美国干热岩“地热能前沿瞭望台研究计划”与中美典型EGS场地勘查现状对比
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摘要
美国能源部正在实施干热岩"地热能前沿瞭望台研究计划"(FORGE计划)。它是以经典干热岩定义的干热岩勘查开发为约束,通过增强型地热系统(EGS)示范工程建设实践,形成新一代EGS试验平台。美国本着"可复制的结果=巨大的潜力"的理念,实现干热岩勘查开发技术新突破,以满足美国1亿家庭绿色电力供应为实际应用目标。中美典型EGS场地勘查现状对比结果表明:犹他州米尔福德与青海省共和县恰卜恰两个典型EGS场地具可比性,大致处于"并跑"的水平;在天然裂隙系统、原位地应力场、压裂参数获取与压裂方案制定等方面,米尔福德EGS场地有所超前。据此建议有关部门加快青海省共和县恰卜恰EGS场地进入勘查开发阶段,以提高我国干热岩勘查开发技术水平,早日实现EGS工程化。
The Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy(FORGE)initiative by the United States Department of Energy is to form a new generation of enhanced geothermal system(EGS)test platform based on the construction practice of EGS demonstration project.It is guided by the constraints of classic hot dry rock exploration and development and the conception of"Reproducible Results=Tremendous Potential".It aims to achieve a new breakthrough in U.S.hot dry rock exploration and development technology in order to meet the green electricity consumption of 100 million households in the United States.A comparison of typical EGS site exploration status in China and U.S.demonstrated that the Milford EGS site in Salt Lake City,Utah and Gonghe EGS sites in Qinghai Province are competitive in technological development.However,the Milford EGS site is more advanced in natural fracture system investigation,in situ stress field test,parameter acquisition and fracturing scheme establishment.Thus,we have suggested relevant institutions to speed up the Gonghe EGS site exploration and development to quickly improve EGS technology level and achieve EGS engineering in China.
The Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy(FORGE)initiative by the United States Department of Energy is to form a new generation of enhanced geothermal system(EGS)test platform based on the construction practice of EGS demonstration project.It is guided by the constraints of classic hot dry rock exploration and development and the conception of"Reproducible Results=Tremendous Potential".It aims to achieve a new breakthrough in U.S.hot dry rock exploration and development technology in order to meet the green electricity consumption of 100 million households in the United States.A comparison of typical EGS site exploration status in China and U.S.demonstrated that the Milford EGS site in Salt Lake City,Utah and Gonghe EGS sites in Qinghai Province are competitive in technological development.However,the Milford EGS site is more advanced in natural fracture system investigation,in situ stress field test,parameter acquisition and fracturing scheme establishment.Thus,we have suggested relevant institutions to speed up the Gonghe EGS site exploration and development to quickly improve EGS technology level and achieve EGS engineering in China.
引文
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[23]翟海珍,苏正,吴能友.苏尔茨增强型地热系统的开发经验及对我国地热开发的启示[J].新能源进展,2014(4):286-294.
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[27]王成虎.地应力主要测试和估算方法回顾与展望[J].地质论评,2014,60(5):971-996.
[28]张佩,张海江,刘影,等.美国CoveFort-Sulphurdale地热区地震震源机制和各向异性研究[J].地震学报,2015(6):899-915.
[29]PINE R J,BATCHELOR A S.Downward migration of shearing in jointed rock during hydraulic injections[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics&Mining Sciences&Geomechanics,1984,21(5):249-263.
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[32]张森琦,贾小丰,张杨,等.黑龙江省五大连池尾山地区火山岩浆囊探测与干热岩地热地质条件分析[J].地质学报,2017,91(7):1506-1521.
[33]姜鸿才,周瑞良.青藏高原构造体系控制下的地热水分布及找热方向[R].北京:中国地质科学院562综合大队,1994.
[2]郑秀华,李飞跃,段晨阳,等.世界EGS项目进展及其对中国的启示[J].资源与产业,2014,16(6):29-35.
[3]张英,冯建赟,何治亮,等.地热系统类型划分与主控因素分析[J].地学前缘,2017,24(3):190-198.
[4]翟海珍,苏正,凌璐璐,等.基于平行多裂隙模型美国沙漠峰地热田EGS开发数值模拟研究[J].地球物理学进展,2017,32(2):546-552.
[5]廖志杰,万天丰,张振国.增强型地热系统:潜力大、开发难[J].地学前缘,2015,22(1):335-344.
[6]ALLIS R,MOORE J N,DAVATZES N,et al.EGS concept testing and development at the milford,Utah FORGESite[C]∥Proceedings of 41st Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering.Palo Alto,California,United States:Stanford University,2016:22-24.
[7]MOORE J.Historical perspective on EGS[R].Utah,United States:United States Geological Survey West Center,2017.
[8]DAVIS G H,CONEY P J.Geologic development of the Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes[J].Geology,1979,7(1):6-9.
[9]CRITTENDEN M D,CONEY P J,DAVIS G H.Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes[J].Geological Society of America Memoirs,1980,153:7-31.
[10]DRAPER D S.Late cenozoic bimodal magmatism in the northern basin and range province of southeastern Oregon[J].Journal of Volcanology&Geothermal Research,1991,47(3/4):299-328.
[11]舒良树,王德滋.北美西部与中国东南部盆岭构造对比研究[J].高校地质学报,2006,12(1):1-13.
[12]CRITTENDEN Jr.,MAX D.Metamorphic core complexes of the North American Cordillera:summary[J].Geological Society of America Memoirs,1980,153:485-490.
[13]LISTER G S,BALDWIN S L.Plutonism and the origin of metamorphic core complexes[J].Geology,1993,21(7):607-610.
[14]HILL R I.Mantle plumes and continental tectonics[J].Science,1992,256(5054):186.
[15]SIMMONS S,KIRBY S,JONES C,et al.The geology,geochemistry,and hydrology of the EGS FORGE Site[C]∥Stanford Geothermal Workshop.Palo Alto,California,United States:Stanford University,2016,41:10.
[16]ALLIS R,GWYNN M,HARDWICK C,et al.Re-evaluation of the pre-development thermal regime of Roosevelt Hot Springs geothermal system[C]∥Stanford Geothermal Workshop.Palo Alto,California,United States:Stanford University,2015,40:12.
[17]何治亮,冯建赟,张英,等.试论中国地热单元分级分类评价体系[J].地学前缘,2017,24(3):168-179.
[18]ROBINSON R,IYER H M.Delineation of a low-velocity body under the Roosevelt Hot Springs geothermal area,Utah,using teleseismic P-wave data[J].Geophysics,1981,46(10):1456-1466.
[19]KENNEDY B M,SOEST M C V.Flow of mantle fluids through the ductile lower crust:helium isotope trends[J].Science,2007,318(5855):1433.
[20]EDWARDS C L,REITER M,SHEARER C,et al.Terrestrial heat flow and crustal radioactivity in northeastern New Mexico and southeastern Colorado[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1978,89(9):1341-1350.
[21]PANEL M L.The future of geothermal energy:impact of enhanced geothermal systems(EGS)on the United States in the 21st century[J].Geothermics,2006,17(5/6):881-882.
[22]许天福,袁益龙,姜振蛟,等.干热岩资源和增强型地热工程:国际经验和我国展望[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2016,46(4):1139-1152.
[23]翟海珍,苏正,吴能友.苏尔茨增强型地热系统的开发经验及对我国地热开发的启示[J].新能源进展,2014(4):286-294.
[24]RYBACH L.Status and prospects of geothermal energy[C]∥Proceedings of World Geothermal Congress 2010.Bali,Indonesia:Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of Indonesia,2010:25-29.
[25]BARIA R,BAUMGARTNER J,RUMMEL F,et al.HDR/HWR reservoirs:concepts,understanding and creation[J].Geothermics,1999,28(4/5):533-552.
[26]赵阳升.高温岩体地热开发导论[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.
[27]王成虎.地应力主要测试和估算方法回顾与展望[J].地质论评,2014,60(5):971-996.
[28]张佩,张海江,刘影,等.美国CoveFort-Sulphurdale地热区地震震源机制和各向异性研究[J].地震学报,2015(6):899-915.
[29]PINE R J,BATCHELOR A S.Downward migration of shearing in jointed rock during hydraulic injections[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics&Mining Sciences&Geomechanics,1984,21(5):249-263.
[30]MCCLURE M W.Fracture stimulation in enhanced geothermal systems[D].Palo Alto,California,United States:Stanford University,2009:1-72.
[31]ZIMMERMANN G,MOECK I,BLOCHER G.Cyclic waterfrac stimulation to develop an Enhanced Geothermal System(EGS):conceptual design and experimental results[J].Geothermics,2010,39(1):59-69.
[32]张森琦,贾小丰,张杨,等.黑龙江省五大连池尾山地区火山岩浆囊探测与干热岩地热地质条件分析[J].地质学报,2017,91(7):1506-1521.
[33]姜鸿才,周瑞良.青藏高原构造体系控制下的地热水分布及找热方向[R].北京:中国地质科学院562综合大队,1994.