立式驱动浅旋耙设计与参数优化
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摘要
针对中国黄淮海地区保护性耕作少免耕作业、表土耕作时对地表平整度、表层碎土效果要求较高的特点。研究设计了一种立式驱动浅旋耙,通过对由作业机构参数进行设计优化、刀具的运动学分析与动力学分析,得出了影响土壤受力的因素为机具前进速度与刀具转速,并采用离散元仿真分析对影响因素进行进一步分析。通过田间验证试验,以碎土率、土壤容重、地表平整度为试验指标,对立式驱动浅旋耙进行性能优化试验。结果表明:在前进速度为1.4 m/s,刀具转速为350 r/min时,其碎土率为95.4%,土壤容重为0.82 g/cm~3,土壤平整度为16.3 mm,满足少免耕作业前碎土及秸秆覆盖要求。该研究为少免耕播种前的地表浅旋作业机具提供了参考。
Aiming at the problems that the characteristics of less tillage in conservation tillage, high quality of surface flatness and high requirements on surface soil erosion during tillage, a vertical drive-type surface rotary tillage machine was designed. The main structure was frame, gearbox, transmission system and rotary knife group of surface rotary. The structure of the whole machine meets the requirements of the topography of conservation tillage in the Huang-Huai-Hai area. And also meets process of loose soil, disturbing and finely chopping the soil. Land preparation without leakage can be done on one operation with vertical surface rotary tillage machine. In order to reduce the vibration of the machine, the knife group adopts the same spur gear meshing rotation form. And the opposite direction of each rotation of gear would reduce the vibration of the machine while ensuring the transmission efficiency and improve the stability during operation. There were 10 knife groups of machine, and each of which had the diameter of 260 mm. The distance between 2 adjacent knife groups was 260 mm. In order to avoid the collision of two adjacent knife group during the operation, the installation angle of the adjacent knife group was 18°. The factors affected the effect of the soil-breaking process were got, which through the optimization design of the structural parameters of the key components, the kinematics analysis and the dynamics analysis of the knife. The factors were the rotation speed of the knife and the forward speed of machine. The camber angle of knife was 10° and the width of the knife cutting the soil part was 40 mm through the kinematics analysis. Discrete element method(DEM) was used to established soil model, to simulated soil broken process with rotary knife. The results showed that rotation speed of the knife and the forward speed of machine had a significant influence on the soil-broken rate and soil fatness of shallow soil tillage. Performance optimization experiment was carried out on the vertical drive-type surface rotary machine through the orthogonal field test. The soil broken rate, soil bulk density and surface flatness used as test indicators. The test was implemented in Donghai country, Jiang Su province in December, in 2017. The test results showed the primary and secondary order of influencing factors for each test index. For the soil broken rate, the soil bulk density and surface flatness, the order was rotation speed of knife, the forward speed of machine. The best structure parameter of vertical driving-type surface rotary tillage machine was obtained through field test. And results also showed that the soil broken rate was 95.4%, soil bulk density was 0.82 g/cm~3, surface flatness was 16.3 mm, the coefficient of variation of tillage depth was 12.5%, and the coverage rate of straw was 78.6%, when the forward speed of machine was 1.4 m/s, the rotation speed of the knife was 350 r/min. Results met the requirements of soil-broken and straw covering. This study is provide a new optimization and references scheme for surface rotary rotation machine before no-tillage sowing.
Aiming at the problems that the characteristics of less tillage in conservation tillage, high quality of surface flatness and high requirements on surface soil erosion during tillage, a vertical drive-type surface rotary tillage machine was designed. The main structure was frame, gearbox, transmission system and rotary knife group of surface rotary. The structure of the whole machine meets the requirements of the topography of conservation tillage in the Huang-Huai-Hai area. And also meets process of loose soil, disturbing and finely chopping the soil. Land preparation without leakage can be done on one operation with vertical surface rotary tillage machine. In order to reduce the vibration of the machine, the knife group adopts the same spur gear meshing rotation form. And the opposite direction of each rotation of gear would reduce the vibration of the machine while ensuring the transmission efficiency and improve the stability during operation. There were 10 knife groups of machine, and each of which had the diameter of 260 mm. The distance between 2 adjacent knife groups was 260 mm. In order to avoid the collision of two adjacent knife group during the operation, the installation angle of the adjacent knife group was 18°. The factors affected the effect of the soil-breaking process were got, which through the optimization design of the structural parameters of the key components, the kinematics analysis and the dynamics analysis of the knife. The factors were the rotation speed of the knife and the forward speed of machine. The camber angle of knife was 10° and the width of the knife cutting the soil part was 40 mm through the kinematics analysis. Discrete element method(DEM) was used to established soil model, to simulated soil broken process with rotary knife. The results showed that rotation speed of the knife and the forward speed of machine had a significant influence on the soil-broken rate and soil fatness of shallow soil tillage. Performance optimization experiment was carried out on the vertical drive-type surface rotary machine through the orthogonal field test. The soil broken rate, soil bulk density and surface flatness used as test indicators. The test was implemented in Donghai country, Jiang Su province in December, in 2017. The test results showed the primary and secondary order of influencing factors for each test index. For the soil broken rate, the soil bulk density and surface flatness, the order was rotation speed of knife, the forward speed of machine. The best structure parameter of vertical driving-type surface rotary tillage machine was obtained through field test. And results also showed that the soil broken rate was 95.4%, soil bulk density was 0.82 g/cm~3, surface flatness was 16.3 mm, the coefficient of variation of tillage depth was 12.5%, and the coverage rate of straw was 78.6%, when the forward speed of machine was 1.4 m/s, the rotation speed of the knife was 350 r/min. Results met the requirements of soil-broken and straw covering. This study is provide a new optimization and references scheme for surface rotary rotation machine before no-tillage sowing.
引文
[1]何进,李洪文,陈海涛.保护性耕作技术与机具研究进展[J].农业机械学报,2018,49(4):1-19.He Jin,Li Hongwen,Chen Haitao.Research progress of conservation tillage technology and machine[J].Transcations of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2018,49(4):1-19.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]孔德军,高焕文,张永康.保护性耕作条件下的浅松作业的试验[J].农业机械学报,2006,37(5):48-50.Kong Dejun,Gao Huanwen,Zhang Yongkang,et al.Experimental study on topsoil cultivator under conservation tillage[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2006,37(5):48-50.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]王长生,王遵义,苏成贵.保护性耕作技术的发展现状[J].农业机械学报,2004,35(1):167-169.Wang Changsheng,Wang Zunyi,Su Chenggui.Development and application of protective farming technique[J].Transcations of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2004,35(1):167-169.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]杜兵,李问盈,邓健,等.保护性耕作表土作业的田间试验研究[J].中国农业大学学报,2000,6(4):65-67.Du Bing,Li Wenying,Deng Jian,et al.Research on surface tillage in conservation tillage[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2000,6(4):65-67.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]王建政,古润生.旱地小麦保护性耕作增加播前地表处理的研究[J].农业工程学报,2003,19(4):139-141.Wang Jianzheng,Gu Runsheng.The study of surface treatment on increasing in conservation tillage in dry land wheat before sowing[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CASE),2003,19(4):139-141.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]朱瑞祥,张军昌,薛少平,等.保护性耕作条件下的深松技术试验[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(6):145-147.Zhu Ruixiang,Zhang Junchang,Xue Shaoping,et al.Experimentation about subsoiling technique for conservation tillage[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CASE),2009,25(6):145-147.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]李问盈,李洪文,陈实.保护性耕作技术[M].哈尔滨:黑龙江科学技术出版社,2009.
[8]Smith D R,Warnemuende-Pappas E A.Vertical tillage impacts on water quality derived from rainfall simulations[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2015,153(12):155-160.
[9]李安宁,范学民,吴传云,等.保护性耕作现状及发展趋势[J].农业机械学报,2006,37(10):177-180.Li Anning,Fan Xuemin,Wu Chuanyun.Situation and development trends of conservation tillage in the world[J].Transcations of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2006,37(10):177-180.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]孔德军.浅松机设计及其参数优化[D].北京:中国农业大学,2004.Kong Dejun.Design of Topsoil Cultivator and Optimization of Parameters[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2004.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]刘俊安,王晓燕,李洪文,等.基于土壤扰动与牵引阻力的深松铲结构参数优化[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(2):60-67.Liu Junan,Wang Xiaoyan,Li Hongwen,et al.Optimization of structural parameters of subsoiler based on soil disturbance and traction resistance[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(2):60-67.(in Chinese).
[12]ChoudharyM A,Baker-C J.Physical effects of direct drilling equipment on undisturbed soils I.wheat seedling emergence under controlled climates[J].N.Z.Journal of Agri.Res.,1980,23:489-496.
[13]张敏,吴崇友,陈长林.立式旋耕机传动系统设计及旋刀运动分析[J].中国农机化学报,2013,34(1):66-69.Zhang Min,Wu Chongyou,Chen Changlin.Drive system design and blade motion analysis of vertical rotary cultivator[J].Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,2013,34(1):66-69.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]张宏.下插式土壤浅松机的研究与关键部件的有限元分析[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2012.Zhang Hong.The Research and fea on Key Parts of Down Embeded Surface Tillage[D].Yangling:Northwest A&FUniversity,2012.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]贾洪雷,黄东岩,刘晓亮,等.耕作刀片在刀辊上的多头螺旋线对称排列法[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(4):111-116.Jia Honglei,Huang Dongyan,Liu Xiaoliang,et al.Symmetrical multi-spiral arrangement of tillage blades on rotor[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CASE),2011,27(4):111-116.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]西涅阿科夫.土壤耕作机械的理论和计算[M].北京:中国农业机械出版社,1981:273-354.
[17]白向军,彭国华,陈晓.基于遗传算法和最速下降法的Bézier曲线拟合[J].计算机工程与设计,2009,30(1):194-196.Bai Xiangjun,Peng Guohua,Chen Xiao.Bézier curve fitting based on genetic algorithm and steepest descent algorithm[J].Computer Enginering and Design,2009,30(1):194-196.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]杨有刚,薛少平,杨青,等.2BSSF-3型浅松间歇施水播种机的试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(2):136-139.Yang Yougang,Xue Shaoping,Yang Qing,et al.Experimental study on 2BSSF-3 type of surface tillage and irrigating-sowing machine[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2008,24(2):136-139.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]丁启朔,丁为民,孟为国,等.耕作力学研究中的土壤结构表现与评价[J].农业机械学报,2007,38(8):62-66.Ding Qishuo,Ding Weimin,Meng Weiguo,et al.Characteristics and quantifications of soil structure for soil tillage research[J].Transcations of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2007,38(8):62-66.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]方会敏,姬长英,张庆怡,等.基于离散元法的旋耕刀受力分析[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(21):54-59.Fang Huimin,Ji Changying,Zhang Qingyi,et al.Force analysis of rotary blade based on distinct element method[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CASE),2016,32(21):54-59.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]中国农业机械化科学研究院.农业机械设计手册(上册)[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1988.
[22]郑侃,何进,李洪文,等.基于离散元深松土壤模型的折线破土刃深松铲研究[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(9):62-72.Zheng Kan,He Jin,Li Hongwen,et al.Research on polyline soil-breaking blade subsoiler based on subsoiling soil model using discrete element method[J].Transcations of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(9):62-72.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]Shmulevich I.State of the art modeling of soil tillage interaction using discrete element method[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2010,111(1):41-53.
[24]中国国家标准化管理委员会.驱动耙:GB/T25420-2010[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2010.
[25]中国国家标准化管理委员会.旋耕机:GB/T 5668-2008[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2008.
[26]葛宜元.试验设计方法与Design-Expert软件应用[M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2014:155-164.
[2]孔德军,高焕文,张永康.保护性耕作条件下的浅松作业的试验[J].农业机械学报,2006,37(5):48-50.Kong Dejun,Gao Huanwen,Zhang Yongkang,et al.Experimental study on topsoil cultivator under conservation tillage[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2006,37(5):48-50.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]王长生,王遵义,苏成贵.保护性耕作技术的发展现状[J].农业机械学报,2004,35(1):167-169.Wang Changsheng,Wang Zunyi,Su Chenggui.Development and application of protective farming technique[J].Transcations of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2004,35(1):167-169.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]杜兵,李问盈,邓健,等.保护性耕作表土作业的田间试验研究[J].中国农业大学学报,2000,6(4):65-67.Du Bing,Li Wenying,Deng Jian,et al.Research on surface tillage in conservation tillage[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2000,6(4):65-67.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]王建政,古润生.旱地小麦保护性耕作增加播前地表处理的研究[J].农业工程学报,2003,19(4):139-141.Wang Jianzheng,Gu Runsheng.The study of surface treatment on increasing in conservation tillage in dry land wheat before sowing[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CASE),2003,19(4):139-141.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]朱瑞祥,张军昌,薛少平,等.保护性耕作条件下的深松技术试验[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(6):145-147.Zhu Ruixiang,Zhang Junchang,Xue Shaoping,et al.Experimentation about subsoiling technique for conservation tillage[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CASE),2009,25(6):145-147.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]李问盈,李洪文,陈实.保护性耕作技术[M].哈尔滨:黑龙江科学技术出版社,2009.
[8]Smith D R,Warnemuende-Pappas E A.Vertical tillage impacts on water quality derived from rainfall simulations[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2015,153(12):155-160.
[9]李安宁,范学民,吴传云,等.保护性耕作现状及发展趋势[J].农业机械学报,2006,37(10):177-180.Li Anning,Fan Xuemin,Wu Chuanyun.Situation and development trends of conservation tillage in the world[J].Transcations of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2006,37(10):177-180.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]孔德军.浅松机设计及其参数优化[D].北京:中国农业大学,2004.Kong Dejun.Design of Topsoil Cultivator and Optimization of Parameters[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2004.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]刘俊安,王晓燕,李洪文,等.基于土壤扰动与牵引阻力的深松铲结构参数优化[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(2):60-67.Liu Junan,Wang Xiaoyan,Li Hongwen,et al.Optimization of structural parameters of subsoiler based on soil disturbance and traction resistance[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(2):60-67.(in Chinese).
[12]ChoudharyM A,Baker-C J.Physical effects of direct drilling equipment on undisturbed soils I.wheat seedling emergence under controlled climates[J].N.Z.Journal of Agri.Res.,1980,23:489-496.
[13]张敏,吴崇友,陈长林.立式旋耕机传动系统设计及旋刀运动分析[J].中国农机化学报,2013,34(1):66-69.Zhang Min,Wu Chongyou,Chen Changlin.Drive system design and blade motion analysis of vertical rotary cultivator[J].Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,2013,34(1):66-69.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]张宏.下插式土壤浅松机的研究与关键部件的有限元分析[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2012.Zhang Hong.The Research and fea on Key Parts of Down Embeded Surface Tillage[D].Yangling:Northwest A&FUniversity,2012.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]贾洪雷,黄东岩,刘晓亮,等.耕作刀片在刀辊上的多头螺旋线对称排列法[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(4):111-116.Jia Honglei,Huang Dongyan,Liu Xiaoliang,et al.Symmetrical multi-spiral arrangement of tillage blades on rotor[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CASE),2011,27(4):111-116.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]西涅阿科夫.土壤耕作机械的理论和计算[M].北京:中国农业机械出版社,1981:273-354.
[17]白向军,彭国华,陈晓.基于遗传算法和最速下降法的Bézier曲线拟合[J].计算机工程与设计,2009,30(1):194-196.Bai Xiangjun,Peng Guohua,Chen Xiao.Bézier curve fitting based on genetic algorithm and steepest descent algorithm[J].Computer Enginering and Design,2009,30(1):194-196.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]杨有刚,薛少平,杨青,等.2BSSF-3型浅松间歇施水播种机的试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(2):136-139.Yang Yougang,Xue Shaoping,Yang Qing,et al.Experimental study on 2BSSF-3 type of surface tillage and irrigating-sowing machine[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2008,24(2):136-139.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]丁启朔,丁为民,孟为国,等.耕作力学研究中的土壤结构表现与评价[J].农业机械学报,2007,38(8):62-66.Ding Qishuo,Ding Weimin,Meng Weiguo,et al.Characteristics and quantifications of soil structure for soil tillage research[J].Transcations of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2007,38(8):62-66.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]方会敏,姬长英,张庆怡,等.基于离散元法的旋耕刀受力分析[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(21):54-59.Fang Huimin,Ji Changying,Zhang Qingyi,et al.Force analysis of rotary blade based on distinct element method[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CASE),2016,32(21):54-59.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]中国农业机械化科学研究院.农业机械设计手册(上册)[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1988.
[22]郑侃,何进,李洪文,等.基于离散元深松土壤模型的折线破土刃深松铲研究[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(9):62-72.Zheng Kan,He Jin,Li Hongwen,et al.Research on polyline soil-breaking blade subsoiler based on subsoiling soil model using discrete element method[J].Transcations of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(9):62-72.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]Shmulevich I.State of the art modeling of soil tillage interaction using discrete element method[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2010,111(1):41-53.
[24]中国国家标准化管理委员会.驱动耙:GB/T25420-2010[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2010.
[25]中国国家标准化管理委员会.旋耕机:GB/T 5668-2008[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2008.
[26]葛宜元.试验设计方法与Design-Expert软件应用[M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2014:155-164.