从影像史学视角考察美国电影纪录片《苦干》
|
摘要
《苦干》(KuKan)对中国抗战前期的真实状况进行了影像展现和舆论传播,使太平洋战争爆发前的美国主流社会、广大民众了解到日本在中国犯下的罪行和中国的巨大牺牲;中国人民坚强不屈、顽强抵抗的形象和精神感染了美国人民;引发了美国主流社会对中国及其抗日战争的新认识。这种巨大的震撼和影响力,促使美国社会逐渐趋于认同与支持中国,进而促使美国政府调整其援华政策,为1941年12月太平洋战争爆发后美国与中国结盟,共同对日作战,逐渐扭转中国独自苦撑抗战的局面,作了最为成功的舆论准备。《苦干》展现了海外华人运用舆论援华的新史实和新作为。这对于进一步研究战时中美关系、海外华人华侨舆论宣传的援华历史,以及推动影像史学在中国的发展提供了新的视角。
This paper applies historical archives from American mainstream media,and restores for the first time from the perspective of historiophoty the unprecedented occasion of Kukan's release in USA.The author analyses the influences that Kukan has brought to the American mainstream society,regarding that the documentary panoramically reflected the authentic situation during the early stages of China's resistance against Japan,demonstrating the American main society's growing awareness towards the atrocities of Japan's aggression and China's huge sacrifices.The American people were impressed by the image and spirit of indomitable and tenacious Chinese people,causing new conceptions of American mainstream society towards China and its resistance against Japan.This huge impact has prompted American society to gradually recognize and accept China,which led to the adjustment of America's assistance policy towards China.Kukan successfully presented the public opinion for the Sino-US alliance to jointly fight against Japan after the outbreak of Pacific War in December 1941,reversing the tide of China's bitter struggle in fighting against the enemy alone.Kukan revealed the history of the heroic undertaking of overseas Chinese people utilizing documentary film as a cultural product to form the public opinion in America to support their homeland's fight against Japan,which also promotes the development of the historiophoty research in China,and offers a new perspective in further research in war time Sino-US relationship,as well as the history of overseas Chinese support with publicity efforts in homeland's resistance.
This paper applies historical archives from American mainstream media,and restores for the first time from the perspective of historiophoty the unprecedented occasion of Kukan's release in USA.The author analyses the influences that Kukan has brought to the American mainstream society,regarding that the documentary panoramically reflected the authentic situation during the early stages of China's resistance against Japan,demonstrating the American main society's growing awareness towards the atrocities of Japan's aggression and China's huge sacrifices.The American people were impressed by the image and spirit of indomitable and tenacious Chinese people,causing new conceptions of American mainstream society towards China and its resistance against Japan.This huge impact has prompted American society to gradually recognize and accept China,which led to the adjustment of America's assistance policy towards China.Kukan successfully presented the public opinion for the Sino-US alliance to jointly fight against Japan after the outbreak of Pacific War in December 1941,reversing the tide of China's bitter struggle in fighting against the enemy alone.Kukan revealed the history of the heroic undertaking of overseas Chinese people utilizing documentary film as a cultural product to form the public opinion in America to support their homeland's fight against Japan,which also promotes the development of the historiophoty research in China,and offers a new perspective in further research in war time Sino-US relationship,as well as the history of overseas Chinese support with publicity efforts in homeland's resistance.
引文
[1] HERBERT C.Husky rey scott one-Time reporter hunted for China’s spirit made‘kukan’[N].The Brooklyn daily eagle,1941-06-22(40).
[2]雷伊·斯科特,《〈苦干〉——中国不可战胜的秘密》电影纪录片解说词[G]//抗战文史研究:第5辑.周昌文,记录翻译.重庆:重庆出版社,2016.
[3] University calender[N].Columbia spectator,1940-03-18(4).
[4] Trevor jensen,obituaries[Z].http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1992-02-16/news/9201080896_1_mr-scott-film-mark-scott.
[5] Academy award[N].The New York times,1942-04-12(17).
[6] 1941Film awards[N].The manchester guardian,1942-02-28(9).
[7]‘Kukan’brings from China a film report in color[N].The Christian science monitor(10),1942-02-27(5).
[8]李道揆.《美国政府和美国政治》[M].北京:商务印书馆,1999:118.
[9]‘Kukan’new at esquire[N].Los Angeles times,1941-08-16(9).
[10] Mass migration result shown[N].Los Angeles times,1941-09-18(6).
[11] BOSLEY C.‘Kukan’-A Vivid fact film about modern China and its myriad peoples is seen at the world[N].New York Times,1941-06-24(17).
[12] New films fine arts‘Kukan’[N].Boston daily times,1941-09-25(15-20).
[13] MARGARET W.A Chinese could understand[N].The Christian science monitor,1941-10-31(12).
[14]刘博杰.民国时期贵州公路交通研究(1927-1945)[D].桂林:广西师范大学,2017:65.
[15] Burma road feat filmed[N].Los Angeles times,1941-08-19(11).
[16] Kukan[N].Boston daily Globe,1941-09-25(32).
[17] Burma Road feat filmed[N].Los Angeles times,1941-08-19(11).
[18]‘Kukan’brings from China a film report in color[N].The Christian science monitor,1941-07-24(10).
[19]‘Kukan’new at esquire[N].Los angeles times,1941-08-16(9).
[20] Theodore strauss,report on a miracle[N],New York times,1941-06-15(36).
[21] Edwin F.Melvin,documentary film of China at fine arts[N].The Christian science monitor,1941-09-25(10).
[22] China’s war[N].The Sun,1941-12-26(6).
[23] Kukan[N].Boston daily globe,1941-09-25(6).
[24] The new pictures[N].Time,1941-07-14(68).
[25] MARGARET W.A Chinese could understand[N].The Christian science monitor,1941-10-31(12).
[26] Kukan[N].The New York Times,1941-08-15(16).
(1)用“苦干影片”作为标题正文关键词在搜索引擎上共搜得1.26万个结果;用“苦干”作为关键词在“知网”上一共搜得学术论文两篇:周勇、周昌文:《记录中国抗战大后方艰难岁月的史诗画卷》,《电影艺术》2015年第5期;周勇:《软实力:中国不可战胜的秘密---对美国奥斯卡获奖纪录片〈苦干〉的解析》,《文化软实力》2016年第3期。
(2)《中国之奋击》海报,由雷伊·斯科特于1940年初电影试映会前制作,登载了部分《苦干》照片和社会知名人士对《苦干》的评论摘要等。
(3)雷伊·斯科特编:《苦干---中国不可战胜之秘密》纽约首映会手册,由《苦干》的制作公司Adventure Film制作于1941年电影上映前,手册中详细介绍了《苦干》拍摄团队、社会各界人士的评论、寄语、影片亮点解读与精彩图片,由刘婧雨翻译(未刊稿)。
(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)雷伊·斯科特编:《苦干---中国不可战胜之秘密》纽约首映会手册,由《苦干》的制作公司Adventure Film制作于1941年电影上映前,手册中详细介绍了《苦干》拍摄团队、社会各界人士的评论、寄语、影片亮点解读与精彩图片,由刘婧雨翻译(未刊稿)。
(1)本文使用的以上报刊全文文本来自ProQuest Historical Newspapers全文数据库,相关新闻标题据该官方网站https://nyherald.com/统计。
(2)(3)《苦干》于1941-1945年集中上映、获奖、重映,产生巨大影响。本文以“Kukan”为关键词,对这期间不同年份的分析样本中相关报道的新闻数量,在总样本中所占比例作为统计比较的主要对象。
(4)本文以“Kukan”集中上映期间的1941-1942年各月份分析样本中的相关报道的新闻数量,在总样本中所占比例,作为统计比较的主要对象。
(1)(2)雷伊·斯科特编:《〈苦干〉---中国不可战胜的秘密》纽约首映会手册,由《苦干》制作公司Adventure Film制作于1941年电影上映前期,手册中详细介绍了《苦干》拍摄团队、社会各界人士的评论、寄语、影片亮点解读与精彩图片,由刘婧雨翻译(未刊稿)。
(1)雷伊·斯科特编:《苦干---中国不可战胜的秘密》纽约首映会手册,由《苦干》制作公司Adventure Film制作于1941年电影上映前期,手册中详细介绍了《苦干》拍摄团队、社会各界人士的评论、寄语、影片亮点解读与精彩图片,由刘婧雨翻译(未刊稿)。
[2]雷伊·斯科特,《〈苦干〉——中国不可战胜的秘密》电影纪录片解说词[G]//抗战文史研究:第5辑.周昌文,记录翻译.重庆:重庆出版社,2016.
[3] University calender[N].Columbia spectator,1940-03-18(4).
[4] Trevor jensen,obituaries[Z].http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1992-02-16/news/9201080896_1_mr-scott-film-mark-scott.
[5] Academy award[N].The New York times,1942-04-12(17).
[6] 1941Film awards[N].The manchester guardian,1942-02-28(9).
[7]‘Kukan’brings from China a film report in color[N].The Christian science monitor(10),1942-02-27(5).
[8]李道揆.《美国政府和美国政治》[M].北京:商务印书馆,1999:118.
[9]‘Kukan’new at esquire[N].Los Angeles times,1941-08-16(9).
[10] Mass migration result shown[N].Los Angeles times,1941-09-18(6).
[11] BOSLEY C.‘Kukan’-A Vivid fact film about modern China and its myriad peoples is seen at the world[N].New York Times,1941-06-24(17).
[12] New films fine arts‘Kukan’[N].Boston daily times,1941-09-25(15-20).
[13] MARGARET W.A Chinese could understand[N].The Christian science monitor,1941-10-31(12).
[14]刘博杰.民国时期贵州公路交通研究(1927-1945)[D].桂林:广西师范大学,2017:65.
[15] Burma road feat filmed[N].Los Angeles times,1941-08-19(11).
[16] Kukan[N].Boston daily Globe,1941-09-25(32).
[17] Burma Road feat filmed[N].Los Angeles times,1941-08-19(11).
[18]‘Kukan’brings from China a film report in color[N].The Christian science monitor,1941-07-24(10).
[19]‘Kukan’new at esquire[N].Los angeles times,1941-08-16(9).
[20] Theodore strauss,report on a miracle[N],New York times,1941-06-15(36).
[21] Edwin F.Melvin,documentary film of China at fine arts[N].The Christian science monitor,1941-09-25(10).
[22] China’s war[N].The Sun,1941-12-26(6).
[23] Kukan[N].Boston daily globe,1941-09-25(6).
[24] The new pictures[N].Time,1941-07-14(68).
[25] MARGARET W.A Chinese could understand[N].The Christian science monitor,1941-10-31(12).
[26] Kukan[N].The New York Times,1941-08-15(16).
(1)用“苦干影片”作为标题正文关键词在搜索引擎上共搜得1.26万个结果;用“苦干”作为关键词在“知网”上一共搜得学术论文两篇:周勇、周昌文:《记录中国抗战大后方艰难岁月的史诗画卷》,《电影艺术》2015年第5期;周勇:《软实力:中国不可战胜的秘密---对美国奥斯卡获奖纪录片〈苦干〉的解析》,《文化软实力》2016年第3期。
(2)《中国之奋击》海报,由雷伊·斯科特于1940年初电影试映会前制作,登载了部分《苦干》照片和社会知名人士对《苦干》的评论摘要等。
(3)雷伊·斯科特编:《苦干---中国不可战胜之秘密》纽约首映会手册,由《苦干》的制作公司Adventure Film制作于1941年电影上映前,手册中详细介绍了《苦干》拍摄团队、社会各界人士的评论、寄语、影片亮点解读与精彩图片,由刘婧雨翻译(未刊稿)。
(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)雷伊·斯科特编:《苦干---中国不可战胜之秘密》纽约首映会手册,由《苦干》的制作公司Adventure Film制作于1941年电影上映前,手册中详细介绍了《苦干》拍摄团队、社会各界人士的评论、寄语、影片亮点解读与精彩图片,由刘婧雨翻译(未刊稿)。
(1)本文使用的以上报刊全文文本来自ProQuest Historical Newspapers全文数据库,相关新闻标题据该官方网站https://nyherald.com/统计。
(2)(3)《苦干》于1941-1945年集中上映、获奖、重映,产生巨大影响。本文以“Kukan”为关键词,对这期间不同年份的分析样本中相关报道的新闻数量,在总样本中所占比例作为统计比较的主要对象。
(4)本文以“Kukan”集中上映期间的1941-1942年各月份分析样本中的相关报道的新闻数量,在总样本中所占比例,作为统计比较的主要对象。
(1)(2)雷伊·斯科特编:《〈苦干〉---中国不可战胜的秘密》纽约首映会手册,由《苦干》制作公司Adventure Film制作于1941年电影上映前期,手册中详细介绍了《苦干》拍摄团队、社会各界人士的评论、寄语、影片亮点解读与精彩图片,由刘婧雨翻译(未刊稿)。
(1)雷伊·斯科特编:《苦干---中国不可战胜的秘密》纽约首映会手册,由《苦干》制作公司Adventure Film制作于1941年电影上映前期,手册中详细介绍了《苦干》拍摄团队、社会各界人士的评论、寄语、影片亮点解读与精彩图片,由刘婧雨翻译(未刊稿)。