油茶果壳固定床低氧烘焙及产物理化性质研究
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摘要
油茶果壳资源化利用是当今林业系统研究的热点问题之一。本研究将油茶果壳碎屑在固定床反应器中低氧烘焙,以期利用燃烧尾气替代氮气,在获得较佳理化性质烘焙产物的同时,降低烘焙工艺成本。试验结果表明:烘焙产物的热值随失重的提高而升高,然而能量收率表现为相反的规律。同时,烘焙产物的堆积密度则呈现先降低后升高的趋势,并在失重25.80%处达到最低值。通过成型过程提高该条件下的堆积密度,并结合含水率、能量收率和能量密度的变化规律,失重25.80%处的工艺条件(烘焙温度270℃和载气含氧量9%)有望成为工业应用的选择。
The application of Camellia oleifera Abel.shell has become one of interesting fields in forestry research of Hunan.In the present work,C.oleifera shell was torrefied in a fixed bed with carrier gas as nitrogen or mixture of nitrogen and oxygen.The objective of this work is to identify the potential issue on nitrogen replacement by those mixture,resulting in the production of higher-quality torrefied shell with lower cost.The higher heating value of torrefied shells was enhanced with weight loss increasing,while the energy yield of those was shown as an opposite trend.Meanwhile,the lowest bulk density of torrefied shell was obtained at the weight loss of 25.80%.Therefore,a pelletization process is required for that kind of torrefied shell to increase the bulk density,and consequently provided torrefaction temperature 270 ℃ and oxygen content 9% as a promising parameter for industrial application.
The application of Camellia oleifera Abel.shell has become one of interesting fields in forestry research of Hunan.In the present work,C.oleifera shell was torrefied in a fixed bed with carrier gas as nitrogen or mixture of nitrogen and oxygen.The objective of this work is to identify the potential issue on nitrogen replacement by those mixture,resulting in the production of higher-quality torrefied shell with lower cost.The higher heating value of torrefied shells was enhanced with weight loss increasing,while the energy yield of those was shown as an opposite trend.Meanwhile,the lowest bulk density of torrefied shell was obtained at the weight loss of 25.80%.Therefore,a pelletization process is required for that kind of torrefied shell to increase the bulk density,and consequently provided torrefaction temperature 270 ℃ and oxygen content 9% as a promising parameter for industrial application.
引文
[1]胡长清,欧阳硕龙,陈永忠.油茶种植效益分析及不同经营模式效益比较[J].湖南林业科技,2015,42(6):1-6.
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[5]Bergman,P.,Boersma,A.,Zwart R.Torrefaction for biomass co-firing in existing coal-fired power stations[J].Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands,ECN-C-05-013,2005.
[6]Chen,W.H.,Kuo,P.C.Torrefaction and co-torrefaction characterization of hemicellulose,cellulose and lignin as well as torrefaction of some basic constituents in biomass[J].Energy,2011,36(12):803-811.
[7]Prins M.J.,Ptasinski K.J.,Janssen F.J.J.G.Torrefaction of wood:Part 1.Weight loss kinetics[J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,2006,77(1):28-34.
[8]朱波,王贤华,杨海平,等.农业秸秆烘焙热分析[J].中国电机工程学报,2011,31(20):121-126.
[9]Lipinsky,E.S.,Arcate,J.R.,Reed,T.B.Enhanced wood fuels via torrefaction[J].Fuel,2002,4(1):408-410.
[10]Bridgeman,T.,Jones,J.,Shield,I.Torrefaction of reed canary grass,wheat straw and willow to enhance solid fuel qualities and combustion properties[J].Fuel,2008,87(6):844-856.
[11]Phanphanich,M.,Mani,S.Impact of torrefaction on the grindability and fuel characteristics of forest biomass[J].Bioresource Technology,2011,102(2):1246-1253.
[12]Chen,W.H.,Kuo,P.C.A study on torrefaction of various biomass materials and its impact on lignocellulosic structure simulated by a thermogravimetry[J].Energy,2010,3(2):2580-2586.
[13]Bridgeman,T.G.,Jones,J.M.,Williams A.An investigation of the grindability of two torrefied energy crops[J].Fuel,2010,89(12):3911-3918.
[14]Medic,D.,Darr,M.,Shah A.Effects of torrefaction press parameters on biomass feedstock upgrading[J].Fuel,2012,91(1):147-154.
[15]Watson,K.A.,Stringfellow,W.T.,Pejack,E.R.A liquid torrefication process for producing a storable,energy-dense fuel from biomass feed stock[M].Asme Power Conference,2010:21-28.
[2]陈隆升,陈永忠,彭映赫,等.草甘膦对油茶林土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响[J].湖南林业科技,2015,42(4):32-35.
[3]Li,H.,Liu,X.H.,Legros R.,et al.Pelletization of torrefied sawdust and properties of torrefied pellets[J].Applied Energy.2012,93(5):680-685.
[4]Li,H.,Liu,X.H.,Legros R.,et al.Torrefaction of sawdust in a fluidised bed reactor[J].Bioresource Technology,2012,103(1):453-458.
[5]Bergman,P.,Boersma,A.,Zwart R.Torrefaction for biomass co-firing in existing coal-fired power stations[J].Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands,ECN-C-05-013,2005.
[6]Chen,W.H.,Kuo,P.C.Torrefaction and co-torrefaction characterization of hemicellulose,cellulose and lignin as well as torrefaction of some basic constituents in biomass[J].Energy,2011,36(12):803-811.
[7]Prins M.J.,Ptasinski K.J.,Janssen F.J.J.G.Torrefaction of wood:Part 1.Weight loss kinetics[J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,2006,77(1):28-34.
[8]朱波,王贤华,杨海平,等.农业秸秆烘焙热分析[J].中国电机工程学报,2011,31(20):121-126.
[9]Lipinsky,E.S.,Arcate,J.R.,Reed,T.B.Enhanced wood fuels via torrefaction[J].Fuel,2002,4(1):408-410.
[10]Bridgeman,T.,Jones,J.,Shield,I.Torrefaction of reed canary grass,wheat straw and willow to enhance solid fuel qualities and combustion properties[J].Fuel,2008,87(6):844-856.
[11]Phanphanich,M.,Mani,S.Impact of torrefaction on the grindability and fuel characteristics of forest biomass[J].Bioresource Technology,2011,102(2):1246-1253.
[12]Chen,W.H.,Kuo,P.C.A study on torrefaction of various biomass materials and its impact on lignocellulosic structure simulated by a thermogravimetry[J].Energy,2010,3(2):2580-2586.
[13]Bridgeman,T.G.,Jones,J.M.,Williams A.An investigation of the grindability of two torrefied energy crops[J].Fuel,2010,89(12):3911-3918.
[14]Medic,D.,Darr,M.,Shah A.Effects of torrefaction press parameters on biomass feedstock upgrading[J].Fuel,2012,91(1):147-154.
[15]Watson,K.A.,Stringfellow,W.T.,Pejack,E.R.A liquid torrefication process for producing a storable,energy-dense fuel from biomass feed stock[M].Asme Power Conference,2010:21-28.