光伏电站建设运行对气候环境的能量影响
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摘要
大规模太阳能资源开发对于缓解能源和环境危机、应对全球气候变化具有重要的意义。目前全球光伏发电进入大规模、高速发展阶段,对国内外大规模光伏电站气候环境影响相关工作进行总结,并主要讨论了光伏电站相关能量回收与碳排放的现状与发展趋势、光伏电站近地辐射效应及热效应、局部气候效应及整体气候效应研究的相关问题。结论表明:光伏电站对碳排放与地表能量收支平衡有一定的影响,对相关地区地表辐射水平、温度状况具有调节作用,对荒漠地区的生态环境具有潜在的正面促进作用。当前国内相关研究不具备系统性,相关工作仍然需要进一步深入探索。
Photovoltaic power plants are effective in reducing carbon emissions and alleviating global warming. Global photovoltaic power plants have been entering into a large-scale and high-speed period. So the climate-related and environmental impacts caused by photovoltaic power plants should be given more attentions. This paper summarizes the related work on climate and environmental impacts of photovoltaic power plants in China and abroad. Specifically, we discuss the current situation and development trend of energy recovery and carbon emissions related to large-scale photovoltaic power plants, near-earth radiation effects and thermal effects of large-scale photovoltaic power plants, local climate effects, and overall climate effects. The results show that photovoltaic power plants have certain effects on carbon emissions and balance of surface energy budget. They can be used to regulate the surface radiation level and temperature in relevant areas. Potentially, they have positive effects on the ecological environment in desert areas. Currently, relevant researches in China are not systematic, and relevant work still needs further exploration.
Photovoltaic power plants are effective in reducing carbon emissions and alleviating global warming. Global photovoltaic power plants have been entering into a large-scale and high-speed period. So the climate-related and environmental impacts caused by photovoltaic power plants should be given more attentions. This paper summarizes the related work on climate and environmental impacts of photovoltaic power plants in China and abroad. Specifically, we discuss the current situation and development trend of energy recovery and carbon emissions related to large-scale photovoltaic power plants, near-earth radiation effects and thermal effects of large-scale photovoltaic power plants, local climate effects, and overall climate effects. The results show that photovoltaic power plants have certain effects on carbon emissions and balance of surface energy budget. They can be used to regulate the surface radiation level and temperature in relevant areas. Potentially, they have positive effects on the ecological environment in desert areas. Currently, relevant researches in China are not systematic, and relevant work still needs further exploration.
引文
[1]舒印彪,张智刚,郭剑波,等.新能源消纳关键因素分析及解决措施研究.中国电机工程学报,2017,37(1):1-8.
[2]国家自然科学基金委员会工程与材料科学部.电气科学与工程学科发展战略研究报告(2006-2020年).科学出版社,2017.
[3]李泽椿,朱蓉,何晓凤,等.风能资源评估技术方法研究.气象学报,2007,65(5):708-717.
[4]丁一汇,王会军.近百年中国气候变化科学问题的新认识.科学通报,2016,61(10):1029-1041.
[5]杨丽薇,高晓清,吕芳,等.光伏电站对格尔木荒漠地区太阳辐射场的影响研究.太阳能学报,2015,36(9):2160-2166.
[6]高晓清,杨丽薇,吕芳,等.光伏电站对格尔木荒漠地区土壤温度的影响研究.太阳能学报,2016,37(6):1439-1445.
[7]高晓清,杨丽薇,吕芳,等.光伏电站对格尔木荒漠地区空气温湿度影响的观测研究.太阳能学报,2016,37(11):2909-2915.
[8]Chang R,Shen Y,Luo Y,et al.Obser ved surface radiation and temperature impacts f rom the large-scale deployment of photovoltaics in the barren area of Gonghe,China.Renewable Energy,2018,118:131-137.
[9]杜慧,孙芳.初步研究光伏电站运营期对植被的影响.环境与发展,2017,29(8):30-31.
[10]苑森朋,张振师,党廷辉,等.毛乌素沙地光伏电站3种植物措施生长发育状况及其生态功能比较.水土保持研究,2018(2):235-239.
[11]王涛,王得祥,郭廷栋,等.光伏电站建设对土壤和植被的影响.水土保持研究,2016,23(3):90-94.
[12]Fthenakis V,Blunden J,Green T,et al.Large photovoltaic power plants:wildlife impacts and benefits.Photovoltaic Specialists Conference,IEEE,2011:2011-2016.
[13]Fthenakis V,Yu Y.Analysis of the potential for a heat island effect in large solar farms.Photovoltaic Specialists Conference,IEEE,2014:3362-3366.
[14]刘世增,常兆丰,朱淑娟,等.沙漠戈壁光伏电厂的生态学意义.生态经济:中文版,2016,32(2):177-181.
[15]Wu Z,Hou A,Chang C,et al.Environmental impacts of largescale CSP plants in northwestern China.Environ Sci Process Impacts,2014,16(10):2432-2441.
[16]张焕平,张占峰,汪青春.格尔木地区总辐射、反射辐射的变化特征.南京信息工程大学学报,2013,5(5):449-454.
[17]李丽珍,刘辉,史学峰,等.浅析光伏电站对环境的影响.科技信息,2012(12):91.
[18]肖宏伟.中国碳排放测算方法研究.阅江学刊,2013(5):48-57.
[19]胡秀莲.减排对策分析:A I M/能源排放模型.中国能源,1998(11):17-22.
[20]陈文颖,吴宗鑫.用MARKAL模型研究中国未来可持续能源发展战略.清华大学学报:自然科学版,2001,41(12):103-106.
[21]秦钟,张佳恩,骆世明,等.我国能源消费与CO2排放的系统动力学预测.中国生态农业学报,2008,16(4):1043-1047.
[22]徐健,赵柳榕,王济干.能源结构的Logistic模型及其预测.安徽农业科学,2008,36(31):13477-13478.
[23]刘兰翠.我国二氧化碳减排问题的政策建模与实证研究.中国科学技术大学,2006.
[24]Kruger D,Galbally I,Hiraishi T,et al.Good practice guidance and uncertainty management in national greenhouse gas inventories.IPCC National Greenhouse Cost Inventories programme,Technical Support Unit,2000.
[25]Fthenakis V,Frischknecht R,Raugei M,et al.Methodology Guidelines on Life Cycle Assessment of Photovoltaic Electricity Executive Summary.2011.
[26]Peng J,Lu L,Yang H.Review on life cycle assessment of energy payback and greenhouse gas emission of solar photovoltaic systems.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2013,19(1):255-274.
[27]Pacca S,Sivaraman D,Keoleian G A.Parameters affecting the life cycle performance of PV technologies and systems.Energy Policy,2007,35(6):3316-3326.
[28]Stoppato A.Life cycle assessment of photovoltaic electricity generation.Energy,2008,33(2):224-232.
[29]Sumper A,Robledo-García M,Villafáfila-Robles R,et al.Life-cycle assessment of a photovoltaic system in Catalonia(Spain).Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2011,15(8):3888-3896.
[30]Yang D,Liu J,Yang J,et al.Life-cycle assessment of China’s multicrystalline silicon photovoltaic modules considering international trade.Journal of Cleaner Production,2015,94(1):35-45.
[31]胡润青.我国多晶硅并网光伏系统能量回收期的研究.太阳能,2009,(1):9-14.
[32]梁佳.建筑并网光伏系统生命周期环境影响研究.天津大学,2012.
[33]李鹞,于随然.中国光伏系统的生命周期评价.环境工程,2014,32(10):119-124.
[34]翁琳,陈剑波.光伏系统基于全生命周期碳排放量计算的环境与经济效益分析.上海理工大学学报,2017,39(3):282-288.
[35]Dones R,Frischknecht R.Life-cycle assessment of photovoltaic systems:results of Swiss studies on energy chains.Progress in Photovoltaics Research&Applications,1998,6(2):117-125.
[36]Fthenakis V M,Kim H C,Alsema E A,et al.emissions from photovoltaic life cycles.Environmental Science and Technology,2008,42(6):2168-2174.
[37]Mason J E,Fthenakis V M,Hansen T,et al.Energy payback and life-cycle CO2 emissions of the BOS in an optimized 3.5 MW PVinstallation.Progress in Photovoltaics Research&Applications,2006,14(2):179-190.
[38]Hondo H.Life cycle GHG emission analysis of power generation systems:Japanese case.Energy,2005,30(11):2042-2056.
[39]Alsema E A,Wild-Scholten M J D.The real environmental impacts of crystalline silicon PV modules:an analysis based on upto-date manufacturers data.Inproceedings,2005.
[40]Turney D,Fthenakis V.Environmental impacts from the installation and operation of large-scale solar power plants.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2011,15(6):3261-3270.
[41]Zhou L,Tian Y,Roy S B,et al.Impacts of wind farms on land surface temperature.Nature Climate Change,2012,2(7):539-543.
[42]周秀骥.高等大气物理学.北京:气象出版社,1991.
[43]赵鹏宇.光伏电板对地表土壤颗粒及小气候的影响.内蒙古农业大学,2016.
[44]Chang R,Shen Y,Luo Y,et al.Observed surface radiation and temperature impacts f rom the large-scale deployment of photovoltaics in the barren area of Gonghe,China.Renewable Energy,2018,118:131-137.
[45]张曦,康重庆,张宁,等.太阳能光伏发电的中长期随机特性分析.电力系统自动化,2014,38(6):6-13.
[46]Nemet G F.Net radiative forcing from widespread deployment of photovoltaics.Environmental Science&Technology,2009,43(6):2173-2178.
[47]M.Donovan,“Memorandum:impact of PV systems on local temperature,”SunPower,July 6,2010.http://www.rurdev.usda.gov/SupportDocuments/EA_5_17_13_RUS_PartA.pdf
[48]Barrongafford G A.Minor R L.Allen N A,et al.The photovoltaic heat island effect:larger solar power plants increase local temperatures.Scientific Reports,2016,6.
[49]Genchi Y,Ishisaki M,Ohashi Y,et al.Impacts of large-scale photovoltaic panel installation on the heat island effect in Tkyo.2003.
[50]Millstein D,Menon S.Regional climate consequences of largescale cool roof and photovoltaic array deployment.Environmental Research Letters,2011,49123(6):98-204.
[51]Hu A,Levis S,Meehl G A,et al.Impact of solar panels on global climate.Nature Climate Change,2016,6(3):290-294.
[2]国家自然科学基金委员会工程与材料科学部.电气科学与工程学科发展战略研究报告(2006-2020年).科学出版社,2017.
[3]李泽椿,朱蓉,何晓凤,等.风能资源评估技术方法研究.气象学报,2007,65(5):708-717.
[4]丁一汇,王会军.近百年中国气候变化科学问题的新认识.科学通报,2016,61(10):1029-1041.
[5]杨丽薇,高晓清,吕芳,等.光伏电站对格尔木荒漠地区太阳辐射场的影响研究.太阳能学报,2015,36(9):2160-2166.
[6]高晓清,杨丽薇,吕芳,等.光伏电站对格尔木荒漠地区土壤温度的影响研究.太阳能学报,2016,37(6):1439-1445.
[7]高晓清,杨丽薇,吕芳,等.光伏电站对格尔木荒漠地区空气温湿度影响的观测研究.太阳能学报,2016,37(11):2909-2915.
[8]Chang R,Shen Y,Luo Y,et al.Obser ved surface radiation and temperature impacts f rom the large-scale deployment of photovoltaics in the barren area of Gonghe,China.Renewable Energy,2018,118:131-137.
[9]杜慧,孙芳.初步研究光伏电站运营期对植被的影响.环境与发展,2017,29(8):30-31.
[10]苑森朋,张振师,党廷辉,等.毛乌素沙地光伏电站3种植物措施生长发育状况及其生态功能比较.水土保持研究,2018(2):235-239.
[11]王涛,王得祥,郭廷栋,等.光伏电站建设对土壤和植被的影响.水土保持研究,2016,23(3):90-94.
[12]Fthenakis V,Blunden J,Green T,et al.Large photovoltaic power plants:wildlife impacts and benefits.Photovoltaic Specialists Conference,IEEE,2011:2011-2016.
[13]Fthenakis V,Yu Y.Analysis of the potential for a heat island effect in large solar farms.Photovoltaic Specialists Conference,IEEE,2014:3362-3366.
[14]刘世增,常兆丰,朱淑娟,等.沙漠戈壁光伏电厂的生态学意义.生态经济:中文版,2016,32(2):177-181.
[15]Wu Z,Hou A,Chang C,et al.Environmental impacts of largescale CSP plants in northwestern China.Environ Sci Process Impacts,2014,16(10):2432-2441.
[16]张焕平,张占峰,汪青春.格尔木地区总辐射、反射辐射的变化特征.南京信息工程大学学报,2013,5(5):449-454.
[17]李丽珍,刘辉,史学峰,等.浅析光伏电站对环境的影响.科技信息,2012(12):91.
[18]肖宏伟.中国碳排放测算方法研究.阅江学刊,2013(5):48-57.
[19]胡秀莲.减排对策分析:A I M/能源排放模型.中国能源,1998(11):17-22.
[20]陈文颖,吴宗鑫.用MARKAL模型研究中国未来可持续能源发展战略.清华大学学报:自然科学版,2001,41(12):103-106.
[21]秦钟,张佳恩,骆世明,等.我国能源消费与CO2排放的系统动力学预测.中国生态农业学报,2008,16(4):1043-1047.
[22]徐健,赵柳榕,王济干.能源结构的Logistic模型及其预测.安徽农业科学,2008,36(31):13477-13478.
[23]刘兰翠.我国二氧化碳减排问题的政策建模与实证研究.中国科学技术大学,2006.
[24]Kruger D,Galbally I,Hiraishi T,et al.Good practice guidance and uncertainty management in national greenhouse gas inventories.IPCC National Greenhouse Cost Inventories programme,Technical Support Unit,2000.
[25]Fthenakis V,Frischknecht R,Raugei M,et al.Methodology Guidelines on Life Cycle Assessment of Photovoltaic Electricity Executive Summary.2011.
[26]Peng J,Lu L,Yang H.Review on life cycle assessment of energy payback and greenhouse gas emission of solar photovoltaic systems.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2013,19(1):255-274.
[27]Pacca S,Sivaraman D,Keoleian G A.Parameters affecting the life cycle performance of PV technologies and systems.Energy Policy,2007,35(6):3316-3326.
[28]Stoppato A.Life cycle assessment of photovoltaic electricity generation.Energy,2008,33(2):224-232.
[29]Sumper A,Robledo-García M,Villafáfila-Robles R,et al.Life-cycle assessment of a photovoltaic system in Catalonia(Spain).Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2011,15(8):3888-3896.
[30]Yang D,Liu J,Yang J,et al.Life-cycle assessment of China’s multicrystalline silicon photovoltaic modules considering international trade.Journal of Cleaner Production,2015,94(1):35-45.
[31]胡润青.我国多晶硅并网光伏系统能量回收期的研究.太阳能,2009,(1):9-14.
[32]梁佳.建筑并网光伏系统生命周期环境影响研究.天津大学,2012.
[33]李鹞,于随然.中国光伏系统的生命周期评价.环境工程,2014,32(10):119-124.
[34]翁琳,陈剑波.光伏系统基于全生命周期碳排放量计算的环境与经济效益分析.上海理工大学学报,2017,39(3):282-288.
[35]Dones R,Frischknecht R.Life-cycle assessment of photovoltaic systems:results of Swiss studies on energy chains.Progress in Photovoltaics Research&Applications,1998,6(2):117-125.
[36]Fthenakis V M,Kim H C,Alsema E A,et al.emissions from photovoltaic life cycles.Environmental Science and Technology,2008,42(6):2168-2174.
[37]Mason J E,Fthenakis V M,Hansen T,et al.Energy payback and life-cycle CO2 emissions of the BOS in an optimized 3.5 MW PVinstallation.Progress in Photovoltaics Research&Applications,2006,14(2):179-190.
[38]Hondo H.Life cycle GHG emission analysis of power generation systems:Japanese case.Energy,2005,30(11):2042-2056.
[39]Alsema E A,Wild-Scholten M J D.The real environmental impacts of crystalline silicon PV modules:an analysis based on upto-date manufacturers data.Inproceedings,2005.
[40]Turney D,Fthenakis V.Environmental impacts from the installation and operation of large-scale solar power plants.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2011,15(6):3261-3270.
[41]Zhou L,Tian Y,Roy S B,et al.Impacts of wind farms on land surface temperature.Nature Climate Change,2012,2(7):539-543.
[42]周秀骥.高等大气物理学.北京:气象出版社,1991.
[43]赵鹏宇.光伏电板对地表土壤颗粒及小气候的影响.内蒙古农业大学,2016.
[44]Chang R,Shen Y,Luo Y,et al.Observed surface radiation and temperature impacts f rom the large-scale deployment of photovoltaics in the barren area of Gonghe,China.Renewable Energy,2018,118:131-137.
[45]张曦,康重庆,张宁,等.太阳能光伏发电的中长期随机特性分析.电力系统自动化,2014,38(6):6-13.
[46]Nemet G F.Net radiative forcing from widespread deployment of photovoltaics.Environmental Science&Technology,2009,43(6):2173-2178.
[47]M.Donovan,“Memorandum:impact of PV systems on local temperature,”SunPower,July 6,2010.http://www.rurdev.usda.gov/SupportDocuments/EA_5_17_13_RUS_PartA.pdf
[48]Barrongafford G A.Minor R L.Allen N A,et al.The photovoltaic heat island effect:larger solar power plants increase local temperatures.Scientific Reports,2016,6.
[49]Genchi Y,Ishisaki M,Ohashi Y,et al.Impacts of large-scale photovoltaic panel installation on the heat island effect in Tkyo.2003.
[50]Millstein D,Menon S.Regional climate consequences of largescale cool roof and photovoltaic array deployment.Environmental Research Letters,2011,49123(6):98-204.
[51]Hu A,Levis S,Meehl G A,et al.Impact of solar panels on global climate.Nature Climate Change,2016,6(3):290-294.