基于离心机振动台模型试验的面板堆石坝地震响应研究
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摘要
本文开展了竣工期、蓄水期面板堆石坝地震响应的一系列离心机振动台模型试验,重点探究了地震过程中面板应力的演进规律及破坏模式。试验结果表明,面板应力的演进规律与其地震动历史有关。当作用于坝体的地震动峰值或Arias强度高于其所经历的地震动时,无论在竣工期还是蓄水期,面板外表面压应力增量随时间逐渐增大,而内表面拉应力增量逐渐发展;当作用于坝体的地震动峰值与其经历的最大地震动相比较弱时,面板应力总体趋势的变化主要体现在内表面拉应力增量的发展,而其外表面压应力增量的发展较为微弱。另外,同一高程处的面板应力响应随地震动峰值或Arias强度而增大,与地震动峰值或Arias强度对堆石区变形的影响相一致。地震过程中坝坡破坏模式以浅层滑动为主。研究成果将为完善面板堆石坝的抗震设计、优化抗震加固措施提供一定的理论基础与技术支撑。
This study aims to examine the stress evolution in the face slab during shaking and its failure mode under earthquakes. To achieve this,a series of dynamic centrifuge tests were carried out. The experimental results indicate that compressional and tensional stress increments are developed in the outer and inner faces of the slabs,respectively. Meanwhile,the response of the stress in the face slab becomes stronger for a larger PGA or Arias Intensity,which is related to the effect of PGA or Arias Intensity on the rock-fill deformation. Moreover,there is minor compressional stress increment on the outer face if the dam has experienced a relatively large earthquake. Shallow surface sliding is shown to be the main failure mode under earthquakes. The experimental results can provide theoretical basis and technical support for the improvement of the seismic design and seismic measure.
This study aims to examine the stress evolution in the face slab during shaking and its failure mode under earthquakes. To achieve this,a series of dynamic centrifuge tests were carried out. The experimental results indicate that compressional and tensional stress increments are developed in the outer and inner faces of the slabs,respectively. Meanwhile,the response of the stress in the face slab becomes stronger for a larger PGA or Arias Intensity,which is related to the effect of PGA or Arias Intensity on the rock-fill deformation. Moreover,there is minor compressional stress increment on the outer face if the dam has experienced a relatively large earthquake. Shallow surface sliding is shown to be the main failure mode under earthquakes. The experimental results can provide theoretical basis and technical support for the improvement of the seismic design and seismic measure.
引文
[1]王柏乐.中国当代土石坝工程[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2004.
[2]潘家军,饶锡保,张计,等.超宽河谷上面板堆石坝地震响应特性分析[J].世界地震工程,2010,26(S1):301-304.
[3]徐泽平.当代高堆石坝建设的关键技术及岩土工程问题[J].岩土工程学报,2011,33(S1):34-40.
[4]刘小生,王钟宁,赵剑明,等.面板堆石坝振动模型试验及动力分析研究[J].水利学报,2002(2):29-35.
[5]郦能惠,杨泽艳.中国混凝土面板堆石坝的技术进步[J].岩土工程学报,2012,34(8):1361-1368.
[6]钮新强.高面板堆石坝安全与思考[J].水力发电学报,2017,36(1):104-111.
[7]韩国城,孔宪京.混凝土面板堆石坝抗震研究进展[J].大连理工大学学报,1996,36(6):708-720.
[8]赵剑明,汪闻韶.关于水利工程震害及抗震研究的几点思考[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2000,40(S1):91-95.
[9]陈生水,霍家平,章为民.“5·12”汶川地震对紫坪铺混凝土面板坝的影响及原因分析[J].岩土工程学报,2008,30(6):795-801.
[10] CHEN S S,HAN H Q. Impact of the‘5·12’Wenchuan earthquake on Zipingpu concrete face rock-fill dam and its analysis[J]. Geomechanics and Geoengineering:An International Journal,2009,4(4):299-306.
[11] GUAN Z C. Investigation of the 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake damages to the Zipingpu Water Control Project and an assessment of its safety state[J].中国科学(技术科学),2009,52(4):820-834.
[12]宋胜武,蔡德文.汶川大地震紫坪铺混凝土面板堆石坝震害现象与变形监测分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(4):840-849.
[13] BAYRAKTAR A,HACIEFENDIOGLU K,MUVAFIK M. Asynchronous seismic analysis of concrete-faced rockfill dams includin[J]. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering,2005,32(5):940-947.
[14] SEIPHOORI A,HAERI S M,KARIMI M. Three-dimensional nonlinear seismic analysis of concrete faced rockfill dams subjected to scattered P,SV,and SH waves considering the dam-foundation interaction effects[J]. Soil Dynamics&Earthquake Engineering,2011,31(5/6):792-804.
[15] DAKOULAS P. Nonlinear seismic response of tall concrete-faced rockfill dams in narrow canyons[J]. Soil Dynamics&Earthquake Engineering,2012,34(1):11-24.
[16]邹德高,韩慧超,孔宪京,等.近断层脉冲型地震动作用下面板堆石坝的动力响应[J].水利学报,2017,48(1):78-85.
[17]孔宪京,韩国城.防渗面板对堆石坝体自振特性的影响[J].大连理工大学学报,1989(5):583-588.
[18]韩国城,孔宪京.面板堆石坝动力破坏性态及抗震措施试验研究[J].水利学报,1990(5):61-67.
[19]姜朴,汤书明.土石坝模型动力试验与计算[J].水利学报,1992(2):53-57.
[20]沈凤生,陈慧远.混凝土面板堆石坝动力稳定分析[J].郑州工学院学报,1991(3):1-7.
[21]王年香,章为民.混凝土面板堆石坝地震反应离心模型试验[J].水利水运工程学报,2003(1):18-22.
[22]程嵩,张建民.面板堆石坝震动响应及变形规律的试验研究[J].工程力学,2012,29(8):80-86.
[23]程嵩,张建民.面板堆石坝的动力离心模型试验研究[J].地震工程与工程振动,2011,31(2):98-102.
[24] KIM M K,LEE S H,YUN W C,et al. Seismic behaviors of earth-core and concrete-faced rock-fill dams by dynamic centrifuge tests[J]. Soil Dynamics&Earthquake Engineering,2011,31(11):1579-1593.
[25]侯瑜京.土工离心机振动台及其试验技术[J].中国水利水电科学研究院学报,2006,4(1):15-22.
[26]张雪东,侯瑜京,梁建辉,等.离心机振动台输入输出波相似程度评价方法研究[J].长江科学院院报,2012,29(3):79-83.
[27] SEED H B,WONG R T,IDRISS I M,et al. Moduli and damping factors for dynamic analyses of cohesionless soils[J]. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1986,112(11):1016-1032.
[28]国家能源局.水电工程水工建筑物抗震设计规范(NB 35047-2015)[S].北京:中国电力出版社,2015.
[29] EI-SEKELLY W,DOBRY R,ABDOUN T,et al. Centrifuge modeling of the effect of preshaking on the liquefaction resistance of silty sand deposits[J]. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,2016,142(6):04016012.
[2]潘家军,饶锡保,张计,等.超宽河谷上面板堆石坝地震响应特性分析[J].世界地震工程,2010,26(S1):301-304.
[3]徐泽平.当代高堆石坝建设的关键技术及岩土工程问题[J].岩土工程学报,2011,33(S1):34-40.
[4]刘小生,王钟宁,赵剑明,等.面板堆石坝振动模型试验及动力分析研究[J].水利学报,2002(2):29-35.
[5]郦能惠,杨泽艳.中国混凝土面板堆石坝的技术进步[J].岩土工程学报,2012,34(8):1361-1368.
[6]钮新强.高面板堆石坝安全与思考[J].水力发电学报,2017,36(1):104-111.
[7]韩国城,孔宪京.混凝土面板堆石坝抗震研究进展[J].大连理工大学学报,1996,36(6):708-720.
[8]赵剑明,汪闻韶.关于水利工程震害及抗震研究的几点思考[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2000,40(S1):91-95.
[9]陈生水,霍家平,章为民.“5·12”汶川地震对紫坪铺混凝土面板坝的影响及原因分析[J].岩土工程学报,2008,30(6):795-801.
[10] CHEN S S,HAN H Q. Impact of the‘5·12’Wenchuan earthquake on Zipingpu concrete face rock-fill dam and its analysis[J]. Geomechanics and Geoengineering:An International Journal,2009,4(4):299-306.
[11] GUAN Z C. Investigation of the 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake damages to the Zipingpu Water Control Project and an assessment of its safety state[J].中国科学(技术科学),2009,52(4):820-834.
[12]宋胜武,蔡德文.汶川大地震紫坪铺混凝土面板堆石坝震害现象与变形监测分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(4):840-849.
[13] BAYRAKTAR A,HACIEFENDIOGLU K,MUVAFIK M. Asynchronous seismic analysis of concrete-faced rockfill dams includin[J]. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering,2005,32(5):940-947.
[14] SEIPHOORI A,HAERI S M,KARIMI M. Three-dimensional nonlinear seismic analysis of concrete faced rockfill dams subjected to scattered P,SV,and SH waves considering the dam-foundation interaction effects[J]. Soil Dynamics&Earthquake Engineering,2011,31(5/6):792-804.
[15] DAKOULAS P. Nonlinear seismic response of tall concrete-faced rockfill dams in narrow canyons[J]. Soil Dynamics&Earthquake Engineering,2012,34(1):11-24.
[16]邹德高,韩慧超,孔宪京,等.近断层脉冲型地震动作用下面板堆石坝的动力响应[J].水利学报,2017,48(1):78-85.
[17]孔宪京,韩国城.防渗面板对堆石坝体自振特性的影响[J].大连理工大学学报,1989(5):583-588.
[18]韩国城,孔宪京.面板堆石坝动力破坏性态及抗震措施试验研究[J].水利学报,1990(5):61-67.
[19]姜朴,汤书明.土石坝模型动力试验与计算[J].水利学报,1992(2):53-57.
[20]沈凤生,陈慧远.混凝土面板堆石坝动力稳定分析[J].郑州工学院学报,1991(3):1-7.
[21]王年香,章为民.混凝土面板堆石坝地震反应离心模型试验[J].水利水运工程学报,2003(1):18-22.
[22]程嵩,张建民.面板堆石坝震动响应及变形规律的试验研究[J].工程力学,2012,29(8):80-86.
[23]程嵩,张建民.面板堆石坝的动力离心模型试验研究[J].地震工程与工程振动,2011,31(2):98-102.
[24] KIM M K,LEE S H,YUN W C,et al. Seismic behaviors of earth-core and concrete-faced rock-fill dams by dynamic centrifuge tests[J]. Soil Dynamics&Earthquake Engineering,2011,31(11):1579-1593.
[25]侯瑜京.土工离心机振动台及其试验技术[J].中国水利水电科学研究院学报,2006,4(1):15-22.
[26]张雪东,侯瑜京,梁建辉,等.离心机振动台输入输出波相似程度评价方法研究[J].长江科学院院报,2012,29(3):79-83.
[27] SEED H B,WONG R T,IDRISS I M,et al. Moduli and damping factors for dynamic analyses of cohesionless soils[J]. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1986,112(11):1016-1032.
[28]国家能源局.水电工程水工建筑物抗震设计规范(NB 35047-2015)[S].北京:中国电力出版社,2015.
[29] EI-SEKELLY W,DOBRY R,ABDOUN T,et al. Centrifuge modeling of the effect of preshaking on the liquefaction resistance of silty sand deposits[J]. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,2016,142(6):04016012.