洞庭湖湿地柳属木本植物与薹草属草本植物群落土壤与水环境特征
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摘要
木本与草本是植物存在的两种主要生活型,生态功能差异明显,尤其在植物被周期性洪水淹没的湿地生态系统中.为此,以洞庭湖湿地二门闸、五门闸、藕池河口、白沙大桥4个研究点的原生柳属木本植被与薹草属草本植被为研究对象,通过对枯水期土壤理化性质与汛期水流速度、水环境的对比监测,揭示两者生态防护功能的差异.对土壤粒径组成而言,在二门闸与白沙大桥2个研究点,木本与草本植物群落土壤样本之间无显著差异;而在五门闸与藕池河,与草本植物相比,木本植物导致土壤上层(0~30 cm)与下层(60~90 cm)粉粒含量降低,砂粒含量增加,中层(30~60 cm)黏粒与粉粒含量增加,砂粒含量降低.对土壤化学性质而言,木本植物总体上导致土壤有机质与全氮含量升高,而对全磷与全钾含量无显著影响.与草本植物相比,木本植物能显著减缓水流速度,提高水体氧化还原电位与溶解氧浓度,而对水温与p H值无明显影响.可见,洞庭湖湿地木本与草本植物生活型的差异,是导致二者土壤与水环境特征差别的主要原因,与草本植物相比,木本植物具有更强的生态防护功能.
The functions of ligneous and herbaceous plants were different due to their differences in life forms,especially in wetland ecosystems in which plants were inundated by periodic flooding. In this study,two native plants of ligneous( Salix) and herbaceous( Carex) at four areas( Ermenzha,Wumenzha,Ouchihekou and Baishadaqiao) in the Lake Dongting wetlands were selected as the study objects. The physical and chemical characteristics of the soil in dry seasons,and flow velocity and water environments in flood seasons were investigated. In Ermenzha and Baishadaqiao,the compositions of soil particle-size were not significantly different between ligneous and herbaceous plant areas. However,in Wumenzha and Ouchihekou,sediments in ligneous plant area had a lower percentage of silt but a higher percentage of sand in topsoil( 0-30 cm) and subsoil( 60-90 cm),and a lower percentage of sand but higher clay and silt in medium soil( 30-60 cm) compared to sediments from the herbaceous plant areas.For soil chemical characteristics,ligneous plants were benefited to increase soil organic carbon and total nitrogen contents compared with that of herbaceous plants. Total phosphorus and total potassium from the sediments were not different between the two vegetation types. Ligneous plant areas had created lower flow velocity,higher water redox potential and higher dissolved oxygen content compared with herbaceous plant areas. However,there was no difference in water temperature and p H values between the two vegetation type areas. These data indicated that great differences in life forms contributed to different ecological functions between thetwo vegetation types: higher in ligneous plant areas and lower in herbaceous plant areas.
The functions of ligneous and herbaceous plants were different due to their differences in life forms,especially in wetland ecosystems in which plants were inundated by periodic flooding. In this study,two native plants of ligneous( Salix) and herbaceous( Carex) at four areas( Ermenzha,Wumenzha,Ouchihekou and Baishadaqiao) in the Lake Dongting wetlands were selected as the study objects. The physical and chemical characteristics of the soil in dry seasons,and flow velocity and water environments in flood seasons were investigated. In Ermenzha and Baishadaqiao,the compositions of soil particle-size were not significantly different between ligneous and herbaceous plant areas. However,in Wumenzha and Ouchihekou,sediments in ligneous plant area had a lower percentage of silt but a higher percentage of sand in topsoil( 0-30 cm) and subsoil( 60-90 cm),and a lower percentage of sand but higher clay and silt in medium soil( 30-60 cm) compared to sediments from the herbaceous plant areas.For soil chemical characteristics,ligneous plants were benefited to increase soil organic carbon and total nitrogen contents compared with that of herbaceous plants. Total phosphorus and total potassium from the sediments were not different between the two vegetation types. Ligneous plant areas had created lower flow velocity,higher water redox potential and higher dissolved oxygen content compared with herbaceous plant areas. However,there was no difference in water temperature and p H values between the two vegetation type areas. These data indicated that great differences in life forms contributed to different ecological functions between thetwo vegetation types: higher in ligneous plant areas and lower in herbaceous plant areas.
引文
[1]李忠武,郭旺,王晓燕等.南方红壤丘陵区不同土地利用方式下土壤有机碳分布特征及其与草本生物量的关系.应用生态学报,2012,23(4):867-874.
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[10]李有志,李锡泉,张灿明.洞庭湖湿地柳属木本植物变化趋势及成因.湿地科学,2014,12(5):646-649.
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[13]杨刚,谢永宏,黄继山等.洞庭湖区农田生态系统与自然生态系统中土壤养分空间分布格局的比较研究.农业现代化研究,2008,29(2):213-215.
[14]李有志,谢永宏,李峰等.洞庭湖湿地杨树人工林对土壤理化性质的影响.农业现代化研究,2014,35(2):234-239.
[15]董国涛,杨胜天,白娟等.海南岛中部山区热带天然林与人工橡胶林土壤特性对比研究.热带地理,2012,32(1):11-15.
[16]邵学新,杨文英,吴明等.杭州湾滨海湿地土壤有机碳含量及其分布格局.应用生态学报,2011,22(3):658-664.
[17]Turner BL,Engelbrecht BMJ.Soil organic phosphorus in lowland tropical rain forests.Biogeochemistry,2011,103:297-315.
[18]Nicolardot B,Recous S,Mary B.Simulation of C and N mineralisation during crop residue decomposition:A simple dynamic model based on the C∶N ratio of the residues.Plant and Soil,2001,228:83-103.
[19]袁正科.洞庭湖湿地资源与环境.长沙:湖南师范大学出版社,2008:107-108.
[20]刘旭.三峡库区消落带植物材料筛选研究[学位论文].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2008.
[21]吉红香,黄本胜,邱秀云等.滩地植物对波浪变形及消浪效果影响试验研究.广东水利水电,2008,36(8):14-18.
[22]张灿明,李锡泉,田育新等.洞庭湖湿地天然川三蕊柳林群落学特征.湖南林业科技,2008,35(6):11-12.
[23]Ziegler AD,Negishi J,Sidle RC et al.Reduction of stream sediment concentration by a riparian buffer:filtering of road runoff in disturbed headwater basin of Montane Mainland Southeast Asia.Journal of Environmental Quality,2006,35:151-162.
[24]Luoto TP,Nevalainen L,Kultti S et al.An evaluation of the influence of water depth and river inflow on quantitative Cladocera-based temperature and lake level inferences in a shallow boreal lake.Hydrobiologia,2011,676:143-154.
[25]陈鹭真,林鹏,王文卿.红树植物淹水胁迫响应研究进展.生态学报,2006,26(2):586-593.
[26]刘丽莹,付祥钊,罗志强等.小叶榕气生根气体交换特征及影响因子研究.热带亚热带植物学报,2011,19(1):45-50.
[2]薛建辉,王智,吕祥生.林木根系与土壤环境相互作用研究综述.南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2002,26(3):79-84.
[3]Jiang L,Han X,Dong N et al.Plant species effects on soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics in a temperate steppe of northern China.Plant Soil,2011,346:331-347.
[4]李锡泉,吴敏,汤玉喜.洞庭湖区防浪林林分林冠结构的研究.湖南林业科技,2007,34(1):5-7.
[5]Amandine E,Lauric C,Eric R et al.Morphological diversity of plant barriers does not increase sediment retention in eroded marly qullies under ecological restoration.Plant and Soil,2013,370:653-669.
[6]谢永宏,王克林,任勃等.洞庭湖生态环境的演变、问题及保护措施.农业现代化研究,2007,28(6):677-681.
[7]李有志,张灿明,刘芬.洞庭湖湿地水环境变化趋势及其成因分析.生态环境学报,2011,20(8/9):1295-1300.
[8]侯志勇,陈心胜,谢永宏等.洞庭湖湿地土壤种子库特征及其与地表植被的相关性.湖泊科学,2012,24(2):287-293.DOI 10.18307/2012.0218.
[9]谢永宏,陈心胜.三峡工程对洞庭湖湿地植被演替的影响.农业现代化研究,2008,29(6):684-687.
[10]李有志,李锡泉,张灿明.洞庭湖湿地柳属木本植物变化趋势及成因.湿地科学,2014,12(5):646-649.
[11]任勃,李峰,谢永宏等.洞庭湖区不同退田还湖模式下湿地植被恢复特征的比较.湖泊科学,2011,23(3):389-394.DOI 10.18307/2011.0311.
[12]Cui M,Zhou JX,Huang B.Benefit evaluation of wetlands resource with different modes of protection and utilization in the Dongting Lake region.Procedia Environmental Sciences,2012,13:2-17.
[13]杨刚,谢永宏,黄继山等.洞庭湖区农田生态系统与自然生态系统中土壤养分空间分布格局的比较研究.农业现代化研究,2008,29(2):213-215.
[14]李有志,谢永宏,李峰等.洞庭湖湿地杨树人工林对土壤理化性质的影响.农业现代化研究,2014,35(2):234-239.
[15]董国涛,杨胜天,白娟等.海南岛中部山区热带天然林与人工橡胶林土壤特性对比研究.热带地理,2012,32(1):11-15.
[16]邵学新,杨文英,吴明等.杭州湾滨海湿地土壤有机碳含量及其分布格局.应用生态学报,2011,22(3):658-664.
[17]Turner BL,Engelbrecht BMJ.Soil organic phosphorus in lowland tropical rain forests.Biogeochemistry,2011,103:297-315.
[18]Nicolardot B,Recous S,Mary B.Simulation of C and N mineralisation during crop residue decomposition:A simple dynamic model based on the C∶N ratio of the residues.Plant and Soil,2001,228:83-103.
[19]袁正科.洞庭湖湿地资源与环境.长沙:湖南师范大学出版社,2008:107-108.
[20]刘旭.三峡库区消落带植物材料筛选研究[学位论文].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2008.
[21]吉红香,黄本胜,邱秀云等.滩地植物对波浪变形及消浪效果影响试验研究.广东水利水电,2008,36(8):14-18.
[22]张灿明,李锡泉,田育新等.洞庭湖湿地天然川三蕊柳林群落学特征.湖南林业科技,2008,35(6):11-12.
[23]Ziegler AD,Negishi J,Sidle RC et al.Reduction of stream sediment concentration by a riparian buffer:filtering of road runoff in disturbed headwater basin of Montane Mainland Southeast Asia.Journal of Environmental Quality,2006,35:151-162.
[24]Luoto TP,Nevalainen L,Kultti S et al.An evaluation of the influence of water depth and river inflow on quantitative Cladocera-based temperature and lake level inferences in a shallow boreal lake.Hydrobiologia,2011,676:143-154.
[25]陈鹭真,林鹏,王文卿.红树植物淹水胁迫响应研究进展.生态学报,2006,26(2):586-593.
[26]刘丽莹,付祥钊,罗志强等.小叶榕气生根气体交换特征及影响因子研究.热带亚热带植物学报,2011,19(1):45-50.