excluded,the frequency of 2+1 is below 5%,in agreement with previous observations.On the other hand,the frequency of 2+2 is below 2%,far lower than previous estimates.We conclude that both 2+1 and 2+2[AN]are unproductive and highly restricted structures in Chinese.
引文
Ding,Shengshu,et al.(丁声树等).1961.Xiandai hanyu yufajianghua现代汉语语法讲话[Lectures on Modern Chinese Grammar].Beijing:Shangwu Yinshuguan北京:商务印书馆[Beijing:The Commercial Press].
Duanmu,San(端木三).1999.Zhongyin lilun he hanyu de cichang xuanze重音理论和汉语的词长选择[Metrical theory and word length choices in Chinese].Zhongguo Yuwen中国语文[Studies of the Chinese Language]1999.4:246-254.
Duanmu,San(端木三).2000.Hanyu de jiezou汉语的节奏[Rhythm in Chinese].Dangdai Yuyanxue当代语言学[Contemporary Linguistics]2000.4:203-209.
Duanmu,San.2007.Phonology of Standard Chinese.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Duanmu,San.2012.Word-length preferences in Chinese:A corpus study.Journal of East Asian Linguistics 21(1):89-114.
Fan,Jiyan(范继淹).1958.Xingming zuhe jian“de”zi de yufa zuoyong形名组合间“的”字的语法作用[The grammatical function of“de”in adjective-noun constructions].Zhongguo Yuwen中国语文[Studies of the Chinese Language]1958.5:213-217.
Feng,Shengli(冯胜利).1996.Lun hanyu de“yunlüci”论汉语的“韵律词”[On Chinese“prosodic words”].Zhongguo Shehui Kexue中国社会科学[Social Sciences in China]1996.1:161-176.
Feng,Shengli(冯胜利).1998.Lun hanyu de“ziran yinbu”论汉语的“自然音步”[On“natural feet”in Chinese].Zhongguo Yuwen中国语文[Studies of the Chinese Language]1998.1:40-47.
Ke,Hang(柯航).2012.Xiandai Hanyu Danshuang Yinjie Dapei Yanjiu现代汉语单双音节搭配研究[A Study of Single and Double Syllabic Collocations in Modern Chinese].Beijing:Shangwu Yinshuguan北京:商务印书馆[Beijing:The Commercial Press].
Li,Jinxi(黎锦熙).1992.Xinzhu guoyu wenfa新著国语文法[New Chinese Grammar].Beijing:Shangwu Yinshuguan北京:商务印书馆[Beijing:The Commercial Press].
Liu,Yongsheng(刘永生).2004.Cong juzi cengmian kan lingshuxing“N1/P+de+N2”jiegou zhong“de”zi de yinxian从句子层面看领属性“N1/P+的+N2”结构中“的”字的隐现[Hidden“de”in possessive“N1/P+de+N2”construction as seen from the sentence perspective].Xiuci Xuexi修辞学习[Rhetoric Study]2004.6:51-52.
Lu,Bingfu(陆丙甫).1989.Jiegou,jiezou,songjin,qingzhong zai hanyu zhong de xianghu zuoyong结构、节奏、松紧、轻重在汉语中的相互作用[The interaction of structure,rhythm,tension and severity in Chinese].Hanyu Xuexi汉语学习[Chinese Language Learning]1989.3:25-29.
Lu,Bingfu,&San Duanmu.1991.A case study of the relation between rhythm and syntax in Chinese.The Third North America Conference on Chinese Linguistics(NACCL3).USA:Cornell University.
Lu,Bingfu,&San Duanmu.2002.Rhythm and Syntax in Chinese:A Case Study.Journal of Chinese Language Teachers Association 37(2):123-136.
Lü,Shuxiang(吕叔湘).1963.Xiandai hanyu danshuang yinjie wenti chutan现代汉语单双音节问题初探[A preliminary study of monosyllabic and disyllabic expressions in modern Chinese].Zhongguo Yuwen中国语文[Studies of the Chinese Language]1963.1:10-22.
Lü,Shuxiang(吕叔湘).(ed.)1999.Xiandai Hanyu Babaici(zengding ben)现代汉语八百词(增订本)[Eight Hundred Words in Modern Chinese(an extended revision)].Beijing:Shangwu Yinshuguan北京:商务印书馆[Beijing:The Commercial Press].
McEnery,Tony,&Richard Xiao.2004.The Lancaster Corpus of Mandarin Chinese:A corpus for monolingual and contrastive language study.Religion 17:1175-1178.
Qi,Feng(祁峰),&San Duanmu(端木三).2015.Dingzhongshi xingming zuhe cichang dapei de lianghua yanjiu定中式形名组合词长搭配的量化研究[A quantitative study of word length preferences in AN nominal units].Yuyan Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu语言教学与研究[Language Teaching and Linguistic Studies]2015.5:82-91.
Qiao,Xiang(乔翔).2011.Han Ying Xingxiuming Jiegou Duibi Yanjiu汉英形修名结构对比研究[A Contrastive Study of AN Construction in Chinese and English].Zhongyang Minzu Daxue Boshi Xuewei Lunwen中央民族大学博士学位论文[Ph.D.dissertation,Minzu University of China].
Sun,Chaofen.2012.Chinese grammar,language teaching,and the nominal marker“de”.The 24th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics(NACCL24).University of California,Davis and San Francisco University,San Francisco.
Wang,Canlong(王灿龙).2002.Jufa zuhe zhong danshuang yinjie xuanze de renzhi jieshi句法组合中单双音节选择的认知解释[A Cognitive explanation of the choice between monosyllabic and disyllabic units in syntactic combinations].Yufa Yanjiu he Tansuo(shiyi)语法研究和探索(十一)[Grammar Research and Exploration(11)],151-168.Beijing:Shangwu Yinshuguan北京:商务印书馆[Beijing:The Commercial Press].
Wang,Guangquan(王光全),&Yinglu Liu(柳英绿).2006.Dingzhong jiegou zhong“de”zi de yinxian guilü定中结构中“的”字的隐现规律[Rules of using“de”in nominal endocentric phrases].Jilin Daxue Shehui Kexue Xuebao吉林大学社会科学学报[Jilin University Journal Social Sciences Edition]2006.2:115-121.
Wang,Hongjun(王洪君).2001.Yinjie danshuang,yinyu zhanlian(zhongyin)yu yufa jiegou leixing he chengfen cixu音节单双、音域展敛(重音)与语法结构类型和成分次序[The relations between the number of syllable,the tone range of pitch and the grammatical structure in Chinese].Dangdai Yuyanxue当代语言学[Contemporary Linguistics]2001.4:241-252.
Wang,Li(王力).1985.Zhongguo Xiandai Yufa中国现代语法[Modern Chinese Grammar].Beijing:Shangwu Yinshuguan北京:商务印书馆[Beijing:The Commercial Press].
Wang,Yuanjie(王远杰).2008a.Dingyu biaoji“de”de yinxian yanjiu定语标记“的”的隐现研究[A study on the occurrence of the modifier marker“de”].Shoudu Shifan Daxue Boshi Xuewei Lunwen首都师范大学博士学位论文[Ph.D.dissertation,Capital Normal University].
Wang,Yuanjie(王远杰).2008b.Zaitan duoxiang dingyu“de”de yinxian再探多项定语“的”的隐现[Revisiting the occurrence of“de”in multiple modifiers].Zhongguo Yuwen中国语文[Studies of the Chinese Language]2008.3:254-258,288.
Wu,Weishan(吴为善).1986.Xiandai hanyu sanyinjie zuhe guilüchutan现代汉语三音节组合规律初探[A preliminary study of the combination rules of three syllables in modern Chinese].Hanyu Xuexi汉语学习[Chinese Language Learning]1986.5:1-2.
Wu,Zhihan(吴之翰).1965.Xingrongci shiyong qingkuang de yige kaocha形容词使用情况的一个考察[A study of adjective usage].Zhongguo Yuwen中国语文[Studies of the Chinese Language]1965.6:419-431.
Xu,Yangchun(徐阳春).2003.“De”zi yinxian de zhiyue yinsu“的”字隐现的制约因素[Constraints on hidden“de”].Xiuci Xuexi修辞学习[Rhetoric Study]2003.2:33-34.
Xu,Yangchun(徐阳春).2008.Ye tan rencheng daici zuo dingyu shi“de”zi de yinxian也谈人称代词做定语时“的”字的隐现[Further discussions on“de”’s usage in phrases with personal pronouns as modifiers].Zhongguo Yuwen中国语文[Studies of the Chinese Language]2008.1:21-27,95.
Xu,Yangchun(徐阳春).2011.Bankuai,tuxian yu“de”zi de yinxian板块、凸显与“的”字的隐现[Chunking,prominence and usage of“de”].Yuyan Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu语言教学与研究[Language Teaching and Linguistic Studies]2011.6:76-82.
Zhang,Guoxian(张国宪).1989.“Dong+ming”jiegou zhong danshuang yinjie dongzuo dongci gongneng chayi chutan“动+名”结构中单双音节动作动词功能差异初探[On functional differences of single and double syllable action verbs in verb-noun constructions].Zhongguo Yuwen中国语文[Studies of the Chinese Language]1989.3:186-190.
Zhang,Guoxian(张国宪).1996.Danshuang yinjie xingrongci de xuanzexing chayi单双音节形容词的选择性差异[Differences in selecting single and double syllable adjectives].Hanyu Xuexi汉语学习[Chinese Language Learning]1996.3:3-9.
Zhang,Guoxian(张国宪).2005.Xingming zuhe de yunlüzupei tushi jiqi yunlüde yuyan diwei形名组合的韵律组配图式及其韵律的语言地位[On the prosodic configurations of the Adj+N Structure].Dangdai Yuyanxue当代语言学[Contemporary Linguistics]2005.1:35-52.
Zhang,Min(张敏).1998.Renzhi Yuyanxue yu Hanyu Mingci Duanyu认知语言学与汉语名词短语[Cognitive linguistics and Chinese Noun Phrases].Beijing:Zhongguo shehui Kexue Chubanshe北京:中国社会科学出版社[Beijing:China Social Sciences Press].
Zhao,Chunli(赵春利).2012.Xiandai Hanyu Xingming Zuhe Yanjiu现代汉语形名组合研究[A Study of AN Nominal Units in Modern Chinese].Guangzhou:Ji’nan Daxue Chubanshe广州:暨南大学出版社[Guangzhou:Ji’nan University Press].
Zhou,Ren(周韧).2007.Xinxiliang yuanze yu hanyu jufa zuhe de yunlümoshi信息量原则与汉语句法组合的韵律模式[The principle of information quantity and the prosodic pattern of Chinese syntactic combination].Zhongguo Yuwen中国语文[Studies of the Chinese Language]2007.3:208-222.
Zhou,Ren(周韧).2011.Xiandai Hanyu Yunlüyu Yufa de Hudong Guanxi Yanjiu现代汉语韵律与语法的互动关系研究[Research on the Interactive Relationship between the Rhythm and Grammar of Modern Chinese].Beijing:Shangwu Yinshuguan北京:商务印书馆[Beijing:The Commercial Press].
Zhu,Dexi(朱德熙).1982.Yufa Jiangyi语法讲义[Lecture Notes on Grammar].Beijing:Shangwu Yinshuguan北京:商务印书馆[Beijing:The Commercial Press].
Duanmu,San(端木三).1999.Zhongyin lilun he hanyu de cichang xuanze重音理论和汉语的词长选择[Metrical theory and word length choices in Chinese].Zhongguo Yuwen中国语文[Studies of the Chinese Language]1999.4:246-254.
Duanmu,San(端木三).2000.Hanyu de jiezou汉语的节奏[Rhythm in Chinese].Dangdai Yuyanxue当代语言学[Contemporary Linguistics]2000.4:203-209.
Duanmu,San.2007.Phonology of Standard Chinese.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Duanmu,San.2012.Word-length preferences in Chinese:A corpus study.Journal of East Asian Linguistics 21(1):89-114.
Fan,Jiyan(范继淹).1958.Xingming zuhe jian“de”zi de yufa zuoyong形名组合间“的”字的语法作用[The grammatical function of“de”in adjective-noun constructions].Zhongguo Yuwen中国语文[Studies of the Chinese Language]1958.5:213-217.
Feng,Shengli(冯胜利).1996.Lun hanyu de“yunlüci”论汉语的“韵律词”[On Chinese“prosodic words”].Zhongguo Shehui Kexue中国社会科学[Social Sciences in China]1996.1:161-176.
Feng,Shengli(冯胜利).1998.Lun hanyu de“ziran yinbu”论汉语的“自然音步”[On“natural feet”in Chinese].Zhongguo Yuwen中国语文[Studies of the Chinese Language]1998.1:40-47.
Ke,Hang(柯航).2012.Xiandai Hanyu Danshuang Yinjie Dapei Yanjiu现代汉语单双音节搭配研究[A Study of Single and Double Syllabic Collocations in Modern Chinese].Beijing:Shangwu Yinshuguan北京:商务印书馆[Beijing:The Commercial Press].
Li,Jinxi(黎锦熙).1992.Xinzhu guoyu wenfa新著国语文法[New Chinese Grammar].Beijing:Shangwu Yinshuguan北京:商务印书馆[Beijing:The Commercial Press].
Liu,Yongsheng(刘永生).2004.Cong juzi cengmian kan lingshuxing“N1/P+de+N2”jiegou zhong“de”zi de yinxian从句子层面看领属性“N1/P+的+N2”结构中“的”字的隐现[Hidden“de”in possessive“N1/P+de+N2”construction as seen from the sentence perspective].Xiuci Xuexi修辞学习[Rhetoric Study]2004.6:51-52.
Lu,Bingfu(陆丙甫).1989.Jiegou,jiezou,songjin,qingzhong zai hanyu zhong de xianghu zuoyong结构、节奏、松紧、轻重在汉语中的相互作用[The interaction of structure,rhythm,tension and severity in Chinese].Hanyu Xuexi汉语学习[Chinese Language Learning]1989.3:25-29.
Lu,Bingfu,&San Duanmu.1991.A case study of the relation between rhythm and syntax in Chinese.The Third North America Conference on Chinese Linguistics(NACCL3).USA:Cornell University.
Lu,Bingfu,&San Duanmu.2002.Rhythm and Syntax in Chinese:A Case Study.Journal of Chinese Language Teachers Association 37(2):123-136.
Lü,Shuxiang(吕叔湘).1963.Xiandai hanyu danshuang yinjie wenti chutan现代汉语单双音节问题初探[A preliminary study of monosyllabic and disyllabic expressions in modern Chinese].Zhongguo Yuwen中国语文[Studies of the Chinese Language]1963.1:10-22.
Lü,Shuxiang(吕叔湘).(ed.)1999.Xiandai Hanyu Babaici(zengding ben)现代汉语八百词(增订本)[Eight Hundred Words in Modern Chinese(an extended revision)].Beijing:Shangwu Yinshuguan北京:商务印书馆[Beijing:The Commercial Press].
McEnery,Tony,&Richard Xiao.2004.The Lancaster Corpus of Mandarin Chinese:A corpus for monolingual and contrastive language study.Religion 17:1175-1178.
Qi,Feng(祁峰),&San Duanmu(端木三).2015.Dingzhongshi xingming zuhe cichang dapei de lianghua yanjiu定中式形名组合词长搭配的量化研究[A quantitative study of word length preferences in AN nominal units].Yuyan Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu语言教学与研究[Language Teaching and Linguistic Studies]2015.5:82-91.
Qiao,Xiang(乔翔).2011.Han Ying Xingxiuming Jiegou Duibi Yanjiu汉英形修名结构对比研究[A Contrastive Study of AN Construction in Chinese and English].Zhongyang Minzu Daxue Boshi Xuewei Lunwen中央民族大学博士学位论文[Ph.D.dissertation,Minzu University of China].
Sun,Chaofen.2012.Chinese grammar,language teaching,and the nominal marker“de”.The 24th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics(NACCL24).University of California,Davis and San Francisco University,San Francisco.
Wang,Canlong(王灿龙).2002.Jufa zuhe zhong danshuang yinjie xuanze de renzhi jieshi句法组合中单双音节选择的认知解释[A Cognitive explanation of the choice between monosyllabic and disyllabic units in syntactic combinations].Yufa Yanjiu he Tansuo(shiyi)语法研究和探索(十一)[Grammar Research and Exploration(11)],151-168.Beijing:Shangwu Yinshuguan北京:商务印书馆[Beijing:The Commercial Press].
Wang,Guangquan(王光全),&Yinglu Liu(柳英绿).2006.Dingzhong jiegou zhong“de”zi de yinxian guilü定中结构中“的”字的隐现规律[Rules of using“de”in nominal endocentric phrases].Jilin Daxue Shehui Kexue Xuebao吉林大学社会科学学报[Jilin University Journal Social Sciences Edition]2006.2:115-121.
Wang,Hongjun(王洪君).2001.Yinjie danshuang,yinyu zhanlian(zhongyin)yu yufa jiegou leixing he chengfen cixu音节单双、音域展敛(重音)与语法结构类型和成分次序[The relations between the number of syllable,the tone range of pitch and the grammatical structure in Chinese].Dangdai Yuyanxue当代语言学[Contemporary Linguistics]2001.4:241-252.
Wang,Li(王力).1985.Zhongguo Xiandai Yufa中国现代语法[Modern Chinese Grammar].Beijing:Shangwu Yinshuguan北京:商务印书馆[Beijing:The Commercial Press].
Wang,Yuanjie(王远杰).2008a.Dingyu biaoji“de”de yinxian yanjiu定语标记“的”的隐现研究[A study on the occurrence of the modifier marker“de”].Shoudu Shifan Daxue Boshi Xuewei Lunwen首都师范大学博士学位论文[Ph.D.dissertation,Capital Normal University].
Wang,Yuanjie(王远杰).2008b.Zaitan duoxiang dingyu“de”de yinxian再探多项定语“的”的隐现[Revisiting the occurrence of“de”in multiple modifiers].Zhongguo Yuwen中国语文[Studies of the Chinese Language]2008.3:254-258,288.
Wu,Weishan(吴为善).1986.Xiandai hanyu sanyinjie zuhe guilüchutan现代汉语三音节组合规律初探[A preliminary study of the combination rules of three syllables in modern Chinese].Hanyu Xuexi汉语学习[Chinese Language Learning]1986.5:1-2.
Wu,Zhihan(吴之翰).1965.Xingrongci shiyong qingkuang de yige kaocha形容词使用情况的一个考察[A study of adjective usage].Zhongguo Yuwen中国语文[Studies of the Chinese Language]1965.6:419-431.
Xu,Yangchun(徐阳春).2003.“De”zi yinxian de zhiyue yinsu“的”字隐现的制约因素[Constraints on hidden“de”].Xiuci Xuexi修辞学习[Rhetoric Study]2003.2:33-34.
Xu,Yangchun(徐阳春).2008.Ye tan rencheng daici zuo dingyu shi“de”zi de yinxian也谈人称代词做定语时“的”字的隐现[Further discussions on“de”’s usage in phrases with personal pronouns as modifiers].Zhongguo Yuwen中国语文[Studies of the Chinese Language]2008.1:21-27,95.
Xu,Yangchun(徐阳春).2011.Bankuai,tuxian yu“de”zi de yinxian板块、凸显与“的”字的隐现[Chunking,prominence and usage of“de”].Yuyan Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu语言教学与研究[Language Teaching and Linguistic Studies]2011.6:76-82.
Zhang,Guoxian(张国宪).1989.“Dong+ming”jiegou zhong danshuang yinjie dongzuo dongci gongneng chayi chutan“动+名”结构中单双音节动作动词功能差异初探[On functional differences of single and double syllable action verbs in verb-noun constructions].Zhongguo Yuwen中国语文[Studies of the Chinese Language]1989.3:186-190.
Zhang,Guoxian(张国宪).1996.Danshuang yinjie xingrongci de xuanzexing chayi单双音节形容词的选择性差异[Differences in selecting single and double syllable adjectives].Hanyu Xuexi汉语学习[Chinese Language Learning]1996.3:3-9.
Zhang,Guoxian(张国宪).2005.Xingming zuhe de yunlüzupei tushi jiqi yunlüde yuyan diwei形名组合的韵律组配图式及其韵律的语言地位[On the prosodic configurations of the Adj+N Structure].Dangdai Yuyanxue当代语言学[Contemporary Linguistics]2005.1:35-52.
Zhang,Min(张敏).1998.Renzhi Yuyanxue yu Hanyu Mingci Duanyu认知语言学与汉语名词短语[Cognitive linguistics and Chinese Noun Phrases].Beijing:Zhongguo shehui Kexue Chubanshe北京:中国社会科学出版社[Beijing:China Social Sciences Press].
Zhao,Chunli(赵春利).2012.Xiandai Hanyu Xingming Zuhe Yanjiu现代汉语形名组合研究[A Study of AN Nominal Units in Modern Chinese].Guangzhou:Ji’nan Daxue Chubanshe广州:暨南大学出版社[Guangzhou:Ji’nan University Press].
Zhou,Ren(周韧).2007.Xinxiliang yuanze yu hanyu jufa zuhe de yunlümoshi信息量原则与汉语句法组合的韵律模式[The principle of information quantity and the prosodic pattern of Chinese syntactic combination].Zhongguo Yuwen中国语文[Studies of the Chinese Language]2007.3:208-222.
Zhou,Ren(周韧).2011.Xiandai Hanyu Yunlüyu Yufa de Hudong Guanxi Yanjiu现代汉语韵律与语法的互动关系研究[Research on the Interactive Relationship between the Rhythm and Grammar of Modern Chinese].Beijing:Shangwu Yinshuguan北京:商务印书馆[Beijing:The Commercial Press].
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