利用ICESat数据确定格陵兰冰盖高程和体积变化
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摘要
两极冰盖消融是造成海平面上升的重要原因,作为世界第二大冰盖,格陵兰冰盖消融速度在进入21世纪以后明显加快,引起了广泛关注.本文利用ICESat卫星激光测高数据,探讨了坡度改正的方法,通过改进平差模型解决了病态问题,并采用重复轨道方法计算了2003年9月至2009年10月间格陵兰冰盖的体积和高程变化趋势,对格陵兰冰盖各冰川流域系统的变化情况进行了详细分析.结果表明,格陵兰冰盖在这6年间平均高程变化趋势为-16.79±0.84cm·a-1,体积变化速率为-301.37±15.16km3·a-1,体积流失主要发生在冰盖边缘,其中DS1、DS8等流域的体积损失正在加剧,而高程在2000m以上的冰盖内陆地区表现出高程积聚的状态,但增长速度明显减缓.与现有研究成果的对比表明,算法优化后的本文结果更具可靠性.
The ablation of polar ice sheets is one of the major causes of sea level rise.The Greenland Ice Sheet,which is the second largest ice sheet in the world,has attracted extensive attention due to its accelerated melting rate since 21 st century.In this paper,aiming at the detailed analysis of the variations for diverse glacier drainage systems at Greenland Ice Sheet,the viariations of elevation and volume of Greenland Ice Sheet are evaluated with ICESat altimetry observations during September,2013 and October,2009,while the calculation is realized by using repeated ground-tracking method.Meanwhile,two approaches were used to enhance the analytical reliability in this research.Firstly,the surface slope correction is considered by selecting suitable fitting function.Secondly,the adjustment model is improved by solving the illconditioned problems.Moreover,the variations for diverse glacier drainage systems at Greenland Ice Sheet were analyzed in detail.The results show that the Greenland Ice Sheet is melting with a mean annual elevation change rate of about-16.79±0.84 cm·a-1 and a volume change rate of-301.37±15.16 km3·a-1 in those 6 years.One more important finding is that the volume loss mainly occurs at the edge of the ice sheet with an accelerating speed in drainage systems like DS1 and DS8,while the central area of Greenland Ice Sheet above 2000 melevation shows a state of elevation accumulation and the rising speed is obviously slowing down.Due to the improved algorithms,the results in this study are more reliable by comparison with existing research findings.
The ablation of polar ice sheets is one of the major causes of sea level rise.The Greenland Ice Sheet,which is the second largest ice sheet in the world,has attracted extensive attention due to its accelerated melting rate since 21 st century.In this paper,aiming at the detailed analysis of the variations for diverse glacier drainage systems at Greenland Ice Sheet,the viariations of elevation and volume of Greenland Ice Sheet are evaluated with ICESat altimetry observations during September,2013 and October,2009,while the calculation is realized by using repeated ground-tracking method.Meanwhile,two approaches were used to enhance the analytical reliability in this research.Firstly,the surface slope correction is considered by selecting suitable fitting function.Secondly,the adjustment model is improved by solving the illconditioned problems.Moreover,the variations for diverse glacier drainage systems at Greenland Ice Sheet were analyzed in detail.The results show that the Greenland Ice Sheet is melting with a mean annual elevation change rate of about-16.79±0.84 cm·a-1 and a volume change rate of-301.37±15.16 km3·a-1 in those 6 years.One more important finding is that the volume loss mainly occurs at the edge of the ice sheet with an accelerating speed in drainage systems like DS1 and DS8,while the central area of Greenland Ice Sheet above 2000 melevation shows a state of elevation accumulation and the rising speed is obviously slowing down.Due to the improved algorithms,the results in this study are more reliable by comparison with existing research findings.
引文
Bamber J L,Griggs J A,Hurkmans R T W L,et al.2013.A new bed elevation dataset for Greenland.The Cryosphere,7(2):499-510.
Bekryaev R V,Polyakov I V,Alexeev V A.2010.Role of polar amplification in long-term surface air temperature variations and modern Arctic warming.Journal of Climate,23(14):3888-3906.
Bolch T,Sandberg Srensen L,Simonsen S B,et al.2013.Mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps 2003-2008revealed from ICESat laser altimetry data.Geophysical Research Letters,40(5):875-881.
Borsa A A,Moholdt G,Fricker H A,et al.2014.A range correction for ICESat and its potential impact on ice-sheet mass balance studies.The Cryosphere,8(2):345-357.
Chen G D.2015.Study on the methodology of determining ice and snow melting in arctic using ICESat data[Ph.D.thesis](in Chinese).Wuhan:Wuhan University.
Ewert H,Groh A,Dietrich R.2012.Volume and mass changes of the Greenland ice sheet inferred from ICESat and GRACE.Journal of Geodynamics,59-60:111-123.
Hofton M A,Luthcke S B,Blair J B.2013.Estimation of ICESat intercampaign elevation biases from comparison of lidar data in East Antarctica.Geophysical Research Letters,40(21):5698-5703.
Howat I M,Joughin I,Tulaczyk S,et al.2005.Rapid retreat and acceleration of Helheim Glacier,east Greenland.Geophysical Research Letters,32(22):L22502,doi:10.1029/2005GL024737.
Huang H L.2011.Determination of polar ice sheet change from ICESat and GRACE satellite observations[Ph.D.thesis](in Chinese).Wuhan:Wuhan University.
Hurkmans R T W L,Bamber J L,Srensen L S,et al.2012.Spatiotemporal interpolation of elevation changes derived from satellite altimetry for Jakobshavn Isbr,Greenland.Journal of Geophysical Research,117(F3):F03001,doi:10.1029/2011JF002072.
Johannessen O M,Khvorostovsky K,Miles M W,et al.2005.Recent ice-sheet growth in the interior of Greenland.Science,310(5750):1013-1016.
Khan S A,Liu L,Wahr J,et al.2010.GPS measurements of crustal uplift near Jakobshavn Isbrdue to glacial ice mass loss.Journal of Geophysical Research,115(B9):B09405,doi:10.1029/2010JB007490.
Kjeldsen K K,Khan S A,Wahr J,et al.2013.Improved ice loss estimate of the northwestern Greenland ice sheet.Journal of Geophysical Research,118(2):698-708.
Li F,Yuan L X,Zhang S K,et al.2016.Mass change of the Antarctic ice sheet derived from ICESat laser altimetry.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),59(1):93-100,doi:10.6038/cjg20160108.
Ma Y,Yang F L,Wang M W,et al.2015.Calculation of elevation changing of Greenland′s ice sheet using GLAS laser altimeter.Infrared and Laser Engineering(in Chinese),44(12):3565-3569.
Peltier W R,Argus D F,Drummond R.2015.Space geodesy constrains ice age terminal deglaciation:the global ICE-6G_C(VM5a)model.Journal of Geophysical Research,120(1):450-487.
Pritchard H D,Arthern R J,Vaughan D G,et al.2009.Extensive dynamic thinning on the margins of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets.Nature,461(7266):971-975.
Schenk T,CsathóB.2012.A new methodology for detecting ice sheet surface elevation changes from laser altimetry data.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,50(9):3302-3316.
Shepherd A,Ivins E R,A G,et al.2012.A reconciled estimate of ice-sheet mass balance.Science,338(6111):1183-1189.
Shi H L,Lu Y,Du Z L,et al.2011.Mass change detection in Antarctic ice sheet using ICESat block analysis techniques from2003-2008.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),54(4):958-965,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.04.010.
Siegfried M R,Hawley R L,Burkhart J F.2011.High-resolution ground-based GPS measurements show intercampaign bias in ICESat elevation data near summit,Greenland.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,49(6):3393-3400.
Slobbe D C,Lindenbergh R C,Ditmar P.2008.Estimation of volume change rates of Greenland's ice sheet from ICESat data using overlapping footprints.Remote Sensing of Environment,112(12):4204-4213.
Srensen L S,Simonsen S B,Nielsen K,et al.2011.Mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet(2003-2008)from ICESat data-the impact of interpolation,sampling and firn density.The Cryosphere,5(1):173-186.
Spada G,Ruggieri G,Srensen L S,et al.2012.Greenland uplift and regional sea level changes from ICESat observations and GIA modelling.Geophysical Journal International,189(3):1457-1474.
Thomas R,Frederick E,Krabill W,et al.2006.Progressive increase in ice loss from Greenland.Geophysical Research Letters,33(10):L10503,doi:10.1029/2006GL026075.
Zwally H J,Giovinetto M B,Li J,et al.Mass changes of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets and shelves and contributions to sea-level rise:1992-2002.Journal of Glaciology,2005,51(175):509-527.
Zwally H J,Li J,Brenner A C,et al.2011.Greenland ice sheet mass balance:distribution of increased mass loss with climate warming;2003-07versus 1992-2002.Journal of Glaciology,57(201):88-102.
Zwally H J,Giovinetto M B,Beckley M A,et al.2012.Antarctic and Greenland drainage systems.GSFC Cryospheric Sciences Laboratory.http:∥icesat4.gsfc.nasa.gov/cryo_data/ant_grn_drainage_systems.php.
陈国栋.2015.利用ICESat数据确定北极冰雪消融方法的研究[博士论文].武汉:武汉大学.
黄海兰.2011.利用ICESat和GRACE卫星观测数据确定极地冰盖变化[博士论文].武汉:武汉大学.
李斐,袁乐先,张胜凯等.2016.利用ICESat数据解算南极冰盖冰雪质量变化.地球物理学报,59(1):93-100,doi:10.6038/cjg20160108.
马跃,阳凡林,王明伟等.2015.利用GLAS激光测高仪计算格陵兰冰盖高程变化.红外与激光工程,44(12):3565-3569.
史红岭,陆洋,杜宗亮等.2011.基于ICESat块域分析法探测2003-2008年南极冰盖质量变化.地球物理学报,54(4):958-965,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.04.010.
Bekryaev R V,Polyakov I V,Alexeev V A.2010.Role of polar amplification in long-term surface air temperature variations and modern Arctic warming.Journal of Climate,23(14):3888-3906.
Bolch T,Sandberg Srensen L,Simonsen S B,et al.2013.Mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps 2003-2008revealed from ICESat laser altimetry data.Geophysical Research Letters,40(5):875-881.
Borsa A A,Moholdt G,Fricker H A,et al.2014.A range correction for ICESat and its potential impact on ice-sheet mass balance studies.The Cryosphere,8(2):345-357.
Chen G D.2015.Study on the methodology of determining ice and snow melting in arctic using ICESat data[Ph.D.thesis](in Chinese).Wuhan:Wuhan University.
Ewert H,Groh A,Dietrich R.2012.Volume and mass changes of the Greenland ice sheet inferred from ICESat and GRACE.Journal of Geodynamics,59-60:111-123.
Hofton M A,Luthcke S B,Blair J B.2013.Estimation of ICESat intercampaign elevation biases from comparison of lidar data in East Antarctica.Geophysical Research Letters,40(21):5698-5703.
Howat I M,Joughin I,Tulaczyk S,et al.2005.Rapid retreat and acceleration of Helheim Glacier,east Greenland.Geophysical Research Letters,32(22):L22502,doi:10.1029/2005GL024737.
Huang H L.2011.Determination of polar ice sheet change from ICESat and GRACE satellite observations[Ph.D.thesis](in Chinese).Wuhan:Wuhan University.
Hurkmans R T W L,Bamber J L,Srensen L S,et al.2012.Spatiotemporal interpolation of elevation changes derived from satellite altimetry for Jakobshavn Isbr,Greenland.Journal of Geophysical Research,117(F3):F03001,doi:10.1029/2011JF002072.
Johannessen O M,Khvorostovsky K,Miles M W,et al.2005.Recent ice-sheet growth in the interior of Greenland.Science,310(5750):1013-1016.
Khan S A,Liu L,Wahr J,et al.2010.GPS measurements of crustal uplift near Jakobshavn Isbrdue to glacial ice mass loss.Journal of Geophysical Research,115(B9):B09405,doi:10.1029/2010JB007490.
Kjeldsen K K,Khan S A,Wahr J,et al.2013.Improved ice loss estimate of the northwestern Greenland ice sheet.Journal of Geophysical Research,118(2):698-708.
Li F,Yuan L X,Zhang S K,et al.2016.Mass change of the Antarctic ice sheet derived from ICESat laser altimetry.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),59(1):93-100,doi:10.6038/cjg20160108.
Ma Y,Yang F L,Wang M W,et al.2015.Calculation of elevation changing of Greenland′s ice sheet using GLAS laser altimeter.Infrared and Laser Engineering(in Chinese),44(12):3565-3569.
Peltier W R,Argus D F,Drummond R.2015.Space geodesy constrains ice age terminal deglaciation:the global ICE-6G_C(VM5a)model.Journal of Geophysical Research,120(1):450-487.
Pritchard H D,Arthern R J,Vaughan D G,et al.2009.Extensive dynamic thinning on the margins of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets.Nature,461(7266):971-975.
Schenk T,CsathóB.2012.A new methodology for detecting ice sheet surface elevation changes from laser altimetry data.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,50(9):3302-3316.
Shepherd A,Ivins E R,A G,et al.2012.A reconciled estimate of ice-sheet mass balance.Science,338(6111):1183-1189.
Shi H L,Lu Y,Du Z L,et al.2011.Mass change detection in Antarctic ice sheet using ICESat block analysis techniques from2003-2008.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),54(4):958-965,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.04.010.
Siegfried M R,Hawley R L,Burkhart J F.2011.High-resolution ground-based GPS measurements show intercampaign bias in ICESat elevation data near summit,Greenland.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,49(6):3393-3400.
Slobbe D C,Lindenbergh R C,Ditmar P.2008.Estimation of volume change rates of Greenland's ice sheet from ICESat data using overlapping footprints.Remote Sensing of Environment,112(12):4204-4213.
Srensen L S,Simonsen S B,Nielsen K,et al.2011.Mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet(2003-2008)from ICESat data-the impact of interpolation,sampling and firn density.The Cryosphere,5(1):173-186.
Spada G,Ruggieri G,Srensen L S,et al.2012.Greenland uplift and regional sea level changes from ICESat observations and GIA modelling.Geophysical Journal International,189(3):1457-1474.
Thomas R,Frederick E,Krabill W,et al.2006.Progressive increase in ice loss from Greenland.Geophysical Research Letters,33(10):L10503,doi:10.1029/2006GL026075.
Zwally H J,Giovinetto M B,Li J,et al.Mass changes of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets and shelves and contributions to sea-level rise:1992-2002.Journal of Glaciology,2005,51(175):509-527.
Zwally H J,Li J,Brenner A C,et al.2011.Greenland ice sheet mass balance:distribution of increased mass loss with climate warming;2003-07versus 1992-2002.Journal of Glaciology,57(201):88-102.
Zwally H J,Giovinetto M B,Beckley M A,et al.2012.Antarctic and Greenland drainage systems.GSFC Cryospheric Sciences Laboratory.http:∥icesat4.gsfc.nasa.gov/cryo_data/ant_grn_drainage_systems.php.
陈国栋.2015.利用ICESat数据确定北极冰雪消融方法的研究[博士论文].武汉:武汉大学.
黄海兰.2011.利用ICESat和GRACE卫星观测数据确定极地冰盖变化[博士论文].武汉:武汉大学.
李斐,袁乐先,张胜凯等.2016.利用ICESat数据解算南极冰盖冰雪质量变化.地球物理学报,59(1):93-100,doi:10.6038/cjg20160108.
马跃,阳凡林,王明伟等.2015.利用GLAS激光测高仪计算格陵兰冰盖高程变化.红外与激光工程,44(12):3565-3569.
史红岭,陆洋,杜宗亮等.2011.基于ICESat块域分析法探测2003-2008年南极冰盖质量变化.地球物理学报,54(4):958-965,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.04.010.