中国人工林经营发展战略与对策:从追求木材产量的单一目标经营转向提升生态系统服务质量和效益的多目标经营
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摘要
人工林是全球森林资源的重要组成部分,在木材生产、环境改善、景观建设和减缓气候变化等方面扮演着愈来愈重要的角色。尽管我国人工林面积和蓄积不断增长,但是,人工林存在质量较差、结构不尽合理、生产力不高、生态功能较弱和生态稳定性下降等问题。人工林生态系统服务功能难以满足经济社会日益增长和新时期人们对美好生活向往的多方面需求。面对未来人工林面积继续增加受到适宜发展空间的严重制约和气候变化带来的现实和潜在的影响,亟需改变和调整我国人工林经营的发展战略和对策,将从人工林面积扩张、蓄积增加转变为人工林生态系统服务的质量和效益提升。如何提高人工林生态系统服务的质量和效益,创建健康稳定、高生产力和高碳汇的人工林生态系统,既能提供高产优质木材,又能够发挥固碳减排、生物多样性保护、水源涵养和水土保持等多种生态功能,以满足经济社会发展对森林的多种新需求和林业应对气候变化的新任务,亟需探索适合我国新时期人工林生态系统可持续经营的理论和多目标经营范式。在深入分析国际和我国人工林发展历程、变化趋势、面临问题的基础上,充分汲取和借鉴国际人工林经营的理念、经验和实践成果,并结合我国现阶段人工林发展实际情况,探索人工林生态系统服务质量与效益提升的发展思路和实践途径,从多层次、多尺度定位面向生态系统服务的人工林经营对策,倡导并实施人工林生态系统适应性经营,实现人工林生态系统服务的多目标权衡与协同,为我国人工林经营的战略转变和对策创新提供决策参考与未来展望。
As an important component of global forest resources,planted forests are playing an increasingly crucial role in timber production,environmental improvement,landscape rehabilitation and climate change mitigation. Although China has been experiencing continuous growth in the area and standing volume of planted forests,ecosystem services and functions of planted forests are still far from adequacy in meeting growing needs of people' s better life expectation and rapid social-economic development. The planted forests are facing problems including poor stand quality,irrational stand structure,low productivity,and degraded ecological function. Considering the confined space available for further expansion of replanting area and the actual and potential impacts from climate change,it is necessary to adjust China' s current plantation development strategy from area expansion to quality and benefits improvement,There is a need to develop an appropriate strategy and practice approach for achieving multi-purpose management such as carbon sequestration, biodiversity protection,eco-environment improvement,in response to the new demands for building a beautiful China,and the new task of forestry's role in climate change mitigation. In this paper,we discuss the possible ways and new ideas on how to upgrade China's management strategy of planted forests by analyzing the development history,future trends and existing problems of global planted forests. Useful international experiences,concepts and good practices are well incorporated into China' s actual conditions and special feathers of plantation management. Some recommendations and future prospective on strategic transformation and technical innovation for enhancing the quality and benefits of multiple ecosystem services of planted forests in China were also proposed. Adaptive ecosystem management of planted forests is highly advocated under a changing environment,and the trade-offs and synergy of multiple ecosystem services of planted forests should be well managed and coordinated at multiple scales and levels.
As an important component of global forest resources,planted forests are playing an increasingly crucial role in timber production,environmental improvement,landscape rehabilitation and climate change mitigation. Although China has been experiencing continuous growth in the area and standing volume of planted forests,ecosystem services and functions of planted forests are still far from adequacy in meeting growing needs of people' s better life expectation and rapid social-economic development. The planted forests are facing problems including poor stand quality,irrational stand structure,low productivity,and degraded ecological function. Considering the confined space available for further expansion of replanting area and the actual and potential impacts from climate change,it is necessary to adjust China' s current plantation development strategy from area expansion to quality and benefits improvement,There is a need to develop an appropriate strategy and practice approach for achieving multi-purpose management such as carbon sequestration, biodiversity protection,eco-environment improvement,in response to the new demands for building a beautiful China,and the new task of forestry's role in climate change mitigation. In this paper,we discuss the possible ways and new ideas on how to upgrade China's management strategy of planted forests by analyzing the development history,future trends and existing problems of global planted forests. Useful international experiences,concepts and good practices are well incorporated into China' s actual conditions and special feathers of plantation management. Some recommendations and future prospective on strategic transformation and technical innovation for enhancing the quality and benefits of multiple ecosystem services of planted forests in China were also proposed. Adaptive ecosystem management of planted forests is highly advocated under a changing environment,and the trade-offs and synergy of multiple ecosystem services of planted forests should be well managed and coordinated at multiple scales and levels.
引文
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[2]Payn T,Carnus J M,Freer-Smith P,Kimberley M,Kollert W,Liu S R,Orazio C,Rodriguez L,Silva L N,Wingfield M J.Changes in planted forests and future global implications.Forest Ecology and Management,2015,352:57-67.
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[5]刘世荣,代力民,温远光,王晖.面向生态系统服务的森林生态系统经营:现状、挑战与展望.生态学报,2015,35(1):1-9.
[6]张梦雅,王新杰,刘乐,张鹏,付尧.迹地炼山对杉木林植物多样性与土壤特性的影响.东北林业大学学报,2017,45(3):63-67,76-76.
[7]陆元昌,张守攻,雷相东,宁金魁,王懿祥.人工林近自然化改造的理论基础和实施技术.世界林业研究,2009,22(1):20-27.
[8]田大伦,沈燕,康文星,项文化,闫文德,邓湘雯.连栽第1和第2代杉木人工林养分循环的比较.生态学报,2011,31(17):5025-5032.
[9]胡觉,彭长清,甘世书,黄湘南.我国人工林变化动态及增长潜力分析.林业资源管理,2014,(S1):6-8.
[10]张树梓,李梅,张树彬,张志东,黄选瑞.塞罕坝华北落叶松人工林天然更新影响因子.生态学报,2015,35(16):5403-5411.
[11]李剑泉,陈绍志,李智勇.国外多功能林业发展经验及启示.浙江林业科技,2011,31(5):69-75.
[12]黄东,谢晨,赵金成,王亚明,袁梅.澳大利亚多功能林业经营及其对我国的启示.林业经济,2010,(2):68-71.
[13]王世进,刘姗姗.国外林业可持续发展的经验及其对我国的启示.江西农业学报,2011,23(11):193-195,199-199.
[14]Rhodes D,Stephens M.Planted forest development in Australia and New Zealand:comparative trends and future opportunities.New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science,2014,44(S1):S10.
[15]陈蓬,张会儒.新西兰辐射松人工林产业发展经验值得借鉴.浙江林学院学报,2005,22(5):582-586.
[16]叶世森,郑郁善.新西兰林业发展现状及启示.福建林业,2014,(6):21-25.
[17]Klironomos J N.Feedback with soil biota contributes to plant rarity and invasiveness in communities.Nature,2002,417(6884):67-70.
[18]Bever J D.Feeback between plants and their soil communities in an old field community.Ecology,1994,75(7):1965-1977.
[19]van der Putten W H,Bardgett R D,Bever J D,Bezemer T M,Casper B B,Fukami T,Kardol P,Klironomos J N,Kulmatiski A,Schweitzer J A,Suding K N,Van de Voorde T F J,Wardle D A.Plant-soil feedbacks:the past,the present and future challenges.Journal of Ecology,2013,101(2):265-276.
[20]Bever J D,Westover K M,Antonovics J.Incorporating the soil community into plant population dynamics:the utility of the feedback approach.Journal of Ecology,1997,85(5):561-573.
[21]Patry C,Kneeshaw D,Wyatt S,Grenon F,Messier C.Forest ecosystem management in North America:from theory to practice.Forestry Chronicle,2013,89(4):525-537.
[22]郭婧,喻林华,方晰,项文化,邓湘雯,路翔.中亚热带4种森林凋落物量、组成、动态及其周转期.生态学报,2015,35(14):4668-4677.
[23]Koutika L S,Epron D,Bouillet J P,Mareschal L.Changes in N and C concentrations,soil acidity and P availability in tropical mixed acacia and eucalypt plantations on a nutrient-poor sandy soil.Plant and Soil,2014,379(1/2):205-216.
[24]Felton A,Nilsson U,Sonesson J,Felton A M,Roberge J M,Ranius T,Ahlstr9m M,Bergh J,Bj9rkman C,Boberg J,Dr9ssler L,Fahlvik N,Gong P C,Holmstr9m E,Keskitalo E C H,Klapwijk M J,Laudon H,Lundmark T,Niklasson M,Nordin A,Pettersson M,Stenlid J,Sténs A,Wallertz K.Replacing monocultures with mixed-species stands:Ecosystem service implications of two production forest alternatives in Sweden.Ambio,2016,45(S2):124-139.
[25]胡艳波,惠刚盈.优化林分空间结构的森林经营方法探讨.林业科学研究,2006,19(1):1-8.
[26]陈科屹,张会儒,雷相东,娄明华,王全军,毛建国.基于目标树经营的抚育采伐对云冷杉针阔混交林空间结构的影响.林业科学研究,2017,30(5):718-726.
[27]Ratcliffe S,Holzwarth F,Nadrowski K,Levick S,Wirth C.Tree neighbourhood matters-tree species composition drives diversity-productivity patterns in a near-natural beech forest.Forest Ecology and Management,2015,335:225-234.
[28]孙冬婧,温远光,罗应华,李晓琼,张万幸,明安刚.近自然化改造对杉木人工林物种多样性的影响.林业科学研究,2015,28(2):202-208.
[29]Wen L,Lei P F,Xiang W H,Yan W D,Liu S G.Soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in pure and mixed stands of Pinus massoniana and Cinnamomum camphora differing in stand age.Forest Ecology and Management,2014,328:150-158.
[30]Huang X M,Liu S R,Wang H,Hu Z D,Li Z,You Y M.Changes of soil microbial biomass carbon and community composition through mixing nitrogen-fixing species with Eucalyptus urophylla in subtropical China.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2014,73:42-48.
[31]罗达,刘顺,史作民,冯秋红,刘千里,张利,黄泉,何建社.川西亚高山不同林龄云杉人工林土壤微生物群落结构.应用生态学报,2017,28(2):519-527.
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