制度环境、知识资本与制造业出口复杂度提升
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摘要
基于全球产业分工与贸易竞争的视角,在对制度环境、知识资本及其交互作用推动制造业出口复杂度提升进行理论分析基础上,选取全国制造业行业2001-2013年面板数据实证检验制度环境、知识资本及其交互项对中国制造业出口复杂度提升的影响程度。结果显示,除经济开放度对劳动与资本密集型产业出口复杂度提升作用不显著外,制度环境、知识资本显著影响制造业出口复杂度提升,制度环境能够正向调节知识资本对制造业出口复杂度的影响。为此,将制度环境、知识资本等融入供给侧结构性改革,对推动中国制造业出口复杂度提升具有重要政策意义。
With the advancement of the new round of Global Industrial Revolution,the changing trend of international trade competition pattern and the transformation development of China's extensive economic growth model,China's economy has entered a"new normal"state,the main manifestation of which includes the continuous rising of the prices for China's labor force,land,energy,capital and other production resources,which means that low-cost advantages is difficult to sustain,the traditional growth model that mainly rely on factor-driven,investment-driven has entered the bottleneck of development period. In particular,the obstacles faced by the export of manufacturing products are more prominent. Under the new conditions of development,how to take effective measures to gradually promote the sustainable growth of manufacturing industries move toward a more knowledge-based and technology-based development model,make economic growth model change from relying on the advantage of low factor cost and traditional demographic dividend to relying on the advantage of knowledge innovation and institutional dividend in the new period,so as to support the innovation-driven development of advanced manufacturing industry and promote the international competitiveness of Chinese manufacturing industries,which is a realistic problem to be solved urgently in China's manufacturing industries. It is of great practical significance to systematically study the internal mechanism of institution environment and knowledge-based capital affecting the export sophistication of manufacturing industries in the process of implementing supply-side structural reform and constructing our new manufacturing system.Starting from the global industrial division and trade competition,this paper would break through the previous analysis perspective to focus on the impact of R&D innovation on export sophistication,and tries to construct an analysis framework of action logic to promoting the export sophistication of manufacturing industries. The analysis framework incorporates the institution environment factor into the study of export sophistication of manufacturing industries,and which emphasizes that improving the export sophistication of manufacturing industries requires not only the necessary knowledge-based capital as an action resource,but also the high-quality institution environment as a driving mechanism. Only on the basis of scientific institutional arrangements and efficient institution environment,can we improve the export sophistication of manufacturing industries. Knowledge-based capital could be a critical factor to improve the export sophistication of manufacturing industries.Based on the theoretical analysis of the promotion mechanism of the institution environment,knowledge-based capital and their interaction effect to the export sophistication of manufacturing industries,the paper selected the panel data of manufacturing industries in China from 2001 to 2013,and used the mixed least squares method( OLS) and the System Generalized Method of Moments( GMM) to empirically test the different degree of the institution environment,knowledge-based capital and their interaction affecting the export sophistication of manufacturing industries. Combined with the theoretical analysis and the empirical test results,institution environment,knowledge-based capital and their interaction generally have a positive effect on the export sophistication of manufacturing industries.The empirical test results show that the degree of property rights protection and the market-oriented reform have significantpositive effects on the export sophistication of manufacturing industries; the degree of economic opening has a significant positive effect on the overall export sophistication of manufacturing industries and technology-intensive industries,but the promotion effects on the export sophistication of labor-intensive and capital-intensive industries are not significant; and the interaction between knowledge-based capital and institution environment has a significant effect on the export sophistication of manufacturing industries. Which means that the institution environment and knowledge-based capital are both critical factors to the improvement of the export sophistication of manufacturing industries. Actively promoting the optimization of institution environment and the creation of knowledge-based capital will help to reduce transaction costs,financing costs and enhance innovation capabilities of enterprises,thereby which can effectively improve the export sophistication and trade competitiveness of manufacturing products. Therefore,the integration of institution environment and knowledge capital into supply-side structural reform is of great policy significance to promote the export sophistication of manufacturing industries.According to the conclusions of above theoretical analysis and empirical test,this paper put forward the following suggestions to improve the export sophistication of China's manufacturing industries. Firstly,we should strengthen the role of institutional innovation in ensuring the export sophistication of manufactured goods. In the process of supply-side structural reform,government departments should take effective countermeasures to deepen the administrative system reform so as to create institution bonus,build a high-quality system of public policies to promote the system innovation and healthy development of china's manufacturing industries. On these basis,our manufacturing enterprises can integrate themselves into the global industrial division system to enhance the export sophistication of manufacturing industries. At the same time,our government should build an efficient property rights protection system and market economy system to achieve long-term and stable innovation-driven development of manufacturing industries.Secondly,manufacturing enterprises should strengthen knowledge-based capital as a critical driving force to increase the export sophistication of manufacturing industries,including strengthening the introduction and training of R&D talents,optimizing the construction and development of R&D institutions,increasing investment in R&D funds for products and technologies,so as to enhance knowledge-based capital creation ability,strengthen advanced manufacturing technology,independent innovation ability of products and market,and increase knowledge content of manufacturing products and export technology sophistication.Thirdly,during the process of manufacturing enterprises taking effective measures to promote products and technology innovation through knowledge-based capital creation so as to enhance export sophistication of manufacturing industries,Our government departments should provide scientific,reasonable and efficient institutional arrangements to supply a high-quality institution environment for optimizing the allocation of action resources. Only through strengthening the interaction and synergistic combination between knowledge-based capital and institution environment,can we promote manufacturing enterprises capability of technological and product innovation,and then enhance the export sophistication of manufacturing industries.Based on the above empirical analysis results,our government departments should take efforts to deepen the reform of Market Economy System and industrial management policies,thus to reduce transaction costs,achieve the integrated and coordinated development of system optimization,scientific and technological innovation,property rights protection,diffusion of R&D achievements,opening up and technology,production & management innovation.
With the advancement of the new round of Global Industrial Revolution,the changing trend of international trade competition pattern and the transformation development of China's extensive economic growth model,China's economy has entered a"new normal"state,the main manifestation of which includes the continuous rising of the prices for China's labor force,land,energy,capital and other production resources,which means that low-cost advantages is difficult to sustain,the traditional growth model that mainly rely on factor-driven,investment-driven has entered the bottleneck of development period. In particular,the obstacles faced by the export of manufacturing products are more prominent. Under the new conditions of development,how to take effective measures to gradually promote the sustainable growth of manufacturing industries move toward a more knowledge-based and technology-based development model,make economic growth model change from relying on the advantage of low factor cost and traditional demographic dividend to relying on the advantage of knowledge innovation and institutional dividend in the new period,so as to support the innovation-driven development of advanced manufacturing industry and promote the international competitiveness of Chinese manufacturing industries,which is a realistic problem to be solved urgently in China's manufacturing industries. It is of great practical significance to systematically study the internal mechanism of institution environment and knowledge-based capital affecting the export sophistication of manufacturing industries in the process of implementing supply-side structural reform and constructing our new manufacturing system.Starting from the global industrial division and trade competition,this paper would break through the previous analysis perspective to focus on the impact of R&D innovation on export sophistication,and tries to construct an analysis framework of action logic to promoting the export sophistication of manufacturing industries. The analysis framework incorporates the institution environment factor into the study of export sophistication of manufacturing industries,and which emphasizes that improving the export sophistication of manufacturing industries requires not only the necessary knowledge-based capital as an action resource,but also the high-quality institution environment as a driving mechanism. Only on the basis of scientific institutional arrangements and efficient institution environment,can we improve the export sophistication of manufacturing industries. Knowledge-based capital could be a critical factor to improve the export sophistication of manufacturing industries.Based on the theoretical analysis of the promotion mechanism of the institution environment,knowledge-based capital and their interaction effect to the export sophistication of manufacturing industries,the paper selected the panel data of manufacturing industries in China from 2001 to 2013,and used the mixed least squares method( OLS) and the System Generalized Method of Moments( GMM) to empirically test the different degree of the institution environment,knowledge-based capital and their interaction affecting the export sophistication of manufacturing industries. Combined with the theoretical analysis and the empirical test results,institution environment,knowledge-based capital and their interaction generally have a positive effect on the export sophistication of manufacturing industries.The empirical test results show that the degree of property rights protection and the market-oriented reform have significantpositive effects on the export sophistication of manufacturing industries; the degree of economic opening has a significant positive effect on the overall export sophistication of manufacturing industries and technology-intensive industries,but the promotion effects on the export sophistication of labor-intensive and capital-intensive industries are not significant; and the interaction between knowledge-based capital and institution environment has a significant effect on the export sophistication of manufacturing industries. Which means that the institution environment and knowledge-based capital are both critical factors to the improvement of the export sophistication of manufacturing industries. Actively promoting the optimization of institution environment and the creation of knowledge-based capital will help to reduce transaction costs,financing costs and enhance innovation capabilities of enterprises,thereby which can effectively improve the export sophistication and trade competitiveness of manufacturing products. Therefore,the integration of institution environment and knowledge capital into supply-side structural reform is of great policy significance to promote the export sophistication of manufacturing industries.According to the conclusions of above theoretical analysis and empirical test,this paper put forward the following suggestions to improve the export sophistication of China's manufacturing industries. Firstly,we should strengthen the role of institutional innovation in ensuring the export sophistication of manufactured goods. In the process of supply-side structural reform,government departments should take effective countermeasures to deepen the administrative system reform so as to create institution bonus,build a high-quality system of public policies to promote the system innovation and healthy development of china's manufacturing industries. On these basis,our manufacturing enterprises can integrate themselves into the global industrial division system to enhance the export sophistication of manufacturing industries. At the same time,our government should build an efficient property rights protection system and market economy system to achieve long-term and stable innovation-driven development of manufacturing industries.Secondly,manufacturing enterprises should strengthen knowledge-based capital as a critical driving force to increase the export sophistication of manufacturing industries,including strengthening the introduction and training of R&D talents,optimizing the construction and development of R&D institutions,increasing investment in R&D funds for products and technologies,so as to enhance knowledge-based capital creation ability,strengthen advanced manufacturing technology,independent innovation ability of products and market,and increase knowledge content of manufacturing products and export technology sophistication.Thirdly,during the process of manufacturing enterprises taking effective measures to promote products and technology innovation through knowledge-based capital creation so as to enhance export sophistication of manufacturing industries,Our government departments should provide scientific,reasonable and efficient institutional arrangements to supply a high-quality institution environment for optimizing the allocation of action resources. Only through strengthening the interaction and synergistic combination between knowledge-based capital and institution environment,can we promote manufacturing enterprises capability of technological and product innovation,and then enhance the export sophistication of manufacturing industries.Based on the above empirical analysis results,our government departments should take efforts to deepen the reform of Market Economy System and industrial management policies,thus to reduce transaction costs,achieve the integrated and coordinated development of system optimization,scientific and technological innovation,property rights protection,diffusion of R&D achievements,opening up and technology,production & management innovation.
引文
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[4] Grossman,G. M. and E. Helpman. Outsourcing in a global economy[J]. Review of Economic Studies,2005,72(1):135-159.
[5] Levechenko,A.,Institutional quality and international trade[J]. Review of Economic Studies,2007,74(3):791-819.
[6] Acemoglu. Contracts and technology adoption[J],American Economic Review,2007,97(3):916-943.
[7]陈刚. R&D溢出、制度和生产率增长[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2010(10):64-76.Chen gang. R&D spillovers,institutions and the growth of total factor productivity[J]. The Journal of Quantitative&Technical Economics,2010(10):64-76.
[8]杨飞.制度质量与技术创新——基于中国1997-2009年制造业数据的分析[J].产业经济研究,2013(5):93-103.Yang Fei. Institutional quality and technological innovation--Based on the analysis of manufacturing data 1997-2009in China[J]. Industrial Economics Research,2013(5):93-103.
[9]戴翔,金碚.产品内分工、制度质量与出口技术复杂度[J].经济研究,2014(7):04-16.Dai Xiang,Jin Bei. Intra-product specialization,institution quality and export sophistication[J]. Economic Research Journal,2014(7):04-16.
[10] Bontis,N. Intellectual capital:An exploratory study that develops measures and models[J]. Management Decision,1998,36(2):63-76.
[11] Chesbrough H W. Open innovation[M]. Boston:Harvard Business School Press,2003.
[12]程惠芳,陆嘉俊.知识资本对工业企业全要素生产率影响的实证分析[J].经济研究,2014(5):174-187.Cheng Huifang,Lu Jiajun. Empirical analysis of the impact of knowledge capital on total factor productivity of industrial enterprises[J]. Economic Research Journal,2014(5):174-187.
[13] Griliches,Z. Productivity,R&D,and basic research at the firm level in the 1970s’[J]. American Economic Review,1986,Vol. 76,141-154.
[14] Hausmann D.,Hwang J.,Rodrik D. What you export matters[J]. Journal of Economic Growth,2007(12).
[15]邱斌,叶龙凤,孙少勤.参与全球生产网络对我国制造业价值链提升影响的实证研究[J].中国工业经济,2012(1):57-67.Qiu Bin,ye Longfeng,sun Xiao Qin. An empirical study on the impact of participation in global production network on the upgrading of China's manufacturing value chain[J]. China Industrial Economics,2012(1):57-67.
[16] Acemoglu,D.,S. Johnson,and J. A. Robinson. The colonial origins of comparative development:An empirical investigation[J]. American Economic Review,2001,91(5):1369-1400.
[17]樊纲,王小鲁,马光荣.中国市场化进程对经济增长的贡献[J].经济研究,2011(9):04-16.Fan Gang,Wang Xiaolu,Ma Rong. The contribution of China’s marketization process promote to economy growth[J].Economic Research Journal,2011(9):04-16.
[18] C. A. Corrado,C. R. Hulten,D. E. Sichel. Intangible capital and economic growth[J]. NBER Working Paper 2006,1:No. 11948.
[19] Martincus,C. V. and A. Gallo. Institutions and export specialization:Just direct effects[J]. Journal of Kyklos,2009,62(1):129-149.
[2] OECD. Supporting investment in knowledge capital,growth and innovation[M]. OECD Publishing,2013.
[3] Williamson,O. E. The economic institutions of capitalism[M]. New York,The Free Press,1985.
[4] Grossman,G. M. and E. Helpman. Outsourcing in a global economy[J]. Review of Economic Studies,2005,72(1):135-159.
[5] Levechenko,A.,Institutional quality and international trade[J]. Review of Economic Studies,2007,74(3):791-819.
[6] Acemoglu. Contracts and technology adoption[J],American Economic Review,2007,97(3):916-943.
[7]陈刚. R&D溢出、制度和生产率增长[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2010(10):64-76.Chen gang. R&D spillovers,institutions and the growth of total factor productivity[J]. The Journal of Quantitative&Technical Economics,2010(10):64-76.
[8]杨飞.制度质量与技术创新——基于中国1997-2009年制造业数据的分析[J].产业经济研究,2013(5):93-103.Yang Fei. Institutional quality and technological innovation--Based on the analysis of manufacturing data 1997-2009in China[J]. Industrial Economics Research,2013(5):93-103.
[9]戴翔,金碚.产品内分工、制度质量与出口技术复杂度[J].经济研究,2014(7):04-16.Dai Xiang,Jin Bei. Intra-product specialization,institution quality and export sophistication[J]. Economic Research Journal,2014(7):04-16.
[10] Bontis,N. Intellectual capital:An exploratory study that develops measures and models[J]. Management Decision,1998,36(2):63-76.
[11] Chesbrough H W. Open innovation[M]. Boston:Harvard Business School Press,2003.
[12]程惠芳,陆嘉俊.知识资本对工业企业全要素生产率影响的实证分析[J].经济研究,2014(5):174-187.Cheng Huifang,Lu Jiajun. Empirical analysis of the impact of knowledge capital on total factor productivity of industrial enterprises[J]. Economic Research Journal,2014(5):174-187.
[13] Griliches,Z. Productivity,R&D,and basic research at the firm level in the 1970s’[J]. American Economic Review,1986,Vol. 76,141-154.
[14] Hausmann D.,Hwang J.,Rodrik D. What you export matters[J]. Journal of Economic Growth,2007(12).
[15]邱斌,叶龙凤,孙少勤.参与全球生产网络对我国制造业价值链提升影响的实证研究[J].中国工业经济,2012(1):57-67.Qiu Bin,ye Longfeng,sun Xiao Qin. An empirical study on the impact of participation in global production network on the upgrading of China's manufacturing value chain[J]. China Industrial Economics,2012(1):57-67.
[16] Acemoglu,D.,S. Johnson,and J. A. Robinson. The colonial origins of comparative development:An empirical investigation[J]. American Economic Review,2001,91(5):1369-1400.
[17]樊纲,王小鲁,马光荣.中国市场化进程对经济增长的贡献[J].经济研究,2011(9):04-16.Fan Gang,Wang Xiaolu,Ma Rong. The contribution of China’s marketization process promote to economy growth[J].Economic Research Journal,2011(9):04-16.
[18] C. A. Corrado,C. R. Hulten,D. E. Sichel. Intangible capital and economic growth[J]. NBER Working Paper 2006,1:No. 11948.
[19] Martincus,C. V. and A. Gallo. Institutions and export specialization:Just direct effects[J]. Journal of Kyklos,2009,62(1):129-149.