珠海淇澳岛红树林群落分布与景观格局
|
摘要
【目的】分析红树林群落和景观分布特征与规律,以期确认红树林引种扩种工程的实效,为研究区红树林造林和保护工作提供依据,对红树林和区域生物多样性保护以及生态环境改善提供支撑。【方法】以珠海淇澳岛红树林为研究对象,基于遥感影像解译与样方调查相结合的数据,采用群落与景观生态学方法,对寒害后红树林群落分布特征、种群优势度及其景观格局进行研究。【结果】淇澳岛红树林中真红树植物为优势种,以引进种无瓣海桑、海桑和乡土种老鼠簕、秋茄和卤蕨为主,无瓣海桑群落以面积占比82.01%成为绝对优势群落,其他主要群落类型包括秋茄群落、卤蕨群落和老鼠簕群落,面积占比分别为5.01%,3.82%和3.31%,真红树群落占总面积的94.15%;半红树植物以海芒果、银叶树和水黄皮为主,重要值相对较低;在种群层面上聚集度最大的是拉关木,其次是水黄皮,较弱的有海桑、秋茄、卤蕨、无瓣海桑和老鼠簕;在群落层面上聚集度较高的有海桑群落和无瓣海桑群落,较低的是卤蕨群落和海漆+杨叶肖槿群落;无瓣海桑和海桑2个引进种发育较好,在中、低潮滩成片生长,对乡土种秋茄等存在抑制作用。【结论】淇澳岛红树林形成了以无瓣海桑群落、秋茄群落、卤蕨群落和老鼠簕群落为主的红树林群落分布格局。从种群和群落2个层次的空间分布研究都显示红树林呈集聚态分布。建议在红树林的引种扩种工程中,适度引种无瓣海桑和海桑,加强乡土红树植物的种植,以保护红树林物种多样性、维护红树林生态系统平衡。
【Objective】 This study was aimed to analyze the structure of mangrove-forest community and its corresponding landscape characteristics, to provide valuable information for mangrove reforestation and protection, important for regional biodiversity conservation and ecological environment improvement in the future.【Method】Using Qi'ao Island as the study area, based on the datasets from interpretation of remote sensing images and field investigation, spatial-distribution of the mangrove-forest communities, population dominance and landscape pattern after low temperature damages were investigated.【Result】True mangroves are the dominant species in the study area, including two primarily exotic species(Sonneratia apetala and Sonneratia caseolaris) and three major local mangrove species, namely, Acanthus ilicifolius, Kandelia candel and Acrostichum aureum. Sonneratia apetala, with an area contribution of 85.17%, is absolutely the first dominant species. Other major species include Kandelia candel, Acrostichum aureum, and Acanthus ilicifolius community, with area contributions of 4.2%, 3.1%, and 2.65%, respectively. The total area contribution by the aforementioned species was 95.12%. Semi-mangrove plants primarily include Cerbera manghas, Heritiera littoralis and Pongamia pinnata, with relatively low importance. The biggest aggregation at population level was Laguncularia racemosa, followed by Pongamia pinnata. For other species, such as, Sonneratia caseolaris, Kandelia candel, Acrostichum aureum, Sonneratia apetala, and Acanthus ilicifolius, the aggregation was relatively weak. The highest aggregation at the community level was Sonneratia caseolaris and Sonneratia apetala, while the aggregation values for the communities of Acrostichum aureum, Excoecaria agallocha + Thespesia populnea were relatively low. Two exotic species, Sonneratia apetala and Sonneratia caseolaris, developed well in medium and shallow waters, which can inhibit the local species, Kandelia candel. 【Conclusion】The mangrove-forest communities in Qi'ao Island are dominated by the Sonneratia apetala, Kandelia candel, Acrostichum aureum, and Acanthus ilicifolius community. The investigation at both population and community levels showed that the mangrove forest in the study area is in aggregated distribution. The results suggest that in the future program for species introduction and mangrove reforestation, Sonneratia apetala and Sonneratia caseolaris should be moderately introduced, which can strengthen the local mangrove planting, protect mangrove species diversity, and maintain the balance of mangrove ecosystems.
【Objective】 This study was aimed to analyze the structure of mangrove-forest community and its corresponding landscape characteristics, to provide valuable information for mangrove reforestation and protection, important for regional biodiversity conservation and ecological environment improvement in the future.【Method】Using Qi'ao Island as the study area, based on the datasets from interpretation of remote sensing images and field investigation, spatial-distribution of the mangrove-forest communities, population dominance and landscape pattern after low temperature damages were investigated.【Result】True mangroves are the dominant species in the study area, including two primarily exotic species(Sonneratia apetala and Sonneratia caseolaris) and three major local mangrove species, namely, Acanthus ilicifolius, Kandelia candel and Acrostichum aureum. Sonneratia apetala, with an area contribution of 85.17%, is absolutely the first dominant species. Other major species include Kandelia candel, Acrostichum aureum, and Acanthus ilicifolius community, with area contributions of 4.2%, 3.1%, and 2.65%, respectively. The total area contribution by the aforementioned species was 95.12%. Semi-mangrove plants primarily include Cerbera manghas, Heritiera littoralis and Pongamia pinnata, with relatively low importance. The biggest aggregation at population level was Laguncularia racemosa, followed by Pongamia pinnata. For other species, such as, Sonneratia caseolaris, Kandelia candel, Acrostichum aureum, Sonneratia apetala, and Acanthus ilicifolius, the aggregation was relatively weak. The highest aggregation at the community level was Sonneratia caseolaris and Sonneratia apetala, while the aggregation values for the communities of Acrostichum aureum, Excoecaria agallocha + Thespesia populnea were relatively low. Two exotic species, Sonneratia apetala and Sonneratia caseolaris, developed well in medium and shallow waters, which can inhibit the local species, Kandelia candel. 【Conclusion】The mangrove-forest communities in Qi'ao Island are dominated by the Sonneratia apetala, Kandelia candel, Acrostichum aureum, and Acanthus ilicifolius community. The investigation at both population and community levels showed that the mangrove forest in the study area is in aggregated distribution. The results suggest that in the future program for species introduction and mangrove reforestation, Sonneratia apetala and Sonneratia caseolaris should be moderately introduced, which can strengthen the local mangrove planting, protect mangrove species diversity, and maintain the balance of mangrove ecosystems.
引文
安东,缪绅裕,陈蔚,等. 2015. 珠海淇澳岛无瓣海桑人工林更新幼苗种群特征. 广州大学学报:自然科学版,14(1): 50-55.(An D, Miao S Y, Chen W, et al. 2015. Population characteristics of seedlings under the man-made Sonneratia apetala forest at Qi’ao Island, Zhuhai. Journal of Guangzhou University:Natural Science Edition,14(1): 50-55.[in Chinese])
布仁仓,胡远满,常禹,等. 2005. 景观指数之间的相关分析. 生态学报,25(10): 2764-2775.(Bu R C, Hu Y M, Chang Y, et al. 2005. A correlation analysis on landscape metrics. Acta Ecologica Sinica,25(10): 2765-2775. [in Chinese])
陈桂珠,缪绅裕. 1994. 广东澳头红树植物群落的物种多样性与种群分布格局研究. 生态学杂志,13(2): 34-35,43.(Chen G Z,Miao S Y. 1994. Species diversity and population distribution pattern of mangrove community in Aotou of Guangdong. Chinese Journal of Ecology,13 (2):34-35,43. [in Chinese])
董翠芳,梁国付,丁圣彦,等. 2014. 不同干扰背景下景观指数与物种多样性的多尺度效应——以巩义市为例. 生态学报, 34(12):3444-3451.(Dong C F, Liang G F, Ding S Y,et al. 2014.Multi-scale effects for landscape metrics and species diversity under the different disturbance: a case study of Congyi City. Acta Ecologica Sinica,34(12):3444-3451. [in Chinese])
何斌源,范航清,王瑁,等. 2007. 中国红树林湿地物种多样性及其形成. 生态学报,27(11): 4859-4870.(He B Y, Fan H Q, Wang M, et al. 2007. Species diversity in mangrove wetlands of China and its causation analyses. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 27(11): 4859-4870. [in Chinese])
何鹏,张会儒. 2009. 常用景观指数的因子分析和筛选方法研究. 林业科学研究,22 (4): 470-474.(He P, Zhang H R. 2009. Study on factor analysis and selection of common on landscape metrics. Forest Research,22 (4): 470-474. [in Chinese])
雷振胜,李玫,廖宝文. 2008. 珠海淇澳红树林湿地生物多样性现状及保护. 广东林业科技,24(5):56-60.(Lei Z S, Li M, Liao B W. 2008. Current situation and protection of mangrove wetlands biodiversity on Qi’ao Island, Zhuhai City. Guangdong Forestry Science and Technology, 24(5):56-60. [in Chinese])
李皓宇,彭逸生,刘嘉健,等. 2016. 粤东沿海红树林物种组成与群落特征. 生态学报,36(1):252- 260.(Li H Y, Peng Y S, Liu J J, et al. 2016. Current state of mangrove floristic composition and characteristics of communities on the eastern coast of Guangdong Province. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 36(1):252-260. [in Chinese])
李丽凤,刘文爱. 2013. 广西竹山红树林群落及种群分布格局研究. 林业资源管理,(4): 72-76.(Li L F, Liu W A. 2013. Research on Guangxi Zhushan mangrove communities and their distribution patterns. Forest Resources Management,(4): 72-76. [in Chinese])
李学斌,陈林,李国旗,等. 2013.干旱半干旱地区围栏封育对甘草群落特征及其分布格局的影响. 生态学报,33(13): 3995-4001.(Li X B,Chen L,Li G Q,et al.2013. Influence of enclosure on Glyeyrrhiza uralensis community and distribution pattern in arid and emi-arid areas.Acta Ecologica Sinica,33(13): 3995-4001. [in Chinese])
黎夏,刘凯,王树功. 2006. 珠江口红树林湿地演变的遥感分析. 地理学报,61(1): 26-34.(Li X, Liu K, Wang S G. 2006. Mangrove wetland changes in the Pearl River Estuary using remote sensing. Acta Geographica Sinica,61(1): 26-34. [in Chinese])
廖宝文,张乔民. 2014. 中国红树林的分布、面积和树种组成. 湿地科学,12(4): 435-440.(Liao B W, Zhang Q M. 2014. Area, distribution and species composition of mangroves in China. Wetland Science, 12(4): 435-440. [in Chinese])
林鹏. 2001. 中国红树林研究进展. 厦门大学学报:自然科学版,40(2): 592-603.(Lin P. 2001. A review on the mangrove research in China. Journal of Xiamen University: Natural Science, 40(2): 592-602. [in Chinese])
雒明伟. 2015. 青藏公路取土迹地恢复群落植物种群空间分布及化学计量特征的研究. 兰州:兰州大学硕士学位论文.(Luo M W. 2015. C:N:P stoichiometry and the distribution pattern of main plant populations in restorable communities distributed on the land for Qinghai-Tibet highway construction. Lanzhou: MS thesis of Lanzhou University. [in Chinese])
农友,郑路,贾宏炎,等. 2015. 广西大青山次生林的群落特征及主要乔木种群的空间分布格局. 生物多样性,23 (3): 321-331.(Nong Y, Zheng L, Jia H Y, et al. 2015. Community characteristics and spatial distribution of dominant tree species in a secondary forest of Daqing Mountains, southwestern Guangxi, China. Biodiversity Science,23 (3): 321-331. [in Chinese])
彭辉武. 2010. 珠海淇澳岛红树林群落三项生态服务功能的研究. 北京: 中国林业科学研究院硕士学位论文.(Peng H W. 2010.Study on the three ecosystem services of mangrove communities in Qi’ao Island, Zhuhai. Beijing: MS thesis of Chinese Academy of Forestry. [in Chinese])
彭逸生,李皓宇,曾瑛,等. 2015. 广东韩江三角洲地区红树林群落现状及立地条件. 林业科学,51(12):103-112.(Peng Y S, Li H Y, Zeng Y, et al. 2015. Current status and site conditions of mangrove forest community in Hanjiang River Delta of Guangdong Province. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 51(12):103-112. [in Chinese])
邱霓,徐颂军,邱彭华,等. 2017. 南沙湿地公园红树林物种多样性与空间分布格局. 生态环境学报,26(1): 27-35.(Qiu N, Xu S J, Qiu P H, et al. 2017. Species diversity and spatial distribution pattern of mangrove in Nansha Wetland Park, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 26(1):27-25. [in Chinese])
上官铁梁,张峰.1988. 山西绵山植被优势种群的分布格局与种间联结的研究.武汉植物学研究,6(4):357-364.(Shangguan T L, Zhang F. 1988. Research on the pattern and associations between dominants of the vegetation in Main Mountain, Shanxi Province. Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research,6(4):357-364.[in Chinese])
王树功,黎夏,刘凯.2005. 近20年来淇澳岛红树林湿地景观格局分析. 地理与地理信息科学,21(2): 53-57.(Wang S G, Li X, Liu K,et al. 2005. Landscape pattern analyses on the Mangrove Forest Wetland of Qi’ ao Island in the last two decades. Geography and Geo-Information Science, 21(2): 53-57. [in Chinese])
王树功,郑耀辉,彭逸生,等. 2010. 珠江口淇澳岛红树林湿地生态系统健康评价.应用生态学报,21(2): 391-398.(Wang S G, Zheng Y H, Peng Y S,et al. 2010. Health assessment of Qi’ao Island mangrove wetland ecosystem in Pearl River Estuary. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 21(2): 391-398. [in Chinese])
邬建国. 2007. 景观生态学—格局、过程、尺度与等级.第2版.北京: 高等教育出版社,66-72.(Wu J G. 2007. Landscape ecology: pattern, process, scale and hierarchy. 2nd ed. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 66-72. [in Chinese])
张继义,赵哈林. 2004.科尔沁沙地草地植被恢复演替进程中群落优势种群空间分布格局研究. 生态学杂志,23(2):1- 6.(Zhang J Y,Zhao H L. 2004. Spatial patterns of main species of the grassland community in the recovering succession in Horqin sandy land. Chinese Journal of Ecology,23(2): 1-6.[in Chinese])
赵峰,张怀清,刘华,等.2011. 福建漳江口红树林湿地保护区遥感监测及保护分析. 西北林学院学报,26(1): 160-165.(Zhao F,Zhang H Q, Liu H, et al. 2011. Remote sensing monitoring and protection of mangrove wetland reserve of the Zhangjiang Estuary in Fujian Province. Journal of Northwest Forestry University, 26(1): 160-165. [in Chinese])
周国英,陈桂深,魏国良,等. 2006. 青海湖地区岌岌草群落主要种群分布格局研究. 西北植物学报,26(3): 579-584.(Zhou G Y, Chen G S, Wei G L,et al. 2006. Distribution patterns of major populations in Achnatherum splendens communities of Qinghai Lake Area. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,26(3): 579-584. [in Chinese])
Giri C,Ochieng E, Tieszen L L,et al. 2011. Status and distribution of mangrove forests of the world using earth observation satellite data. Global Ecology & Biogeography, 20(1): 154-159.
Manson F J, Loneragan N R,Mcleod I M,et al. 2001. Assessing techniques for estimating the extent of mangroves: topographic maps. Aerial Photographs and Landsat TM Images,52(5):787-792.
Vaiphasa C,Boer W F,Skidmore A K,et al. 2007. Impact of solid shrimp pond waste materials on mangrove growth and mortality: a case study from Pak Phanang,Thailand. Hydrobiologia,591(1): 47-57.
布仁仓,胡远满,常禹,等. 2005. 景观指数之间的相关分析. 生态学报,25(10): 2764-2775.(Bu R C, Hu Y M, Chang Y, et al. 2005. A correlation analysis on landscape metrics. Acta Ecologica Sinica,25(10): 2765-2775. [in Chinese])
陈桂珠,缪绅裕. 1994. 广东澳头红树植物群落的物种多样性与种群分布格局研究. 生态学杂志,13(2): 34-35,43.(Chen G Z,Miao S Y. 1994. Species diversity and population distribution pattern of mangrove community in Aotou of Guangdong. Chinese Journal of Ecology,13 (2):34-35,43. [in Chinese])
董翠芳,梁国付,丁圣彦,等. 2014. 不同干扰背景下景观指数与物种多样性的多尺度效应——以巩义市为例. 生态学报, 34(12):3444-3451.(Dong C F, Liang G F, Ding S Y,et al. 2014.Multi-scale effects for landscape metrics and species diversity under the different disturbance: a case study of Congyi City. Acta Ecologica Sinica,34(12):3444-3451. [in Chinese])
何斌源,范航清,王瑁,等. 2007. 中国红树林湿地物种多样性及其形成. 生态学报,27(11): 4859-4870.(He B Y, Fan H Q, Wang M, et al. 2007. Species diversity in mangrove wetlands of China and its causation analyses. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 27(11): 4859-4870. [in Chinese])
何鹏,张会儒. 2009. 常用景观指数的因子分析和筛选方法研究. 林业科学研究,22 (4): 470-474.(He P, Zhang H R. 2009. Study on factor analysis and selection of common on landscape metrics. Forest Research,22 (4): 470-474. [in Chinese])
雷振胜,李玫,廖宝文. 2008. 珠海淇澳红树林湿地生物多样性现状及保护. 广东林业科技,24(5):56-60.(Lei Z S, Li M, Liao B W. 2008. Current situation and protection of mangrove wetlands biodiversity on Qi’ao Island, Zhuhai City. Guangdong Forestry Science and Technology, 24(5):56-60. [in Chinese])
李皓宇,彭逸生,刘嘉健,等. 2016. 粤东沿海红树林物种组成与群落特征. 生态学报,36(1):252- 260.(Li H Y, Peng Y S, Liu J J, et al. 2016. Current state of mangrove floristic composition and characteristics of communities on the eastern coast of Guangdong Province. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 36(1):252-260. [in Chinese])
李丽凤,刘文爱. 2013. 广西竹山红树林群落及种群分布格局研究. 林业资源管理,(4): 72-76.(Li L F, Liu W A. 2013. Research on Guangxi Zhushan mangrove communities and their distribution patterns. Forest Resources Management,(4): 72-76. [in Chinese])
李学斌,陈林,李国旗,等. 2013.干旱半干旱地区围栏封育对甘草群落特征及其分布格局的影响. 生态学报,33(13): 3995-4001.(Li X B,Chen L,Li G Q,et al.2013. Influence of enclosure on Glyeyrrhiza uralensis community and distribution pattern in arid and emi-arid areas.Acta Ecologica Sinica,33(13): 3995-4001. [in Chinese])
黎夏,刘凯,王树功. 2006. 珠江口红树林湿地演变的遥感分析. 地理学报,61(1): 26-34.(Li X, Liu K, Wang S G. 2006. Mangrove wetland changes in the Pearl River Estuary using remote sensing. Acta Geographica Sinica,61(1): 26-34. [in Chinese])
廖宝文,张乔民. 2014. 中国红树林的分布、面积和树种组成. 湿地科学,12(4): 435-440.(Liao B W, Zhang Q M. 2014. Area, distribution and species composition of mangroves in China. Wetland Science, 12(4): 435-440. [in Chinese])
林鹏. 2001. 中国红树林研究进展. 厦门大学学报:自然科学版,40(2): 592-603.(Lin P. 2001. A review on the mangrove research in China. Journal of Xiamen University: Natural Science, 40(2): 592-602. [in Chinese])
雒明伟. 2015. 青藏公路取土迹地恢复群落植物种群空间分布及化学计量特征的研究. 兰州:兰州大学硕士学位论文.(Luo M W. 2015. C:N:P stoichiometry and the distribution pattern of main plant populations in restorable communities distributed on the land for Qinghai-Tibet highway construction. Lanzhou: MS thesis of Lanzhou University. [in Chinese])
农友,郑路,贾宏炎,等. 2015. 广西大青山次生林的群落特征及主要乔木种群的空间分布格局. 生物多样性,23 (3): 321-331.(Nong Y, Zheng L, Jia H Y, et al. 2015. Community characteristics and spatial distribution of dominant tree species in a secondary forest of Daqing Mountains, southwestern Guangxi, China. Biodiversity Science,23 (3): 321-331. [in Chinese])
彭辉武. 2010. 珠海淇澳岛红树林群落三项生态服务功能的研究. 北京: 中国林业科学研究院硕士学位论文.(Peng H W. 2010.Study on the three ecosystem services of mangrove communities in Qi’ao Island, Zhuhai. Beijing: MS thesis of Chinese Academy of Forestry. [in Chinese])
彭逸生,李皓宇,曾瑛,等. 2015. 广东韩江三角洲地区红树林群落现状及立地条件. 林业科学,51(12):103-112.(Peng Y S, Li H Y, Zeng Y, et al. 2015. Current status and site conditions of mangrove forest community in Hanjiang River Delta of Guangdong Province. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 51(12):103-112. [in Chinese])
邱霓,徐颂军,邱彭华,等. 2017. 南沙湿地公园红树林物种多样性与空间分布格局. 生态环境学报,26(1): 27-35.(Qiu N, Xu S J, Qiu P H, et al. 2017. Species diversity and spatial distribution pattern of mangrove in Nansha Wetland Park, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 26(1):27-25. [in Chinese])
上官铁梁,张峰.1988. 山西绵山植被优势种群的分布格局与种间联结的研究.武汉植物学研究,6(4):357-364.(Shangguan T L, Zhang F. 1988. Research on the pattern and associations between dominants of the vegetation in Main Mountain, Shanxi Province. Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research,6(4):357-364.[in Chinese])
王树功,黎夏,刘凯.2005. 近20年来淇澳岛红树林湿地景观格局分析. 地理与地理信息科学,21(2): 53-57.(Wang S G, Li X, Liu K,et al. 2005. Landscape pattern analyses on the Mangrove Forest Wetland of Qi’ ao Island in the last two decades. Geography and Geo-Information Science, 21(2): 53-57. [in Chinese])
王树功,郑耀辉,彭逸生,等. 2010. 珠江口淇澳岛红树林湿地生态系统健康评价.应用生态学报,21(2): 391-398.(Wang S G, Zheng Y H, Peng Y S,et al. 2010. Health assessment of Qi’ao Island mangrove wetland ecosystem in Pearl River Estuary. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 21(2): 391-398. [in Chinese])
邬建国. 2007. 景观生态学—格局、过程、尺度与等级.第2版.北京: 高等教育出版社,66-72.(Wu J G. 2007. Landscape ecology: pattern, process, scale and hierarchy. 2nd ed. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 66-72. [in Chinese])
张继义,赵哈林. 2004.科尔沁沙地草地植被恢复演替进程中群落优势种群空间分布格局研究. 生态学杂志,23(2):1- 6.(Zhang J Y,Zhao H L. 2004. Spatial patterns of main species of the grassland community in the recovering succession in Horqin sandy land. Chinese Journal of Ecology,23(2): 1-6.[in Chinese])
赵峰,张怀清,刘华,等.2011. 福建漳江口红树林湿地保护区遥感监测及保护分析. 西北林学院学报,26(1): 160-165.(Zhao F,Zhang H Q, Liu H, et al. 2011. Remote sensing monitoring and protection of mangrove wetland reserve of the Zhangjiang Estuary in Fujian Province. Journal of Northwest Forestry University, 26(1): 160-165. [in Chinese])
周国英,陈桂深,魏国良,等. 2006. 青海湖地区岌岌草群落主要种群分布格局研究. 西北植物学报,26(3): 579-584.(Zhou G Y, Chen G S, Wei G L,et al. 2006. Distribution patterns of major populations in Achnatherum splendens communities of Qinghai Lake Area. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,26(3): 579-584. [in Chinese])
Giri C,Ochieng E, Tieszen L L,et al. 2011. Status and distribution of mangrove forests of the world using earth observation satellite data. Global Ecology & Biogeography, 20(1): 154-159.
Manson F J, Loneragan N R,Mcleod I M,et al. 2001. Assessing techniques for estimating the extent of mangroves: topographic maps. Aerial Photographs and Landsat TM Images,52(5):787-792.
Vaiphasa C,Boer W F,Skidmore A K,et al. 2007. Impact of solid shrimp pond waste materials on mangrove growth and mortality: a case study from Pak Phanang,Thailand. Hydrobiologia,591(1): 47-57.