海上风能资源测量及评估中几个关键问题分析
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摘要
海上风能资源的有效测量及合理评估是项目开发的基础。目前,海上风能资源测量及评估方面的研究及规范较少,且其测量环境与陆地差异较大,导致测量和评估有一定难度。适宜的测量高度以及合理的支臂朝向设置是获得有效测量数据的关键。海上测风塔测量环境应与风电场相似,需结合地形具体分析岛礁测风塔的测量高度。为便于塔影效应分析,建议在海上测风塔垂直主导风向的支臂安装两套风速仪。塔影分析与50年一遇最大风速计算是海上风能资源评估的重要问题。考虑到塔体结构差异,海上测风塔塔影效应分析方法与陆地测风塔有所不同。由于海上测风塔与气象站距离较远、观测环境不同,计算50年一遇最大风速宜采用大风过程相关法。
Effective measurement and reasonable assessment of offshore wind energy resources is the basis for project development. At present, there are few studies and norms related to the measurement and assessment of offshore wind energy resources, and the measurement environment of offshore wind resources is quite different from land, which makes measurement and evaluation difficult. Appropriate measurement height and reasonable arm orientation are the key to obtaining effective measurement data. The location of the offshore wind tower should be similar to the wind farm area,and the measurement height of an island reef tower should be considered with the terrain analysis. An offshore wind tower requires at least two sets of anemometers to be mounted on the vertical arms, which are perpendicular to the dominant wind direction. Tower shadow analysis and the calculation of extreme 10-minute average wind speed with a recurrence period of 50 years is an important issue in offshore wind energy resources assessment. Considering the difference in tower structure, the analysis method of the tower shadow effect of the offshore wind tower is different from that of the land wind tower. Since the offshore wind tower is far away from the meteorological station,adding that the observation environment is different, it is better to use the extreme wind process related method to calculate the maximum wind speed in 50 years.
Effective measurement and reasonable assessment of offshore wind energy resources is the basis for project development. At present, there are few studies and norms related to the measurement and assessment of offshore wind energy resources, and the measurement environment of offshore wind resources is quite different from land, which makes measurement and evaluation difficult. Appropriate measurement height and reasonable arm orientation are the key to obtaining effective measurement data. The location of the offshore wind tower should be similar to the wind farm area,and the measurement height of an island reef tower should be considered with the terrain analysis. An offshore wind tower requires at least two sets of anemometers to be mounted on the vertical arms, which are perpendicular to the dominant wind direction. Tower shadow analysis and the calculation of extreme 10-minute average wind speed with a recurrence period of 50 years is an important issue in offshore wind energy resources assessment. Considering the difference in tower structure, the analysis method of the tower shadow effect of the offshore wind tower is different from that of the land wind tower. Since the offshore wind tower is far away from the meteorological station,adding that the observation environment is different, it is better to use the extreme wind process related method to calculate the maximum wind speed in 50 years.
引文
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[27]王国松,高山红,吴彬贵,等.我国近海风能资源分布特征分析[J].海洋科学进展,2014,32(1):21-29.Wang Guosong,Gao Shanhong,Wu Bingui,et al.Distribution features of wind energy resources in the offshore areas of China[J].Advanced in Marine Science,2014,32(1):21-29(in Chinese).
[28]袁春红,薛桁,杨振斌.近海区域风速数值模拟试验分析[J].太阳能学报,2004,25(6):740-743.Yuan Chunhong,Xue Heng,Yang Zhenbin,et al.A numerical modeling study for offshore wind speed[J].Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,2004,25(6):740-743(in Chinese).
[29]李晓燕,余志.基于MM5的沿海风资源数值模拟方法研究[J].太阳能学报,2005,26(3):400-408.Li Xiaoyan,Yu Zhi.Wind resource modeling for the coast of China using MM5[J].Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,2005,26(3):400-408(in Chinese).
[30]冯双磊,王伟胜,刘纯,等.NCEP/NCAR再分析数据在风能资源评估中的应用研究[J].资源科学,2009,31(7):1233-1237.Feng Shuanglei,Wang Weisheng,Liu Chun,et al.The application of NCEP/NAAR reanalysis data to the assessment of the wind resource[J].Resource Science,2009,31(7):1233-1237(in Chinese).
[31]国家能源局.海上风电场风能资源测量及海洋水文观测规范:NB/T 31029-2012[S].北京:中国电力出版社,2013.
[32]Mathisen J P.Measurement of wind profile with a buoy mounted lidar[J].Energy,2013:1:10.
[33]国家能源局.风电场工程风能资源测量与评估技术规范:NB/T 31147-2018[S].北京:中国电力出版社,2018.
[34]International Electrotechnical Commission.Wind energy generation systems-part 1:design requirements:IEC 61400-1:2017[S].Geneva:IEC,2017.
[35]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.风力发电机组设计要求:GB/T18451.1-2012/IEC 61400-1:2005[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2012.
[36]Pierik J T G,Dekker J W M,Braam H,et al.European wind turbine standards II(EWTS-II)[J].Phys.rev.a,1999,75(5):497-500.
[37]中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部,中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.建筑结构荷载规范:GB 5009-2012[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2012.
[38]高梓淇,张秀芝,孙即霖.五十年一遇最大风速计算方法比较[J].风能,2014(4):70-75.Gao Ziqi,Zhang Xiuzhi,Sun Jilin.Comparison of the maximum wind speed calculation in fifty years[J].Wind Energy,2014(4):70-75(in Chinese).
[39]黄勇.风电场50年一遇最大风速计算方法的探讨[J].电力勘测设计,2016(S2):194-197.Huang Yong.Calculation method of maximum wind speed in 50 years returen period for wind farm[J].Electric Power Survey and Design,2016(S2):194-197(in Chinese).
[40]呼津华,王相明.风电场不同高度的50年一遇最大和极大风速估算[J].应用气象学报,2009,20(1):108-113.Hu Jinhua,Wang Xiangming.A method for estimating the extreme 10 minute average and 3 second wind speed with a recurrence period of 50 years at the different height in a wind farm[J].Journal of Applied Meteorological Science.2009,20(1):108-113(in Chinese).
[2]Global Wind Energy Council.Global wind report-2017[R].Brussels:GWEC,2017:8-53.
[3]倪云林,辛华龙,刘勇.我国海上风电的发展与技术现状分析[J].能源工程,2009(4):21-25.Ni Yunlin,Xin Hualong,Liu Yong.Analysis on the development and present technology status[J].Energy Engineering,2009(4):21-25(in Chinese).
[4]Haslett J,Raftery A E.Space-time modelling with longmemory dependence:assessing Ireland’s wind power resource[J].Applied Statistics,1989:1-50.
[5]Pimenta F,Kempton W,Garvine R.Combining meteorological stations and satellite data to evaluate the offshore wind power resource of Southeastern Brazil[J].Renewable Energy,2008,33(11):2375-2387.
[6]Sempreviva A M,Barthelmie R J,Pryor S C.Review of methodologies for offshore wind resource assessment in European seas[J].Surveys in Geophysics,2008,29(6):471-497.
[7]Al-Yahyai S,Charabi Y,Gastli A.Review of the use of numerical weather prediction(NWP)models for wind energy assessment[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2010,14(9):3192-3198.
[8]Zhang J,Draxl C,Hopson T,et al.Comparison of numerical weather prediction based deterministic and probabilistic wind resource assessment methods[J].Applied Energy,2015,156:528-541.
[9]Jimenez B,Durante F,Lange B,et al.Offshore wind resource assessment with WAsP and MM5:comparative study for the German Bight[J].Wind Energy:An International Journal for Progress and Applications in Wind Power Conversion Technology,2007,10(2):121-134.
[10]Hasager C B,Barthelmie R J,Christiansen M B,et al.Quantifying offshore wind resources from satellite wind maps:study area the North Sea[J].Wind Energy:An International Journal for Progress and Applications in Wind Power Conversion Technology,2006,9(1‐2):63-74.
[11]Hasager C B,Nielsen M,Astrup P,et al.Offshore wind resource estimation from satellite SAR wind field maps[J].Wind Energy:An International Journal for Progress and Applications in Wind Power Conversion Technology,2005,8(4):403-419.
[12]Yim S H L,Fung J C H,Lau A K H,et al.Developing a high‐resolution wind map for a complex terrain with a coupled MM5/CALMET system[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2007,112:D05106.
[13]Elkinton,M.R.,Rogers,A.L.,Mcgowan,J.G.An investigation of wind-shear models and experimental data trends for different terrains[J].Wind Engineering,2006,30(4):341-350.
[14]彭怀午,冯长青,包紫光.风资源评价中风切变指数的研究[J].可再生能源,2010,28(1):21-23.Peng Huaiwu,Feng Changqing,Bao Ziguang.Study on the wind shear exponent for wind resource assessment[J].Renewable Energy Resources,2010,28(1):21-23(in Chinese).
[15]徐宝清,吴婷婷,李文慧.风资源评估中风切变指数的研究[J].内蒙古工业大学学报,2014,33(2):99-104.Xu Baoqing,Wu Tingting,Li Wenhui.Research on the wind sheer exponent for wind resource assessment[J].Journal of Inner Mongolia University of Technology,2014,33(2):99-104(in Chinese).
[16]Yang Z,Liu Y,Li C.Interpolation of missing wind data based on ANFIS[J].Renewable Energy,2011,36(3):993-998.
[17]Goodin W R,McRa G J,Seinfeld J H.A comparison of interpolation methods for sparse data:application to wind and concentration fields[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,1979,18(6):761-771.
[18]刘霄,赖旭,郑付明.基于再分析数据的测风数据插补方法[J].华中科技大学学报(自然科学版),2017,45(7):78-83.Liu Xiao,Lai Xu,Zheng Fuming.Analysis of the interpolation method for wind speed data based on reanalysis data[J]Huazhong Uni.Of Sci.&Tech.(Natural Science Edition),2017,45(7):78-83(in Chinese).
[19]秦琼,刘树洁,赖旭,等.GA优化ELM神经网络的风电场测风数据插补[J].太阳能学报,2018,39(8):2125-2132.Qin Qiong,Liu Shujie,Lai Xu,et al.Interpolation of wind speed data in wind farm based on GA optimized ELM neural network[J].Acta Energiae Solarsis Sinica,2018,39(8):2125-2132(in Chinese).
[20]Sheppard C J R.Analysis of the measure-correlate-predict methodology for wind resource assessment[D].Arcata:Humboldt State University,2009.
[21]Lackner M A,Rogers A L,Manwell J F.Uncertainty analysis in MCP-based wind resource assessment and energy production estimation[J].Journal of solar energy engineering,2008,130(3):031006.
[22]张双益,王益群,吕宙安,等.利用MERRA数据对测风数据进行代表年订正的研究[J].可再生能源,2014,32(1):58-62.Zhang Shuangyi,Wang Yiqun,Lyu Zhouan,et al.Correctiong error of representative year for wind measurement data using MERRA data[J].Renewable Energy Resources,2014,32(1):58-62(in Chinese).
[23]International Electrotechnical Commission.Wind energy generation systems-part 12-1:power performance measurements of electricity producing wind turbines:IEC61400-12-1:2017[S].Geneva:IEC,2017.
[24]靳晶新,叶林,吴丹曼,等.风能资源评估方法综述[J].电力建设,2017,38(4):1-8.Jin Jingxin,Ye Lin,Wu Danman,et al.Review of wind energy assessment methods[J].Electric Power Construction,2017,38(4):1-8(in Chinese).
[25]朱瑞兆,薛桁.我国风能资源[J].太阳能学报,1981(2):3-10.Zhu Ruizhao,Xue Heng,The wind energy resources in China[J].Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,1981(2):3-10(in Chinese).
[26]朱瑞兆,薛桁.风能的计算和我国风能的分布[J].气象,1981,7(8):26-28.Zhu Ruizhao,Xue Heng.Wind power calculation and the distribution of wind power in China[J].Meteorological Monthly,1981,7(8):26-28(in Chinese).
[27]王国松,高山红,吴彬贵,等.我国近海风能资源分布特征分析[J].海洋科学进展,2014,32(1):21-29.Wang Guosong,Gao Shanhong,Wu Bingui,et al.Distribution features of wind energy resources in the offshore areas of China[J].Advanced in Marine Science,2014,32(1):21-29(in Chinese).
[28]袁春红,薛桁,杨振斌.近海区域风速数值模拟试验分析[J].太阳能学报,2004,25(6):740-743.Yuan Chunhong,Xue Heng,Yang Zhenbin,et al.A numerical modeling study for offshore wind speed[J].Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,2004,25(6):740-743(in Chinese).
[29]李晓燕,余志.基于MM5的沿海风资源数值模拟方法研究[J].太阳能学报,2005,26(3):400-408.Li Xiaoyan,Yu Zhi.Wind resource modeling for the coast of China using MM5[J].Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,2005,26(3):400-408(in Chinese).
[30]冯双磊,王伟胜,刘纯,等.NCEP/NCAR再分析数据在风能资源评估中的应用研究[J].资源科学,2009,31(7):1233-1237.Feng Shuanglei,Wang Weisheng,Liu Chun,et al.The application of NCEP/NAAR reanalysis data to the assessment of the wind resource[J].Resource Science,2009,31(7):1233-1237(in Chinese).
[31]国家能源局.海上风电场风能资源测量及海洋水文观测规范:NB/T 31029-2012[S].北京:中国电力出版社,2013.
[32]Mathisen J P.Measurement of wind profile with a buoy mounted lidar[J].Energy,2013:1:10.
[33]国家能源局.风电场工程风能资源测量与评估技术规范:NB/T 31147-2018[S].北京:中国电力出版社,2018.
[34]International Electrotechnical Commission.Wind energy generation systems-part 1:design requirements:IEC 61400-1:2017[S].Geneva:IEC,2017.
[35]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.风力发电机组设计要求:GB/T18451.1-2012/IEC 61400-1:2005[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2012.
[36]Pierik J T G,Dekker J W M,Braam H,et al.European wind turbine standards II(EWTS-II)[J].Phys.rev.a,1999,75(5):497-500.
[37]中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部,中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.建筑结构荷载规范:GB 5009-2012[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2012.
[38]高梓淇,张秀芝,孙即霖.五十年一遇最大风速计算方法比较[J].风能,2014(4):70-75.Gao Ziqi,Zhang Xiuzhi,Sun Jilin.Comparison of the maximum wind speed calculation in fifty years[J].Wind Energy,2014(4):70-75(in Chinese).
[39]黄勇.风电场50年一遇最大风速计算方法的探讨[J].电力勘测设计,2016(S2):194-197.Huang Yong.Calculation method of maximum wind speed in 50 years returen period for wind farm[J].Electric Power Survey and Design,2016(S2):194-197(in Chinese).
[40]呼津华,王相明.风电场不同高度的50年一遇最大和极大风速估算[J].应用气象学报,2009,20(1):108-113.Hu Jinhua,Wang Xiangming.A method for estimating the extreme 10 minute average and 3 second wind speed with a recurrence period of 50 years at the different height in a wind farm[J].Journal of Applied Meteorological Science.2009,20(1):108-113(in Chinese).