我国农田农药流失现状及减控策略
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摘要
农业面源污染已经成为全球水污染的主要来源,其中具有生物毒性的农药污染物对人体健康和生态环境安全构成了严重威胁。分析了我国农田农药流失现状,指出流失的主要农药品种与用药历史和特点密切相关,水体中检出的有机氯农药主要源于早期农药残留,检出的有机磷农药和长残效除草剂部分种类目前仍在使用。提出从影响农药流失的各个环节入手,制定严密的减控策略。植物缓冲带是拦截农药流失的常用措施,可以实现对农业面源污染的可持续治理。建议实行生态功能区划,严格限制高毒农药的施用,减少化学农药施用量,规范农药喷洒器械和施药技术,从源头上控制农药流失,从而降低农业非点源污染带来的危险。
Agricultural nonpoint pollution(ANP) has become a major source of water pollution in the world. Bio-toxic pesticides in water bodies pose a significant threat to human health and aquatic ecosystem. This review analyzed the status of pesticide loss in China. The major varieties of pesticide loss were closely related to past application and the characteristics of pesticides. At present,organochlorine pesticides detected in water bodies were mainly derived from past residues. Some organophosphorous pesticides and long residual herbicides were still used in agriculture. It proposed to make rigorous reduction and control strategies over all causes of pesticide loss. Vegetative buffer strip,a common approach in reducing pesticide loss could be a sustainable control in ANP. Some strategies should be taken to reduce risk of ANP by source control,such as implementing ecological function zoning,limiting high-toxic pesticide usage,lowering chemical pesticide application amount,improving pesticide spraying equipment and technique.
Agricultural nonpoint pollution(ANP) has become a major source of water pollution in the world. Bio-toxic pesticides in water bodies pose a significant threat to human health and aquatic ecosystem. This review analyzed the status of pesticide loss in China. The major varieties of pesticide loss were closely related to past application and the characteristics of pesticides. At present,organochlorine pesticides detected in water bodies were mainly derived from past residues. Some organophosphorous pesticides and long residual herbicides were still used in agriculture. It proposed to make rigorous reduction and control strategies over all causes of pesticide loss. Vegetative buffer strip,a common approach in reducing pesticide loss could be a sustainable control in ANP. Some strategies should be taken to reduce risk of ANP by source control,such as implementing ecological function zoning,limiting high-toxic pesticide usage,lowering chemical pesticide application amount,improving pesticide spraying equipment and technique.
引文
[1]BAO L,MARUYA K A,SNYDER S A,et al.China's water pollution by persistent organic pollutants[J].Environmental Pollution,2012,163:100-108.
[2]OUYANG W,CAI G,HUANG W,et al.Temporal-spatial loss of diffuse pesticide and potential risks for water quality in China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,541:551-558.
[3]LEFRANCQ M,IMFELD G,PAYRAUDEAU S,et al.Kresoxim methyl deposition,drift and runoff in a vineyard catchment[J].Science of the Total Environment,2013,442:503-508.
[4]DRUART C,MILLET M,SCHEIFLER R,et al.Snails as indicators of pesticide drift,deposit,transfer and effects in the vineyard[J].Science of the Total Environment,2011,409(20):4280-4288.
[5]RIISE G,LUNDEKVAM H,WU Q L,et al.Loss of pesticides from agricultural fields in SE Norway——runoff through surface and drainage water[J].Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2004,26(2):269-276.
[6]SCHULZ R.Field studies on exposure,effects,and risk mitigation of aquatic nonpoint-source insecticide pollution[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2004,33(2):419-448.
[7]SPENCER W F,CLIATH M M.Pesticide losses in surface runoff from irrigated fields[M]//PAWLOWSKI L,LACY W J,DLUGOSZ J J.Chemistry for the protection of the environment.New York:Springer,1991:277-289.
[8]徐雄,李春梅,孙静,等.我国重点流域地表水中29种农药污染及其生态风险评价[J].生态毒理学报,2016,11(2):347-354.
[9]张贵龙,秦伟,管永祥,等.苏州市农业面源污染现状与控制研究[J].河南农业大学学报,2011,45(2):251-257.
[10]邰超,张坤峰,周天健,等.丹江口水库库边降雨径流中有机氯农药赋存及风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2012,32(6):1046-1053.
[11]王险峰,关成宏,辛明远.我国长残效除草剂使用概况、问题及对策[J].农药,2003,42(11):5-10.
[12]杨晓梅,塔娜,徐永明,等.中国有机氯农药的监测现状[J].化工环保,2013,33(2):123-128.
[13]岳瑞生.《关于就某些持久性有机污染物采取国际行动的斯德哥尔摩公约》及其谈判背景[J].世界环境,2001(1):24-28.
[14]胡春华,陈禄禄,李艳红,等.环鄱阳湖区水稻-土壤有机氯农药污染及健康风险评价[J].环境化学,2016,35(2):355-363.
[15]郭敏,吴文铸,宋宁慧,等.固相萃取-GC/MS法测定水中持久性有机污染物[J].环境监测管理与技术,2016,28(2):41-45.
[16]暴志蕾,赵兴茹,耿梦娇,等.长三角地区饮用水源地沉积物中有机氯农药污染特征[J].环境化学,2016,35(6):1237-1245.
[17]柏文琴,何凤琴,邱星辉.有机磷农药生物降解研究进展[J].应用与环境生物学报,2004,10(5):675-680.
[18]RAGNARSDOTTIR K V.Environmental fate and toxicology of organophosphate pesticides[J].Journal of the Geological Society,2000,157(4):859-876.
[19]LARTIGES S B,GARRIGUES P P.Degradation kinetics of organophosphorus and organonitrogen pesticides in different waters under various environmental conditions[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1995,29(5):1246-1254.
[20]江希流.农药优先监测品种的筛选研究[J].环境科学进展,1993,1(6):11-15.
[21]贺红武.有机磷农药产业的现状与发展趋势[J].世界农药,2008,30(6):29-33.
[22]万年升,顾继东,段舜山.阿特拉津生态毒性与生物降解的研究[J].环境科学学报,2006,26(4):552-560.
[23]李宏园,马红,陶波.除草剂阿特拉津的生态风险分析与污染治理[J].东北农业大学学报,2006,37(4):552-556.
[24]BARBASH J E,THELIN G P,KOLPIN D W,et al.Major herbicides in ground water:Results from the national water-quality assessment[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2001,30(3):831-845.
[25]TRAN A T K,HYNE R V,DOBLE P.Determination of commonly used polar herbicides in agricultural drainage waters in Australia by HPLC[J].Chemosphere,2007,67(5):944-953.
[26]GUZZELLA L,POZZONI F,GIULIANO G.Herbicide contamination of surficial groundwater in Northern Italy[J].Environmental Pollution,2006,142(2):344-353.
[27]KONSTANTINOU I K,HELA D G,ALBANIS T A.The status of pesticide pollution in surface waters(rivers and lakes)of Greece.PartⅠ.Review on occurrence and levels[J].Environmental Pollution,2006,141(3):555-570.
[28]CEREJEIRA M J,VIANA P,BATISTA S,et al.Pesticides in Portuguese surface and ground waters[J].Water Research,2003,37(5):1055-1063.
[29]王庆海,张威,却晓娥,等.水体阿特拉津残留对水葱生物量及生理特性的影响[J].植物生态学报,2011,35(2):223-231.
[30]ACKERMAN F.The economics of atrazine[J].International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health,2007,13(4):437-445.
[31]POTTER T L,BOSCH D D,STRICKLAND T C.Tillage impact on herbicide loss by surface runoff and lateral subsurface flow[J].Science of the Total Environment,2015,530-531:357-366.
[32]农业部.到2020年农药使用量零增长行动方案[EB/OL].[2015-03-18].http://www.moa.gov.cn/zwllm/tzgg/tz/201503/t20150318_4444765.htm.
[33]吴阿娜,怀红燕,汤琳.高尔夫球场农药使用情况调查及特征分析[J].环境监测管理与技术,2017,29(2):36-40.
[34]任华,陆威,贠栋,等.高通量配方开发技术在农药悬浮剂开发中的应用[J].农药,2014,53(7):490-491,503.
[35]高德良,裴晖,欧晓明,等.季酮酸类新化合物HNPC-A9012的杀螨活性及田间防治效果[J].农药学学报,2015,17(3):267-273.
[36]冯建国,郁倩瑶,孙陈铖,等.农药控释剂的研究与应用进展[J].中国农业大学学报,2016,21(8):67-76.
[37]杨利,方城韬,赵明明,等.玉米油甲酯制备及对高效氯氟氰菊酯水乳剂应用效果的影响[J].植物保护学报,2016,43(4):683-688.
[38]袁会珠,杨代斌,闫晓静,等.农药有效利用率与喷雾技术优化[J].植物保护,2011,37(5):14-20.
[39]李龙龙,何雄奎,宋坚利,等.基于变量喷雾的果园自动仿形喷雾机的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(1):70-76.
[40]朱松,张瑞宏,张剑峰,等.隧道式雾滴回收施药车的研发[J].中国农机化学报,2015,36(6):104-107.
[41]徐广春,顾中言,徐德进,等.促进稻田农药利用效率的表面活性剂筛选[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(7):1370-1379.
[42]陈莉,聂胜兵,刘影,等.有机硅表面活性剂和黄原胶对多菌灵和三唑酮在小麦叶片上耐雨水冲刷能力的影响[J].植物保护,2014,40(3):65-69.
[43]REICHENBERGER S,BACH M,SKITSCHAK A,et al.Mitigation strategies to reduce pesticide inputs into ground-and surface water and their effectiveness;A review[J].Science of the Total Environment,2007,384(1-3):1-35.
[44]KRUTZ L J,SENSEMAN S A,ZABLOTOWICZ R M,et al.Reducing herbicide runoff from agricultural fields with vegetative filter strips:a review[J].Weed Science,2005,53(3):353-367.
[45]何建林,何丙辉,马云,等.植物篱对紫色土区坡地土壤养分分布特征的影响[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(6):65-70.
[46]刘强,邓仕槐,敬子卉,等.不同植物篱系统对坡耕地农田径流污染物的去除效果[J].农业环境科学学报,2016,35(6):1136-1143.
[47]唐浩,熊丽君,鄢忠纯,等.缓冲带截除农业面源强污染的效果[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(2):186-190.
[48]张丹丹,王冬梅,信忠保,等.漓江滨岸草带对径流泥沙的拦截效果[J].生态学报,2016,36(21):6985-6993.
[49]沈桢,金京勋,郑家传,等.土著厌氧菌修复有机氯污染土壤的方法探索[J].环境监测管理与技术,2016,28(5):68-71.
[2]OUYANG W,CAI G,HUANG W,et al.Temporal-spatial loss of diffuse pesticide and potential risks for water quality in China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,541:551-558.
[3]LEFRANCQ M,IMFELD G,PAYRAUDEAU S,et al.Kresoxim methyl deposition,drift and runoff in a vineyard catchment[J].Science of the Total Environment,2013,442:503-508.
[4]DRUART C,MILLET M,SCHEIFLER R,et al.Snails as indicators of pesticide drift,deposit,transfer and effects in the vineyard[J].Science of the Total Environment,2011,409(20):4280-4288.
[5]RIISE G,LUNDEKVAM H,WU Q L,et al.Loss of pesticides from agricultural fields in SE Norway——runoff through surface and drainage water[J].Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2004,26(2):269-276.
[6]SCHULZ R.Field studies on exposure,effects,and risk mitigation of aquatic nonpoint-source insecticide pollution[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2004,33(2):419-448.
[7]SPENCER W F,CLIATH M M.Pesticide losses in surface runoff from irrigated fields[M]//PAWLOWSKI L,LACY W J,DLUGOSZ J J.Chemistry for the protection of the environment.New York:Springer,1991:277-289.
[8]徐雄,李春梅,孙静,等.我国重点流域地表水中29种农药污染及其生态风险评价[J].生态毒理学报,2016,11(2):347-354.
[9]张贵龙,秦伟,管永祥,等.苏州市农业面源污染现状与控制研究[J].河南农业大学学报,2011,45(2):251-257.
[10]邰超,张坤峰,周天健,等.丹江口水库库边降雨径流中有机氯农药赋存及风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2012,32(6):1046-1053.
[11]王险峰,关成宏,辛明远.我国长残效除草剂使用概况、问题及对策[J].农药,2003,42(11):5-10.
[12]杨晓梅,塔娜,徐永明,等.中国有机氯农药的监测现状[J].化工环保,2013,33(2):123-128.
[13]岳瑞生.《关于就某些持久性有机污染物采取国际行动的斯德哥尔摩公约》及其谈判背景[J].世界环境,2001(1):24-28.
[14]胡春华,陈禄禄,李艳红,等.环鄱阳湖区水稻-土壤有机氯农药污染及健康风险评价[J].环境化学,2016,35(2):355-363.
[15]郭敏,吴文铸,宋宁慧,等.固相萃取-GC/MS法测定水中持久性有机污染物[J].环境监测管理与技术,2016,28(2):41-45.
[16]暴志蕾,赵兴茹,耿梦娇,等.长三角地区饮用水源地沉积物中有机氯农药污染特征[J].环境化学,2016,35(6):1237-1245.
[17]柏文琴,何凤琴,邱星辉.有机磷农药生物降解研究进展[J].应用与环境生物学报,2004,10(5):675-680.
[18]RAGNARSDOTTIR K V.Environmental fate and toxicology of organophosphate pesticides[J].Journal of the Geological Society,2000,157(4):859-876.
[19]LARTIGES S B,GARRIGUES P P.Degradation kinetics of organophosphorus and organonitrogen pesticides in different waters under various environmental conditions[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1995,29(5):1246-1254.
[20]江希流.农药优先监测品种的筛选研究[J].环境科学进展,1993,1(6):11-15.
[21]贺红武.有机磷农药产业的现状与发展趋势[J].世界农药,2008,30(6):29-33.
[22]万年升,顾继东,段舜山.阿特拉津生态毒性与生物降解的研究[J].环境科学学报,2006,26(4):552-560.
[23]李宏园,马红,陶波.除草剂阿特拉津的生态风险分析与污染治理[J].东北农业大学学报,2006,37(4):552-556.
[24]BARBASH J E,THELIN G P,KOLPIN D W,et al.Major herbicides in ground water:Results from the national water-quality assessment[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2001,30(3):831-845.
[25]TRAN A T K,HYNE R V,DOBLE P.Determination of commonly used polar herbicides in agricultural drainage waters in Australia by HPLC[J].Chemosphere,2007,67(5):944-953.
[26]GUZZELLA L,POZZONI F,GIULIANO G.Herbicide contamination of surficial groundwater in Northern Italy[J].Environmental Pollution,2006,142(2):344-353.
[27]KONSTANTINOU I K,HELA D G,ALBANIS T A.The status of pesticide pollution in surface waters(rivers and lakes)of Greece.PartⅠ.Review on occurrence and levels[J].Environmental Pollution,2006,141(3):555-570.
[28]CEREJEIRA M J,VIANA P,BATISTA S,et al.Pesticides in Portuguese surface and ground waters[J].Water Research,2003,37(5):1055-1063.
[29]王庆海,张威,却晓娥,等.水体阿特拉津残留对水葱生物量及生理特性的影响[J].植物生态学报,2011,35(2):223-231.
[30]ACKERMAN F.The economics of atrazine[J].International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health,2007,13(4):437-445.
[31]POTTER T L,BOSCH D D,STRICKLAND T C.Tillage impact on herbicide loss by surface runoff and lateral subsurface flow[J].Science of the Total Environment,2015,530-531:357-366.
[32]农业部.到2020年农药使用量零增长行动方案[EB/OL].[2015-03-18].http://www.moa.gov.cn/zwllm/tzgg/tz/201503/t20150318_4444765.htm.
[33]吴阿娜,怀红燕,汤琳.高尔夫球场农药使用情况调查及特征分析[J].环境监测管理与技术,2017,29(2):36-40.
[34]任华,陆威,贠栋,等.高通量配方开发技术在农药悬浮剂开发中的应用[J].农药,2014,53(7):490-491,503.
[35]高德良,裴晖,欧晓明,等.季酮酸类新化合物HNPC-A9012的杀螨活性及田间防治效果[J].农药学学报,2015,17(3):267-273.
[36]冯建国,郁倩瑶,孙陈铖,等.农药控释剂的研究与应用进展[J].中国农业大学学报,2016,21(8):67-76.
[37]杨利,方城韬,赵明明,等.玉米油甲酯制备及对高效氯氟氰菊酯水乳剂应用效果的影响[J].植物保护学报,2016,43(4):683-688.
[38]袁会珠,杨代斌,闫晓静,等.农药有效利用率与喷雾技术优化[J].植物保护,2011,37(5):14-20.
[39]李龙龙,何雄奎,宋坚利,等.基于变量喷雾的果园自动仿形喷雾机的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(1):70-76.
[40]朱松,张瑞宏,张剑峰,等.隧道式雾滴回收施药车的研发[J].中国农机化学报,2015,36(6):104-107.
[41]徐广春,顾中言,徐德进,等.促进稻田农药利用效率的表面活性剂筛选[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(7):1370-1379.
[42]陈莉,聂胜兵,刘影,等.有机硅表面活性剂和黄原胶对多菌灵和三唑酮在小麦叶片上耐雨水冲刷能力的影响[J].植物保护,2014,40(3):65-69.
[43]REICHENBERGER S,BACH M,SKITSCHAK A,et al.Mitigation strategies to reduce pesticide inputs into ground-and surface water and their effectiveness;A review[J].Science of the Total Environment,2007,384(1-3):1-35.
[44]KRUTZ L J,SENSEMAN S A,ZABLOTOWICZ R M,et al.Reducing herbicide runoff from agricultural fields with vegetative filter strips:a review[J].Weed Science,2005,53(3):353-367.
[45]何建林,何丙辉,马云,等.植物篱对紫色土区坡地土壤养分分布特征的影响[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(6):65-70.
[46]刘强,邓仕槐,敬子卉,等.不同植物篱系统对坡耕地农田径流污染物的去除效果[J].农业环境科学学报,2016,35(6):1136-1143.
[47]唐浩,熊丽君,鄢忠纯,等.缓冲带截除农业面源强污染的效果[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(2):186-190.
[48]张丹丹,王冬梅,信忠保,等.漓江滨岸草带对径流泥沙的拦截效果[J].生态学报,2016,36(21):6985-6993.
[49]沈桢,金京勋,郑家传,等.土著厌氧菌修复有机氯污染土壤的方法探索[J].环境监测管理与技术,2016,28(5):68-71.