1975—2015年阿拉善高原沙漠化过程、格局与驱动机制
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摘要
以遥感(RS)数据与地理信息系统(GIS)研究手段得到阿拉善高原1975、1990、1995、2000、2005、2010、2015年共7期的沙漠化成因类型及沙漠化程度数据。在此基础上,首先分析了阿拉善高原近40年来沙漠化成因类型及沙漠化程度的面积和分布变化;再通过沙漠化指数(ADI)定量分析出阿拉善高原沙漠化程度整体上以2000年为界,呈现先恶化后逆转的趋势;通过重心迁移模型揭示了阿拉善高原不同沙漠化类型的空间变化规律;通过空间叠合分析发现了阿拉善高原沙漠化动态变化的热点分布区域;最后通过主成分分析(PCA)定量甄别阿拉善高原沙漠化的自然及人为驱动力因素,发现近40年(特别是2000年以来),人为因素(人口压力、畜牧垦殖、植树造林、工矿开发等)是阿拉善高原沙漠化动态变化最主要的驱动因素,气候变化(降水量、气温、最大风速)则是该区域沙漠化动态变化的另一重要驱动因素。
A total of 7 dataset were obtained about genetic types and degree of aeolian desertification in 1975,1990,1995,2000,1995,2010 and 2015 in the Alxa Plateau using Remote Sensing(RS)images and Geographic Information System(GIS).We analyzed the genetic types,area and spatial distribution changing about degree of aeolian desertification in the Alxa Plateau in recent 40 years.And we investigated aeolian desertification degree in the Alxa Plateau with aeolian desertification index(ADI)quantificationally,which suggested that it was deteriorative before 2000 and then began to take a favorable turn after 2000.Besides,the spatial variation patterns about the different types of aeolian desertification was investigated by the model of center of gravity migration,and the hotspots distribution of aeolian desertification dynamics by overlay analysis in the Alxa Plateau.Finally,natural and human driving factors were quantified and identified with principal component analysis(PCA).The results showed that in recent 40 years(especially since 2000),human factors,including population pressure,animal husbandry and cultivation,afforestation,industrial and mining exploitation,were major driving factors influencing the aeolian desertification dynamics in the Alxa Plateau.Another critical driver was climate change(rainfall,temperature and the maximum wind speed)in this region.
A total of 7 dataset were obtained about genetic types and degree of aeolian desertification in 1975,1990,1995,2000,1995,2010 and 2015 in the Alxa Plateau using Remote Sensing(RS)images and Geographic Information System(GIS).We analyzed the genetic types,area and spatial distribution changing about degree of aeolian desertification in the Alxa Plateau in recent 40 years.And we investigated aeolian desertification degree in the Alxa Plateau with aeolian desertification index(ADI)quantificationally,which suggested that it was deteriorative before 2000 and then began to take a favorable turn after 2000.Besides,the spatial variation patterns about the different types of aeolian desertification was investigated by the model of center of gravity migration,and the hotspots distribution of aeolian desertification dynamics by overlay analysis in the Alxa Plateau.Finally,natural and human driving factors were quantified and identified with principal component analysis(PCA).The results showed that in recent 40 years(especially since 2000),human factors,including population pressure,animal husbandry and cultivation,afforestation,industrial and mining exploitation,were major driving factors influencing the aeolian desertification dynamics in the Alxa Plateau.Another critical driver was climate change(rainfall,temperature and the maximum wind speed)in this region.
引文
[1]王涛,朱震达.我国沙漠化研究的若干问题——1.沙漠化的概念及其内涵[J].中国沙漠,2003,23(3):209-214.
[2]王涛,赵哈林.中国沙漠科学的五十年[J].中国沙漠,2005,25(2):145-165.
[3]Wang T,Xue X,Zhou L,et al.Combating aeolian desertification in northern China[J].Land Degradation&Development,2015,26(2):118-132.
[4]王涛.中国北方沙漠与沙漠化图集[M].北京:科学出版社,2014.
[5]王涛.我国沙漠化研究的若干问题——3.沙漠化研究和防治的重点区域[J].中国沙漠,2004,24(1):1-9.
[6]朱震达,陈广庭.中国土地沙质荒漠化[M].北京:科学出版社,1994.
[7]Lavauden L.Les forêts du Sahara[M].Berger-Levrault,1927.
[8]中国科学院林业土壤研究所编译.固沙造林资料译丛(第一辑)[M].北京:科学出版社,1957.
[9]赵兴梁.内蒙呼伦贝尔沙地上樟子松林初步调查报告[J].植物生态学与地植物学丛刊,1958,1:90-180.
[10]竺可桢.改造沙漠是我们的历史任务[N].人民日报,1959-03-02.
[11]Biswas M R,Biswas A K.Desertification Associated Case Studies Prepared for the United Nations Conference on Desertification[M].New York,USA:Pergamon Press,1980.
[12]朱震达,刘恕.就历史时期沙漠化产生原因谈自然资源保护[J].环境科学,1978,3(6):29-32.
[13]张兵.当代遥感科技发展的现状与未来展望[J].中国科学院院刊,2017,32(7):774-784.
[14]国家林业局.中国荒漠化和沙化地图集[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.
[15]国家林业局.http://www.forestry.gov.cn/main/69/content-831684.html.
[16]肖生春,陈小红,丁爱军.近现代阿拉善荒漠气候变化与环境演变机制研究进展[J].中国沙漠,2017,37(6):1102-1110.
[17]姚正毅,王涛,朱开文.内蒙古阿拉善盟2000年土地沙漠化遥感监测[J].干旱区资源与环境,2008,22(5):47-51.
[18]Wang T,Yan C Z,Song X,et al.Landsat images reveal trends in the aeolian desertification in a source area for sand and dust storms in China's Alashan plateau(1975-2007)[J].Land Degradation&Development,2013,24(5):422-429.
[19]马文瑛,何磊,赵传燕.2000-2012年阿拉善盟荒漠化动态[J].兰州大学学报:自然科学版,2015,51(1):55-60.
[20]周建秀,谷雨,达来,等.阿拉善地区荒漠化遥感监测及动态变化[J].干旱区资源与环境,2014,28(1):126-130.
[21]姚正毅.阿拉善高原风沙运动与沙漠化研究[D].北京:中国科学院研究生院,2006.
[22]Yao Z Y,Wang T,Han Z W,et al.Migration of sand dunes on the northern Alxa Plateau,Inner Mongolia,China[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2007,70(1):80-93.
[23]姚正毅,王涛,杨经培,等.阿拉善高原频发沙尘暴因素分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2008,22(9):54-61.
[24]成格尔,张武文,徐凯然,等.阿拉善地区沙尘暴与土地沙漠化关系的研究[J].内蒙古农业大学学报:自然科学版,2010,31(1):35-40.
[25]龚家栋.阿拉善地区生态环境综合治理意见[J].中国沙漠,2005,25(1):98-105.
[26]武晓东,张晓东,袁帅,等.阿拉善地区人为干扰下啮齿动物群落的β多样性[J].天津师范大学学报:自然科学版,2015,35(3):160-164.
[27]中国科学院学部.内蒙古阿拉善地区生态困局与对策[J].中国科学院院刊,2009,24(3):278-282
[28]张星远.阿拉善右旗生态移民后的变迁与调适研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2015.
[29]侯仁之,俞伟超.乌兰布和沙漠的考古发现和地理环境的变迁[J].考古,1973(2):92-107.
[30]侯仁之.在居延及古阳关地区沙漠化过程考察[J].环境研究,1982,1(3):2-4.
[31]郑度.中国生态地理区域系统研究[M].北京:商务印书馆,2008.
[32]王涛,宋翔,颜长珍,等.近35a来中国北方土地沙漠化趋势的遥感分析[J].中国沙漠,2011,31(6):1351-1356.
[33]刘树林,王涛,屈建军,等.中国北方草原沙漠化发展过程及其成因分析——以内蒙古苏尼特左旗为例[J].中国沙漠,2009,29(2):206-211.
[34]张婷,段汉明,张芳.北疆城镇区域人口重心迁移研究[J].西北人口,2013(6):60-63.
[35]陈莹,胡梦可,方勇.武汉市土地利用程度和经济发展的重心迁移及耦合协调性研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2017,26(8):1131-1140.
[36]陈楠,李新国,刘彬.基于像元二分模型的开都河流域下游绿洲植被动态变化[J].山东农业大学学报:自然科学版,2017,48(2):199-202.
[37]贺志霖,俎瑞平,宗玉梅.沙漠化与气候变化相互作用机理研究进展[J].自然灾害学报,2015,24(2):128-135.
[38]万炜,魏伟,钱大文,等.土地利用/覆被变化的环境效应研究进展[J].福建农林大学学报:自然科学版,2017,46(4):361-372.
[2]王涛,赵哈林.中国沙漠科学的五十年[J].中国沙漠,2005,25(2):145-165.
[3]Wang T,Xue X,Zhou L,et al.Combating aeolian desertification in northern China[J].Land Degradation&Development,2015,26(2):118-132.
[4]王涛.中国北方沙漠与沙漠化图集[M].北京:科学出版社,2014.
[5]王涛.我国沙漠化研究的若干问题——3.沙漠化研究和防治的重点区域[J].中国沙漠,2004,24(1):1-9.
[6]朱震达,陈广庭.中国土地沙质荒漠化[M].北京:科学出版社,1994.
[7]Lavauden L.Les forêts du Sahara[M].Berger-Levrault,1927.
[8]中国科学院林业土壤研究所编译.固沙造林资料译丛(第一辑)[M].北京:科学出版社,1957.
[9]赵兴梁.内蒙呼伦贝尔沙地上樟子松林初步调查报告[J].植物生态学与地植物学丛刊,1958,1:90-180.
[10]竺可桢.改造沙漠是我们的历史任务[N].人民日报,1959-03-02.
[11]Biswas M R,Biswas A K.Desertification Associated Case Studies Prepared for the United Nations Conference on Desertification[M].New York,USA:Pergamon Press,1980.
[12]朱震达,刘恕.就历史时期沙漠化产生原因谈自然资源保护[J].环境科学,1978,3(6):29-32.
[13]张兵.当代遥感科技发展的现状与未来展望[J].中国科学院院刊,2017,32(7):774-784.
[14]国家林业局.中国荒漠化和沙化地图集[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.
[15]国家林业局.http://www.forestry.gov.cn/main/69/content-831684.html.
[16]肖生春,陈小红,丁爱军.近现代阿拉善荒漠气候变化与环境演变机制研究进展[J].中国沙漠,2017,37(6):1102-1110.
[17]姚正毅,王涛,朱开文.内蒙古阿拉善盟2000年土地沙漠化遥感监测[J].干旱区资源与环境,2008,22(5):47-51.
[18]Wang T,Yan C Z,Song X,et al.Landsat images reveal trends in the aeolian desertification in a source area for sand and dust storms in China's Alashan plateau(1975-2007)[J].Land Degradation&Development,2013,24(5):422-429.
[19]马文瑛,何磊,赵传燕.2000-2012年阿拉善盟荒漠化动态[J].兰州大学学报:自然科学版,2015,51(1):55-60.
[20]周建秀,谷雨,达来,等.阿拉善地区荒漠化遥感监测及动态变化[J].干旱区资源与环境,2014,28(1):126-130.
[21]姚正毅.阿拉善高原风沙运动与沙漠化研究[D].北京:中国科学院研究生院,2006.
[22]Yao Z Y,Wang T,Han Z W,et al.Migration of sand dunes on the northern Alxa Plateau,Inner Mongolia,China[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2007,70(1):80-93.
[23]姚正毅,王涛,杨经培,等.阿拉善高原频发沙尘暴因素分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2008,22(9):54-61.
[24]成格尔,张武文,徐凯然,等.阿拉善地区沙尘暴与土地沙漠化关系的研究[J].内蒙古农业大学学报:自然科学版,2010,31(1):35-40.
[25]龚家栋.阿拉善地区生态环境综合治理意见[J].中国沙漠,2005,25(1):98-105.
[26]武晓东,张晓东,袁帅,等.阿拉善地区人为干扰下啮齿动物群落的β多样性[J].天津师范大学学报:自然科学版,2015,35(3):160-164.
[27]中国科学院学部.内蒙古阿拉善地区生态困局与对策[J].中国科学院院刊,2009,24(3):278-282
[28]张星远.阿拉善右旗生态移民后的变迁与调适研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2015.
[29]侯仁之,俞伟超.乌兰布和沙漠的考古发现和地理环境的变迁[J].考古,1973(2):92-107.
[30]侯仁之.在居延及古阳关地区沙漠化过程考察[J].环境研究,1982,1(3):2-4.
[31]郑度.中国生态地理区域系统研究[M].北京:商务印书馆,2008.
[32]王涛,宋翔,颜长珍,等.近35a来中国北方土地沙漠化趋势的遥感分析[J].中国沙漠,2011,31(6):1351-1356.
[33]刘树林,王涛,屈建军,等.中国北方草原沙漠化发展过程及其成因分析——以内蒙古苏尼特左旗为例[J].中国沙漠,2009,29(2):206-211.
[34]张婷,段汉明,张芳.北疆城镇区域人口重心迁移研究[J].西北人口,2013(6):60-63.
[35]陈莹,胡梦可,方勇.武汉市土地利用程度和经济发展的重心迁移及耦合协调性研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2017,26(8):1131-1140.
[36]陈楠,李新国,刘彬.基于像元二分模型的开都河流域下游绿洲植被动态变化[J].山东农业大学学报:自然科学版,2017,48(2):199-202.
[37]贺志霖,俎瑞平,宗玉梅.沙漠化与气候变化相互作用机理研究进展[J].自然灾害学报,2015,24(2):128-135.
[38]万炜,魏伟,钱大文,等.土地利用/覆被变化的环境效应研究进展[J].福建农林大学学报:自然科学版,2017,46(4):361-372.