不同蔬菜种类的产废比例及性状分析
|
摘要
近年来,随着我国蔬菜种植面积和产量的不断增加,蔬菜废物产量也呈逐年增加趋势。由于缺少各类蔬菜在生产过程中的产废系数和蔬菜废物理化性状等基本参数,蔬菜废物在资源化处理中没有有效的数据支撑,因此本文主要通过相关文献数据整理和实地调查取样分析,摸清3大类蔬菜的产废系数和理化性状。结果表明,叶菜类、根茎类、瓜果类蔬菜的产废系数平均值分别为9.7%、4.7%和3.8%。蔬菜废弃物具有含水量高、有机质含量高、养分含量高、EC值高、弱酸性的特点,但在不同类别蔬菜废物的理化性质之间存在着很大的差异。根茎类的总氮含量为12.4 g·kg-1,明显低于瓜果类和叶菜类的总氮含量30.9 g·kg-1和30.5 g·kg-1。而根茎类C/N比为34.6,高于瓜果类和叶菜类C/N比13.8和11.5。
With increase of the yield of vegetable, the vegetable wastes production is also increasing year by year, which has become an important pollution source in China. At present due to lack of some basic parameters, such as straw coefficient, physical and chemical properties, vegetable wastes utilization can not get effective data support. So the paper studied the straw coefficient, nutrient content, C/N, p H and EC of vegetable wastes through the literatures, investigations and laboratory analysis. The results showed that leafy vegetables, rhizomes vegetables and amphisarca vegetables straw coefficient was 9.7%, 4.7% and 3.8% respectively. Comparing with other solid wastes, vegetable wastes had the characteristics of high moisture, high organic matter content, high nutrient content, high EC and weak acid. But there were great distinctions in different types of vegetable wastes properties, especially in the total nitrogen content and C/N. The total nitrogen of rhizomes vegetables wastes was significantly lower than the others. On the contrary, the higest C/N was rhizome vegetables of 34.6, followed by amphisarca vegetables with 13.8, and leafy vegetables with 11.5.
With increase of the yield of vegetable, the vegetable wastes production is also increasing year by year, which has become an important pollution source in China. At present due to lack of some basic parameters, such as straw coefficient, physical and chemical properties, vegetable wastes utilization can not get effective data support. So the paper studied the straw coefficient, nutrient content, C/N, p H and EC of vegetable wastes through the literatures, investigations and laboratory analysis. The results showed that leafy vegetables, rhizomes vegetables and amphisarca vegetables straw coefficient was 9.7%, 4.7% and 3.8% respectively. Comparing with other solid wastes, vegetable wastes had the characteristics of high moisture, high organic matter content, high nutrient content, high EC and weak acid. But there were great distinctions in different types of vegetable wastes properties, especially in the total nitrogen content and C/N. The total nitrogen of rhizomes vegetables wastes was significantly lower than the others. On the contrary, the higest C/N was rhizome vegetables of 34.6, followed by amphisarca vegetables with 13.8, and leafy vegetables with 11.5.
引文
[1]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国统计年鉴:2013[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2013.National Bureau of Statistics of the People′s Republic of China.China statistical yearbook:2013[M].Beijing:China Statistics Press,2013.(in Chinese)
[2]李剑.蔬菜废弃物堆肥技术参数的优化研究[D].上海:上海交通大学,2011.LI Jian.Study on optimizational technique of vegetable waste compost[D].Shanghai:Shanghai Jiaotong University,2011.(in Chinese)
[3]毕于运,高春雨,王亚静,等.中国秸秆资源数量估算[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(12):211-217.BI Yu-yun,GAO Chun-yu,WANG Ya-jing,et al.Estimation of straw resources in China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2009,25(12):211-217.(in Chinese)
[4]陈曦,韩志群,孔繁华,等.生物质能源的开发与利用[J].化学进展,2007,19(7):1091-1097.CHEN Xi,HAN Zhi-qun,KONG Fan-hua,et al.Explotation and utilization of bio-energy[J].Progress in Chemistry,2007,19(7):1091-1097.(in Chinese)
[5]崔亚伟,陈金发.厨余垃圾的资源化现状及前景展望[J].中国资源综合利用,2006,24(10):31.CUI Ya-wei,CHEN Jin-fa.Status and outlook of food wastes resources[J].China Resources Comprehensive Utilization,2006,24(10):31.(in Chinese)
[6]席旭东,晋小军,张俊科.蔬菜废弃物快速堆肥方法研究[J].中国土壤与肥料,2010(3):62-66.XI Xu-dong,JIN Xiao-jun,ZHAGN Jun-ke.The study of rapid composting method by vegetable wastes[J].Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China,2010(3):62-66.(in Chinese)
[7]杨顺江.中国蔬菜产业发展研究[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2004.YANG Shun-jiang.Studies on the development of vegetable industry in China[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2004.(in Chinese)
[8]北京市统计局国家统计局北京调查总队,北京统计年鉴:2013[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2013.Beijing Statistical Information Net.Beijing statistical yearbook:2013[M].Beijing:China Statistics Press,2013.(in Chinese)
[9]阎晓军,赵安平.北京市蔬菜市场预警研究—基于数量供应安全角度的探讨[J].农业现代化研究,2011,32(5):581-584.YAN Xiao-jun,ZHAO An-ping.Early-warning research of Beijing vegetable market—based on theory of supply security number[J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,2011,32(5):581-584.(in Chinese)
[10]王万兴.结球甘蓝高密度遗传连锁图谱的构建与主要农艺性状的QTL定位[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2013.WANG Wan-xing.Construction of the high-density genetic linkage map and QTL analysis for main agronomic traits in cabbage[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2013.(in Chinese)
[11]周成,陈海涛,李丽霞.结球甘蓝物理力学特性研究[J].农机化研究,2013,35(6):134-138.ZHOU Cheng,CHEN Hai-tao,LI Li-xia.Physical and mechanical properties of cabbages[J].Agricultural Mechanization Research,2013,35(6):134-138.(in Chinese)
[12]方凌,张其安.新型蔬菜紫甘蓝品种试验研究简报[J].安徽农学通报,1997,3(3):51-53.FANG Ling,ZHANG Qi-an.Research notes on new purple cabbage experiment[J].Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin,1997,3(3):51-53.(in Chinese)
[13]杨加付.花椰菜农艺及品质性状的遗传效应研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2004.YANG Jia-fu.Analysis on genetic effects of agronomic and quality traits in cauliflower[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2004.(in Chinese)
[14]张宏荣.南瓜农艺性状与产量及品质性状的比较研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2005.ZHANG Hong-rong.Comparison studies of relationships between agronomic traits and yield,nutrient quality traits on pumpkins[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2005.(in Chinese)
[15]高方胜.土壤水分对番茄生长发育及某些生理特性的影响[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2006.GAO Fang-sheng.Effect of soil water on growth development and some physiological characteristics in tomato[D].Tai′an:Shandong Agricultural University,2006.(in Chinese)
[16]唐琳.水肥一体化对樱桃番茄产质量及肥料利用率的影响研究[D].南宁:广西大学,2013.TANG Lin.Effect of integrated management of irrigation and fertilization on fruit yield and quality and fertilizer use efficiency of cherry tomatoes[D].Nanning:Guangxi University,2013.(in Chinese)
[17]刘佳.土壤相对含水量对辣椒生长及生理的影响[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2010.LIU Jia.Effect of soil relative water content on the growth and physiology of pepper[D].Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2010.(in Chinese)
[18]苟国玉,徐家成.日光温室越冬茬茄子“一接一平两收”高产高效栽培技术[J].新疆农业科技,2010(3):17.GOU Guo-yu,XU Jia-cheng.Planting technique for eggplant in solar greenhouse with high yield and high efficiency under grafting and stumping system[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Science and Technology,2010(3):17.(in Chinese)
[19]李燕,温祥珍,雷逢进,等.温室西葫芦生长动态及干物质积累与分配研究[J].华北农学报,2010,25(3):124-128.LI Yan,WEN Xiang-zhen,LEI Feng-jin,et al.Research on dynamic growth process,dry matter accumulation and distribution in greenhouse zucchini[J].North China Agriculture Report,2010,25(3):124-128.(in Chinese)
[20]李振洲,胡秀廷.菜豆生长动态的研究[J].沈阳农学院学报,1985(1):46-55.LI Zhen-zhou,HU Xiu-ting.Research on the bean growth dynamics[J].Journal of Shenyang Agricultural College,1985(1):46-55.(in Chinese)
[21]刘贤娴,王淑芬,李莉娜,等.萝卜肉质根膨大过程中主要农艺学性状的变化[J].山东农业科学,2010(4):31-33.LIU Xian-xian,WANG Shu-fen,LI Li-na,et al.Changes of major agronomic traits of Chinese radish during root expansion[J].Shandong Agricultural Sciences,2010(4):31-33.(in Chinese)
[22]戴希尧,任喜波,李娜.萝卜肉质根产量与主要性状的相关及通径分析[J].北方园艺,2009(6):38-40.DAI Xi-yao,REN Xi-bo,LI Na.Genetic correlation and path analysis of major agronomic characters of radish[J].Northern Horticulture,2009(6):38-40.(in Chinese)
[23]王爱华.马铃薯主要农艺性状的动态模拟研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2004.WANG Ai-hua.Studies on the simulation of key agronomic characteristics for potato[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2004.(in Chinese)
[2]李剑.蔬菜废弃物堆肥技术参数的优化研究[D].上海:上海交通大学,2011.LI Jian.Study on optimizational technique of vegetable waste compost[D].Shanghai:Shanghai Jiaotong University,2011.(in Chinese)
[3]毕于运,高春雨,王亚静,等.中国秸秆资源数量估算[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(12):211-217.BI Yu-yun,GAO Chun-yu,WANG Ya-jing,et al.Estimation of straw resources in China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2009,25(12):211-217.(in Chinese)
[4]陈曦,韩志群,孔繁华,等.生物质能源的开发与利用[J].化学进展,2007,19(7):1091-1097.CHEN Xi,HAN Zhi-qun,KONG Fan-hua,et al.Explotation and utilization of bio-energy[J].Progress in Chemistry,2007,19(7):1091-1097.(in Chinese)
[5]崔亚伟,陈金发.厨余垃圾的资源化现状及前景展望[J].中国资源综合利用,2006,24(10):31.CUI Ya-wei,CHEN Jin-fa.Status and outlook of food wastes resources[J].China Resources Comprehensive Utilization,2006,24(10):31.(in Chinese)
[6]席旭东,晋小军,张俊科.蔬菜废弃物快速堆肥方法研究[J].中国土壤与肥料,2010(3):62-66.XI Xu-dong,JIN Xiao-jun,ZHAGN Jun-ke.The study of rapid composting method by vegetable wastes[J].Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China,2010(3):62-66.(in Chinese)
[7]杨顺江.中国蔬菜产业发展研究[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2004.YANG Shun-jiang.Studies on the development of vegetable industry in China[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2004.(in Chinese)
[8]北京市统计局国家统计局北京调查总队,北京统计年鉴:2013[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2013.Beijing Statistical Information Net.Beijing statistical yearbook:2013[M].Beijing:China Statistics Press,2013.(in Chinese)
[9]阎晓军,赵安平.北京市蔬菜市场预警研究—基于数量供应安全角度的探讨[J].农业现代化研究,2011,32(5):581-584.YAN Xiao-jun,ZHAO An-ping.Early-warning research of Beijing vegetable market—based on theory of supply security number[J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,2011,32(5):581-584.(in Chinese)
[10]王万兴.结球甘蓝高密度遗传连锁图谱的构建与主要农艺性状的QTL定位[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2013.WANG Wan-xing.Construction of the high-density genetic linkage map and QTL analysis for main agronomic traits in cabbage[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2013.(in Chinese)
[11]周成,陈海涛,李丽霞.结球甘蓝物理力学特性研究[J].农机化研究,2013,35(6):134-138.ZHOU Cheng,CHEN Hai-tao,LI Li-xia.Physical and mechanical properties of cabbages[J].Agricultural Mechanization Research,2013,35(6):134-138.(in Chinese)
[12]方凌,张其安.新型蔬菜紫甘蓝品种试验研究简报[J].安徽农学通报,1997,3(3):51-53.FANG Ling,ZHANG Qi-an.Research notes on new purple cabbage experiment[J].Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin,1997,3(3):51-53.(in Chinese)
[13]杨加付.花椰菜农艺及品质性状的遗传效应研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2004.YANG Jia-fu.Analysis on genetic effects of agronomic and quality traits in cauliflower[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2004.(in Chinese)
[14]张宏荣.南瓜农艺性状与产量及品质性状的比较研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2005.ZHANG Hong-rong.Comparison studies of relationships between agronomic traits and yield,nutrient quality traits on pumpkins[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2005.(in Chinese)
[15]高方胜.土壤水分对番茄生长发育及某些生理特性的影响[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2006.GAO Fang-sheng.Effect of soil water on growth development and some physiological characteristics in tomato[D].Tai′an:Shandong Agricultural University,2006.(in Chinese)
[16]唐琳.水肥一体化对樱桃番茄产质量及肥料利用率的影响研究[D].南宁:广西大学,2013.TANG Lin.Effect of integrated management of irrigation and fertilization on fruit yield and quality and fertilizer use efficiency of cherry tomatoes[D].Nanning:Guangxi University,2013.(in Chinese)
[17]刘佳.土壤相对含水量对辣椒生长及生理的影响[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2010.LIU Jia.Effect of soil relative water content on the growth and physiology of pepper[D].Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2010.(in Chinese)
[18]苟国玉,徐家成.日光温室越冬茬茄子“一接一平两收”高产高效栽培技术[J].新疆农业科技,2010(3):17.GOU Guo-yu,XU Jia-cheng.Planting technique for eggplant in solar greenhouse with high yield and high efficiency under grafting and stumping system[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Science and Technology,2010(3):17.(in Chinese)
[19]李燕,温祥珍,雷逢进,等.温室西葫芦生长动态及干物质积累与分配研究[J].华北农学报,2010,25(3):124-128.LI Yan,WEN Xiang-zhen,LEI Feng-jin,et al.Research on dynamic growth process,dry matter accumulation and distribution in greenhouse zucchini[J].North China Agriculture Report,2010,25(3):124-128.(in Chinese)
[20]李振洲,胡秀廷.菜豆生长动态的研究[J].沈阳农学院学报,1985(1):46-55.LI Zhen-zhou,HU Xiu-ting.Research on the bean growth dynamics[J].Journal of Shenyang Agricultural College,1985(1):46-55.(in Chinese)
[21]刘贤娴,王淑芬,李莉娜,等.萝卜肉质根膨大过程中主要农艺学性状的变化[J].山东农业科学,2010(4):31-33.LIU Xian-xian,WANG Shu-fen,LI Li-na,et al.Changes of major agronomic traits of Chinese radish during root expansion[J].Shandong Agricultural Sciences,2010(4):31-33.(in Chinese)
[22]戴希尧,任喜波,李娜.萝卜肉质根产量与主要性状的相关及通径分析[J].北方园艺,2009(6):38-40.DAI Xi-yao,REN Xi-bo,LI Na.Genetic correlation and path analysis of major agronomic characters of radish[J].Northern Horticulture,2009(6):38-40.(in Chinese)
[23]王爱华.马铃薯主要农艺性状的动态模拟研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2004.WANG Ai-hua.Studies on the simulation of key agronomic characteristics for potato[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2004.(in Chinese)