甘肃省雷暴气候特征及其环流成因分析
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摘要
利用1981-2013年甘肃省80个地面气象站点的雷暴观测资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了近33 a甘肃省雷暴的气候变化特征及其环流成因.结果表明,甘肃省年均雷暴次数呈现南多北少的空间分布特征和显著下降的时间变化趋势.小波分析结果显示,甘肃省雷暴存在"单周振荡"的年内变化周期和3 a左右的年际变化周期.经验正交函数分析结果表明,甘肃省雷暴日第1模态为全省一致型,第2模态为东西反相型.对影响雷暴发生的大尺度环流因子进行分析,发现在甘肃年均雷暴日高值年,中高纬度经向环流、西风带以及东亚夏季风均偏强,甘肃大部地区水汽辐合加强,雷暴增多;在低值年环流形势则相反;由于甘肃西部主要受西风带影响,东南部主要受东亚夏季风影响,使得东、西部地区具有截然不同的水汽输送条件,导致甘肃雷暴日数出现"东西反相"的分布特征.青藏高原对中国西北地区动力、热力作用的影响也是甘肃年均雷暴数呈"东西反相"的重要原因.
The climate statistics on thunderstorms in Gansu Province and their atmospheric circulations were analyzed by using the thunderstorm data collected at 80 meteorological stations in Gansu and also NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data during 1981-2013. The results showed that the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of average annual thunderstorm days presented a decreasing trend from southern to northern Gansu and an obviously linear decreasing trend during the recent 33 years. A seasonal period characterized as "single-week oscillation" and an interannual variation oscillation period of nearly 3 a were observed through a wavelet analysis of the thunderstorm days in the province. An EOF analysis of the thunderstorm days was also conducted, showing that the first eigenvector distribution was of a uniform pattern in the whole province, while the second eigenvector presented an opposite phase between easternand western Gansu. In order to investigate the climatic causes for thunderstorm in Gansu, we have also analyzed the related atmospheric circulation and water vapor and found that the meridional circulations on the mid-high latitude, westerly belt, East Asian monsoon and the moisture flux divergence during the years with high thunderstorm days were stronger than those during the normal years, and vice versa.Because western Gansu was mainly influenced by the westerly belt and the southeast was mainly influenced by the East Asian monsoon, the water vapor transport over western Gansu was very different from that over the southeast, which caused the opposite phase of the average annual thunderstorm days between eastern and western areas. The effects of dynamics and thermodynamics of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau on northwest China also led to an opposite phase between east and west areas in Gansu Province.
The climate statistics on thunderstorms in Gansu Province and their atmospheric circulations were analyzed by using the thunderstorm data collected at 80 meteorological stations in Gansu and also NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data during 1981-2013. The results showed that the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of average annual thunderstorm days presented a decreasing trend from southern to northern Gansu and an obviously linear decreasing trend during the recent 33 years. A seasonal period characterized as "single-week oscillation" and an interannual variation oscillation period of nearly 3 a were observed through a wavelet analysis of the thunderstorm days in the province. An EOF analysis of the thunderstorm days was also conducted, showing that the first eigenvector distribution was of a uniform pattern in the whole province, while the second eigenvector presented an opposite phase between easternand western Gansu. In order to investigate the climatic causes for thunderstorm in Gansu, we have also analyzed the related atmospheric circulation and water vapor and found that the meridional circulations on the mid-high latitude, westerly belt, East Asian monsoon and the moisture flux divergence during the years with high thunderstorm days were stronger than those during the normal years, and vice versa.Because western Gansu was mainly influenced by the westerly belt and the southeast was mainly influenced by the East Asian monsoon, the water vapor transport over western Gansu was very different from that over the southeast, which caused the opposite phase of the average annual thunderstorm days between eastern and western areas. The effects of dynamics and thermodynamics of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau on northwest China also led to an opposite phase between east and west areas in Gansu Province.
引文
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[13]张春松,杨晓玲,刘蓉,等.甘肃武威市雷暴天气时空分布特征[J].干旱气象, 2015, 33(4):659-665.
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[16]靳永才,高卫东,刘扬,等.甘肃省天水市雷暴日数时空特征分析[J].甘肃科技, 2014, 30(18):46-48.
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[20]赵汉光.我国降水振荡周期特征的初步分析[J].大气科学, 1986, 10(4):426-430.
[21]李栋梁,谢金南,王蕾,等.甘肃河东年降水量的周期变化[J].高原气象, 2000, 19(3):295-303.
[22]郭可义,刘勇,李平,等.大气短周期振荡与低涡活动及陕西降水的关系[J].陕西气象, 1995(1):5-10.
[23]黄玉霞,李栋梁,王宝鉴,等.西北地区近40年年降水异常的时空特征分析[J].高原气象, 2004, 23(2):245-252.
[24]王宝鉴,黄玉霞,陶健红,等.西北地区大气水汽的区域分布特征及其变化[J].冰川冻土, 2006, 28(1):15-21.
[25]郭其蕴,蔡静宁,邵雪梅,等.东亚夏季风的年代际变率对中国气候的影响[J].地理学报, 2003, 58(4):569-576.
[26]张存杰,谢金南,李栋梁,等.东亚季风对西北地区干旱气候的影响[J].高原气象, 2002, 21(2):193-198.
[27]李栋梁,谢金南,王文.中国西北夏季降水特征及其异常研究[J].大气科学, 1997, 21(3):76-85.
[28]白虎志,谢金南.青藏高原季风对西北降水影响的相关分析[J].甘肃气象, 2000, 18(2):10-12.
[29]王宝鉴,黄玉霞,何金海,等.东亚夏季风期间水汽输送与西北干旱的关系[J].高原气象, 2004, 23(6):912-918.
[30]王可丽,江灏,赵红岩.西风带与季风对中国西北地区的水汽输送[J].水科学进展, 2005, 16(3):432-438.
[2]刘晓东,张其林,冯旭宇,等.内蒙古地区雷暴活动特征分析[J].自然灾害学报, 2010, 19(2):119-124.
[3]霍广勇,江远安,史红政,等. 1961-2010年新疆雷暴时空分布及其变化特征[J].冰川冻土, 2013, 35(5):1156-1164.
[4]杨晓玲,陈玲,刘蓉,等.河西走廊东部雷暴灾害时空分布特征及短时临近预报[J].干旱区地理, 2015, 38(2):223-231.
[5]李桑,龚道溢. 1980-2010年中国南方雷暴频次的统计特征及其变化[J].高原气象, 2015, 34(2):503-514.
[6]张敏锋,冯霞.我国雷暴天气的气候特征[J].热带气象学报, 1998, 14(2):156-162.
[7]林建,曲晓波.中国雷电事件的时空分布特征[J].气象,2008, 34(11):22-30.
[8]王学良,余田野,汪姿荷,等. 1961-2013年中国雷暴气候特征及东亚夏季风影响研究[J].暴雨灾害, 2016,35(5):471-481.
[9]陈思蓉,朱伟军,周兵.中国雷暴气候分布特征及变化趋势[J].大气科学学报, 2009, 32(5):703-710.
[10]巩崇水,曾淑玲,王嘉媛,等.近30年中国雷暴天气气候特征分析[J].高原气象, 2013, 32(5):1442-1449.
[11] Zhang Lin-lin, Sun Jian-hua, Wei Jie. Thunder events in China:1980-2008[J]. Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 2010, 3(4):181-188.
[12]王宝鉴,刘维成,黄玉霞,等. 1961-2011年甘肃雷暴气候分布特征及变化趋势[J].中国沙漠, 2015, 35(5):1346-1352.
[13]张春松,杨晓玲,刘蓉,等.甘肃武威市雷暴天气时空分布特征[J].干旱气象, 2015, 33(4):659-665.
[14]景怀玺,石圆圆,白虎志.甘肃中部雷暴天气变化的气候特征分析[J].干旱气象, 2007, 25(1):53-57.
[15]王建兵.甘南高原雷暴的气候特征[J].干旱气象,2007, 25(4):51-55.
[16]靳永才,高卫东,刘扬,等.甘肃省天水市雷暴日数时空特征分析[J].甘肃科技, 2014, 30(18):46-48.
[17] Kalnay E, Kanamitsu M, Kistler R, et al. The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project[J]. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 1996, 77(3):437-471.
[18]纪晓玲,王式功,穆建华,等.宁夏雷暴天气过程划分及环流分型和环境场特征[J].应用气象学报, 2010,21(3):329-334.
[19]中国建筑标准设计研究院. GB50343-2012建筑物电子信息系统防雷技术规范[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2012.
[20]赵汉光.我国降水振荡周期特征的初步分析[J].大气科学, 1986, 10(4):426-430.
[21]李栋梁,谢金南,王蕾,等.甘肃河东年降水量的周期变化[J].高原气象, 2000, 19(3):295-303.
[22]郭可义,刘勇,李平,等.大气短周期振荡与低涡活动及陕西降水的关系[J].陕西气象, 1995(1):5-10.
[23]黄玉霞,李栋梁,王宝鉴,等.西北地区近40年年降水异常的时空特征分析[J].高原气象, 2004, 23(2):245-252.
[24]王宝鉴,黄玉霞,陶健红,等.西北地区大气水汽的区域分布特征及其变化[J].冰川冻土, 2006, 28(1):15-21.
[25]郭其蕴,蔡静宁,邵雪梅,等.东亚夏季风的年代际变率对中国气候的影响[J].地理学报, 2003, 58(4):569-576.
[26]张存杰,谢金南,李栋梁,等.东亚季风对西北地区干旱气候的影响[J].高原气象, 2002, 21(2):193-198.
[27]李栋梁,谢金南,王文.中国西北夏季降水特征及其异常研究[J].大气科学, 1997, 21(3):76-85.
[28]白虎志,谢金南.青藏高原季风对西北降水影响的相关分析[J].甘肃气象, 2000, 18(2):10-12.
[29]王宝鉴,黄玉霞,何金海,等.东亚夏季风期间水汽输送与西北干旱的关系[J].高原气象, 2004, 23(6):912-918.
[30]王可丽,江灏,赵红岩.西风带与季风对中国西北地区的水汽输送[J].水科学进展, 2005, 16(3):432-438.